<p>Preface xix</p> <p><b>1 The Use of Machine Learning for Sustainable and Resilient Buildings 1<br /></b><i>Kuldeep Singh Kaswan and Jagjit Singh Dhatterwal</i></p> <p>1.1 Introduction of ML Sustainable Resilient Building 2</p> <p>1.2 Related Works 2</p> <p>1.3 Machine Learning 5</p> <p>1.4 What is Resilience? 6</p> <p>1.4.1 Sustainability and Resiliency Conditions 7</p> <p>1.4.2 Paradigm and Challenges of Sustainability and Resilience 7</p> <p>1.4.3 Perspectives of Local Community 9</p> <p>1.5 Sustainability and Resilience of Engineered System 12</p> <p>1.5.1 Resilience and Sustainable Development Framework for Decision-Making 13</p> <p>1.5.2 Exposures and Disturbance Events 15</p> <p>1.5.3 Quantification of Resilience 15</p> <p>1.5.4 Quantification of Sustainability 16</p> <p>1.6 Community and Quantification Metrics, Resilience and Sustainability Objectives 17</p> <p>1.6.1 Definition of Quantification Metric 18</p> <p>1.6.2 Considering and Community 19</p> <p>1.7 Structure Engineering Dilemmas and Resilient Epcot 21</p> <p>1.7.1 Dilation of Resilience Essence 21</p> <p>1.7.2 Quality of Life 22</p> <p>1.8 Development of Risk Informed Criteria for Building Design Hurricane Resilient on Building 27</p> <p>1.9 Resilient Infrastructures Against Earthquake and Tsunami Multi-Hazard 28</p> <p>1.10 Machine Learning With Smart Building 29</p> <p>1.10.1 Smart Building Appliances 29</p> <p>1.10.2 Intelligent Tools, Cameras and Electronic Controls in a Connected House (SRB) 29</p> <p>1.10.3 Level if Clouds are the IoT Institute Level With SBs 31</p> <p>1.10.4 Component of Smart Buildings (SB) 33</p> <p>1.10.5 Machine Learning Tasks in Smart Building Environment 46</p> <p>1.10.6 ML Tools and Services for Smart Building 47</p> <p>1.10.7 Big Data Research Applications for SBs in Real-Time 51</p> <p>1.10.8 Implementation of the ML Concept in the SB Context 51</p> <p>1.11 Conclusion and Future Research 53</p> <p>References 58</p> <p><b>2 Fire Hazard Detection and Prediction by Machine Learning Techniques in Smart Buildings (SBs) Using Sensors and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) 63<br /></b><i>Sandhya Tarar and Namisha Bhasin</i></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 64</p> <p>2.1.1 Bluetooth 65</p> <p>2.1.2 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle 65</p> <p>2.1.3 Sensors 65</p> <p>2.1.4 Problem Description 67</p> <p>2.2 Literature Review 68</p> <p>2.3 Experimental Methods 71</p> <p>2.3.1 Univariate Time-Series 73</p> <p>2.3.1.1 Naïve Bayes 74</p> <p>2.3.1.2 Simple Average 74</p> <p>2.3.1.3 Moving Average 75</p> <p>2.3.1.4 Simple Exponential Smoothing (SES) 76</p> <p>2.3.1.5 Holt’s Linear Trend 76</p> <p>2.3.1.6 Holt–Winters Method 76</p> <p>2.3.1.7 Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Model (ARIMA) 77</p> <p>2.3.2 Multivariate Time-Series Prediction 80</p> <p>2.3.2.1 Vector Autoregressive (VAR) 80</p> <p>2.3.3 Hidden Markov Model (HMM) 81</p> <p>2.3.4 Fuzzy Logic 85</p> <p>2.4 Results 89</p> <p>2.5 Conclusion and Future Work 89</p> <p>References 90</p> <p><b>3 Sustainable Infrastructure Theories and Models 97<br /></b><i>Saurabh Jain, Keshav Kaushik, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Rajalakshmi Krishnamurthi and Adarsh Kumar</i></p> <p>3.1 Introduction to Data Fusion Approaches in Sustainable Infrastructure 98</p> <p>3.1.1 The Need for Sustainable Infrastructure 98</p> <p>3.1.2 Data Fusion 99</p> <p>3.1.3 Different Types of Data Fusion Architecture 100</p> <p>3.1.3.1 Centralized Architecture 100</p> <p>3.1.3.2 Decentralized Architecture 101</p> <p>3.1.3.3 Distributed Architecture 101</p> <p>3.1.3.4 Hierarchical Architecture 102</p> <p>3.1.4 Smart Cities Application With Sustainable Infrastructures Based on Different Data Fusion Techniques 102</p> <p>3.2 Smart City Infrastructure Approaches 104</p> <p>3.2.1 Smart City Infrastructure 104</p> <p>3.2.2 Smart City IoT Deployments 105</p> <p>3.2.3 Smart City Control and Monitoring Centers 106</p> <p>3.2.4 Theory of Unified City Modeling for Smart Infrastructure 108</p> <p>3.2.5 Smart City Operational Modeling 109</p> <p>3.3 Theories and Models 110</p> <p>3.3.1 Sustainable Infrastructure Theories 110</p> <p>3.3.2 Sustainable Infrastructure Models 112</p> <p>3.4 Case Studies 113</p> <p>3.4.1 Case Studies-1: Web Browsing History Analysis 113</p> <p>3.4.1.1 Objective 115</p> <p>3.4.2 Case Study-2: Data Model for Group Construction in Student’s Industrial Placement 117</p> <p>3.5 Conclusion and Future Scope 121</p> <p>References 122</p> <p><b>4 Blockchain for Sustainable Smart Cities 127<br /></b><i>Iftikhar Ahmad, Syeda Warda Ashar, Umamma Khalid, Anmol Irfan and Wajeeha Khalil</i></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 128</p> <p>4.2 Smart City 130</p> <p>4.2.1 Overview of Smart City 130</p> <p>4.2.2 Evolution 130</p> <p>4.2.3 Smart City’s Sub Systems 130</p> <p>4.2.4 Domains of Smart City 132</p> <p>4.2.5 Challenges 134</p> <p>4.3 Blockchain 136</p> <p>4.3.1 Motivation 137</p> <p>4.3.2 The Birth of Blockchain 137</p> <p>4.3.3 System of Blockchain 137</p> <p>4.4 Use Cases of Smart City Implementing Blockchain 138</p> <p>4.4.1 Blockchain-Based Smart Economy 138</p> <p>4.4.1.1 Facilitating Faster and Cheaper International Payment 139</p> <p>4.4.1.2 Distributed Innovations in Financial Transactions 139</p> <p>4.4.1.3 Enhancing the Transparency of Supply/Global Commodity Chains 140</p> <p>4.4.1.4 Equity Crowd Funding 141</p> <p>4.4.2 Blockchain for Smart People 141</p> <p>4.4.2.1 Elections through Blockchain Technology 141</p> <p>4.4.2.2 Smart Contract 143</p> <p>4.4.2.3 Protecting Personal Data 144</p> <p>4.4.2.4 E-Health: Storing Health Records on Blockchain 145</p> <p>4.4.2.5 Intellectual Property Rights 145</p> <p>4.4.2.6 Digital Payments 146</p> <p>4.4.2.7 Other Use Cases 146</p> <p>4.4.3 Blockchain-Based Smart Governance 147</p> <p>4.4.3.1 Transparent Record Keeping and Tracking of Records 147</p> <p>4.4.3.2 Fraud Free Voting 148</p> <p>4.4.3.3 Decision Making 150</p> <p>4.4.4 Blockchain-Based Smart Transport 150</p> <p>4.4.4.1 Digitizing Driving License 150</p> <p>4.4.4.2 Smart Ride Sharing 150</p> <p>4.4.5 Blockchain-Based Smart Environment 151</p> <p>4.4.5.1 Social Plastic 151</p> <p>4.4.5.2 Energy 152</p> <p>4.4.5.3 Environmental Treaties 152</p> <p>4.4.5.4 Carbon Tax 153</p> <p>4.4.6 Blockchain-Based Smart Living 153</p> <p>4.4.6.1 Fighting Against Frauds and Discriminatory Policies and Practices 154</p> <p>4.4.6.2 Managing Change in Ownership 154</p> <p>4.4.6.3 Sustainable Buildings 154</p> <p>4.4.6.4 Other Use Cases 155</p> <p>4.5 Conclusion 156</p> <p>References 156</p> <p><b>5 Contextualizing Electronic Governance, Smart City Governance and Sustainable Infrastructure in India: A Study and Framework 163<br /></b><i>Nitin K. Tyagi and Mukta Goyal</i></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 164</p> <p>5.2 Related Works 166</p> <p>5.2.1 Research Questions 166</p> <p>5.3 Related E-Governance Frameworks 178</p> <p>5.3.1 Smart City Features in India 181</p> <p>5.4 Proposed Smart Governance Framework 181</p> <p>5.5 Results Discussion 185</p> <p>5.5.1 Initial Stage 185</p> <p>5.5.2 Design, Development and Delivery Stage 186</p> <p>5.6 Conclusion 186</p> <p>References 188</p> <p><b>6 Revolutionizing Geriatric Design in Developing Countries: IoT-Enabled Smart Home Design for the Elderly 193<br /></b><i>Shubhi Sonal and Anupadma R.</i></p> <p>6.1 Introduction to Geriatric Design 194</p> <p>6.1.1 Aim, Objectives, and Methodology 196</p> <p>6.1.2 Organization of Chapter 197</p> <p>6.2 Background 197</p> <p>6.2.1 Development of Smart Homes 197</p> <p>6.2.2 Development of Smart Homes for Elderly 198</p> <p>6.2.3 Indian Scenario 200</p> <p>6.3 Need for Smart Homes: An Assessment of Requirements for the Elderly-Activity Mapping 201</p> <p>6.3.1 Geriatric Smart Home Design: The Indian Context 202</p> <p>6.3.2 Elderly Activity Mapping 202</p> <p>6.3.3 Framework for Smart Homes for Elderly People 206</p> <p>6.3.4 Architectural Interventions: Spatial Requirements for Daily Activities 207</p> <p>6.3.5 Architectural Interventions to Address Issues Faced by Elderly People 208</p> <p>6.4 Schematic Design for a Nesting Home: IoT-Enabled Smart Home for Elderly People 208</p> <p>6.4.1 IoT-Based Real Time Automation for Nesting Homes 208</p> <p>6.4.2 Technological Components of Elderly Smart Homes 212</p> <p>6.4.2.1 Sensors for Smart Home 212</p> <p>6.4.2.2 Health Monitoring System 213</p> <p>6.4.2.3 Network Devices 213</p> <p>6.4.2.4 Alerts 214</p> <p>6.5 Worldwide Elderly Smart Homes 214</p> <p>6.5.1 Challenges in Smart Elderly Homes 215</p> <p>6.6 Conclusion and Future Scope 216</p> <p>References 216</p> <p><b>7 Sustainable E-Infrastructure for Blockchain-Based Voting System 221<br /></b><i>Mukta Goyal and Adarsh Kumar</i></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 222</p> <p>7.1.1 E-Voting Challenge 224</p> <p>7.2 Related Works 224</p> <p>7.3 System Design 227</p> <p>7.4 Experimentation 230</p> <p>7.4.1 Software Requirements 230</p> <p>7.4.2 Function Requirements 230</p> <p>7.4.2.1 Election Organizer 231</p> <p>7.4.2.2 Candidate Registration 231</p> <p>7.4.2.3 Voter Registration Process 232</p> <p>7.4.3 Common Functional Requirement for All Users 233</p> <p>7.4.3.1 Result Display 233</p> <p>7.4.4 Non-Function Requirements 233</p> <p>7.4.4.1 Performance Requirement 233</p> <p>7.4.4.2 Security Requirement 233</p> <p>7.4.4.3 Usability Requirement 233</p> <p>7.4.4.4 Availability Requirement 234</p> <p>7.4.5 Implementation Details 234</p> <p>7.5 Findings & Results 237</p> <p>7.5.1 Smart Contract Deployment 241</p> <p>7.6 Conclusion and Future Scope 242</p> <p>Acknowledgement 246</p> <p>References 246</p> <p><b>8 Impact of IoT-Enabled Smart Cities: A Systematic Review and Challenges 253<br /></b><i>K. Rajkumar and U. Hariharan</i></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 254</p> <p>8.2 Recent Development in IoT Application for Modern City 256</p> <p>8.2.1 IoT Potential Smart City Approach 257</p> <p>8.2.2 Problems and Related Solutions in Modern Smart Cities Application 259</p> <p>8.3 Classification of IoT-Based Smart Cities 262</p> <p>8.3.1 Program Developers 263</p> <p>8.3.2 Network Type 263</p> <p>8.3.3 Activities of Standardization Bodies of Smart City 263</p> <p>8.3.4 Available Services 269</p> <p>8.3.5 Specification 269</p> <p>8.4 Impact of 5G Technology in IT, Big Data Analytics, and Cloud Computing 270</p> <p>8.4.1 IoT Five-Layer Architecture for Smart City Applications 270</p> <p>8.4.1.1 Sensing Layer (Get Information from Sensor) 272</p> <p>8.4.1.2 Network Layer (Access and Also Transmit Information) 272</p> <p>8.4.1.3 Data Storage and Analyzing 273</p> <p>8.4.1.4 Smart Cities Model (Smart Industry Model, Smart Healthcare Model, Smart Cities, Smart Agriculture Model) 273</p> <p>8.4.1.5 Application Layer (Dedicated Apps and Services) 273</p> <p>8.4.2 IoT Computing Paradigm for Smart City Application 274</p> <p>8.5 Research Advancement and Drawback on Smart Cities 280</p> <p>8.5.1 Integration of Cloud Computing in Smart Cities 280</p> <p>8.5.2 Integration of Applications 281</p> <p>8.5.3 System Security 281</p> <p>8.6 Summary of Smart Cities and Future Research Challenges and Their Guidelines 282</p> <p>8.7 Conclusion and Future Direction 287</p> <p>References 288</p> <p><b>9 Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) in Green Buildings, a Pre-Requisite to Human Health and Well-Being 293<br /></b><i>Ankita Banerjee, N.P. Melkania and Ayushi Nain</i></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 294</p> <p>9.2 Pollutants Responsible for Poor IAQ 296</p> <p>9.2.1 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) 296</p> <p>9.2.2 Particulate Matter (PM) 298</p> <p>9.2.3 Asbestos 299</p> <p>9.2.4 Carbon Monoxide (CO) 299</p> <p>9.2.5 Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) 300</p> <p>9.2.6 Biological Pollutants 301</p> <p>9.2.7 Lead (Pb) 303</p> <p>9.2.8 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>) 304</p> <p>9.2.9 Ozone (O<sub>3</sub>) 305</p> <p>9.3 Health Impacts of Poor IAQ 306</p> <p>9.3.1 Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) 306</p> <p>9.3.2 Acute Impacts 307</p> <p>9.3.3 Chronic Impacts 308</p> <p>9.4 Strategies to Maintain a Healthy Indoor Environment in Green Buildings 308</p> <p>9.5 Conclusion and Future Scope 313</p> <p>References 314</p> <p><b>10 An Era of Internet of Things Leads to Smart Cities Initiatives Towards Urbanization 319<br /></b><i>Pooja Choudhary, Lava Bhargava, Ashok Kumar Suhag, Manju Choudhary and Satendra Singh</i></p> <p>10.1 Introduction: Emergence of a Smart City Concept 320</p> <p>10.2 Components of Smart City 321</p> <p>10.2.1 Smart Infrastructure 323</p> <p>10.2.2 Smart Building 323</p> <p>10.2.3 Smart Transportation 325</p> <p>10.2.4 Smart Energy 326</p> <p>10.2.5 Smart Health Care 327</p> <p>10.2.6 Smart Technology 328</p> <p>10.2.7 Smart Citizen 329</p> <p>10.2.8 Smart Governance 330</p> <p>10.2.9 Smart Education 330</p> <p>10.3 Role of IoT in Smart Cities 331</p> <p>10.3.1 Intent of IoT Adoption in Smart Cities 333</p> <p>10.3.2 IoT-Supported Communication Technologies 333</p> <p>10.4 Sectors, Services Related and Principal Issues for IoT Technologies 336</p> <p>10.5 Impact of Smart Cities 336</p> <p>10.5.1 Smart City Impact on Science and Technology 336</p> <p>10.5.2 Smart City Impact on Competitiveness 339</p> <p>10.5.3 Smart City Impact on Society 339</p> <p>10.5.4 Smart City Impact on Optimization and Management 339</p> <p>10.5.5 Smart City for Sustainable Development 340</p> <p>10.6 Key Applications of IoT in Smart Cities 340</p> <p>10.7 Challenges 343</p> <p>10.7.1 Smart City Design Challenges 343</p> <p>10.7.2 Challenges Raised by Smart Cities 344</p> <p>10.7.3 Challenges of IoT Technologies in Smart Cities 344</p> <p>10.8 Conclusion 346</p> <p>Acknowledgements 346</p> <p>References 346</p> <p><b>11 Trip-I-Plan: A Mobile Application for Task Scheduling in Smart City’s Sustainable Infrastructure 351<br /></b><i>Rajalakshmi Krishnamurthi, Dhanalekshmi Gopinathan and Adarsh Kumar</i></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 352</p> <p>11.2 Smart City and IoT 354</p> <p>11.3 Mobile Computing for Smart City 357</p> <p>11.4 Smart City and its Applications 360</p> <p>11.4.1 Traffic Monitoring 360</p> <p>11.4.2 Smart Lighting 361</p> <p>11.4.3 Air Quality Monitoring 362</p> <p>11.5 Smart Tourism in Smart City 363</p> <p>11.6 Mobile Computing-Based Smart Tourism 366</p> <p>11.7 Case Study: A Mobile Application for Trip Planner Task Scheduling in Smart City’s Sustainable Infrastructure 368</p> <p>11.7.1 System Interfaces and User Interfaces 371</p> <p>11.8 Experimentation and Results Discussion 371</p> <p>11.9 Conclusion and Future Scope 373</p> <p>References 374</p> <p><b>12 Smart Health Monitoring for Elderly Care in Indoor Environments 379<br /></b><i>Sonia and Tushar Semwal</i></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 380</p> <p>12.2 Sensors 382</p> <p>12.2.1 Human Traits 383</p> <p>12.2.2 Sensors Description 384</p> <p>12.2.2.1 Passive Sensors 385</p> <p>12.2.2.2 Active Sensors 386</p> <p>12.2.3 Sensing Challenges 387</p> <p>12.3 Internet of Things and Connected Systems 387</p> <p>12.4 Applications 389</p> <p>12.5 Case Study 392</p> <p>12.5.1 Case 1 392</p> <p>12.5.2 Case 2 393</p> <p>12.5.3 Challenges Involved 393</p> <p>12.5.4 Possible Solution 393</p> <p>12.6 Conclusion 395</p> <p>12.7 Discussion 395</p> <p>References 395</p> <p><b>13 A Comprehensive Study of IoT Security Risks in Building a Secure Smart City 401<br /></b><i>Akansha Bhargava, Gauri Salunkhe, Sushant Bhargava and Prerna Goswami</i></p> <p>13.1 Introduction 402</p> <p>13.1.1 Organization of the Chapter 404</p> <p>13.2 Related Works 405</p> <p>13.3 Overview of IoT System in Smart Cities 407</p> <p>13.3.1 Physical Devices 409</p> <p>13.3.2 Connectivity 409</p> <p>13.3.3 Middleware 410</p> <p>13.3.4 Human Interaction 410</p> <p>13.4 IoT Security Prerequisite 411</p> <p>13.5 IoT Security Areas 413</p> <p>13.5.1 Anomaly Detection 413</p> <p>13.5.2 Host-Based IDS (HIDS) 414</p> <p>13.5.3 Network-Based IDS (NIDS) 414</p> <p>13.5.4 Malware Detection 414</p> <p>13.5.5 Ransomware Detection 415</p> <p>13.5.6 Intruder Detection 415</p> <p>13.5.7 Botnet Detection 415</p> <p>13.6 IoT Security Threats 416</p> <p>13.6.1 Passive Threats 416</p> <p>13.6.2 Active Threats 417</p> <p>13.7 Review of ML/DL Application in IoT Security 418</p> <p>13.7.1 Machine Learning Methods 421</p> <p>13.7.1.1 Decision Trees (DTs) 421</p> <p>13.7.1.2 K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) 423</p> <p>13.7.1.3 Random Forest 424</p> <p>13.7.1.4 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 425</p> <p>13.7.1.5 Naïve Bayes 425</p> <p>13.7.1.6 Support Vector Machines (SVM) 425</p> <p>13.7.2 Deep Learning Methods 426</p> <p>13.7.2.1 Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) 427</p> <p>13.7.2.2 Auto Encoder (AE) 429</p> <p>13.7.2.3 Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) 429</p> <p>13.7.2.4 Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBMs) 432</p> <p>13.7.2.5 Deep Belief Networks (DBNs) 433</p> <p>13.7.2.6 Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) 433</p> <p>13.8 Challenges 434</p> <p>13.8.1 IoT Dataset Unavailability 434</p> <p>13.8.2 Computational Complications 434</p> <p>13.8.3 Forensics Challenges 435</p> <p>13.9 Future Prospects 436</p> <p>13.9.1 Implementation of ML/DL With Edge Computing 437</p> <p>13.9.2 Integration of ML/DL With Blockchain 438</p> <p>13.9.3 Integration of ML/DL With Fog Computing 439</p> <p>13.10 Conclusion 439</p> <p>References 440</p> <p><b>14 Role of Smart Buildings in Smart City—Components, Technology, Indicators, Challenges, Future Research Opportunities 449<br /></b><i>Tarana Singh, Arun Solanki and Sanjay Kumar Sharma</i></p> <p>14.1 Introduction 449</p> <p>14.1.1 Chapter Organization 453</p> <p>14.2 Literature Review 453</p> <p>14.3 Components of Smart Cities 455</p> <p>14.3.1 Smart Infrastructure 455</p> <p>14.3.2 Smart Parking Management 456</p> <p>14.3.3 Connected Charging Stations 457</p> <p>14.3.4 Smart Buildings and Properties 457</p> <p>14.3.5 Smart Garden and Sprinkler Systems 457</p> <p>14.3.6 Smart Heating and Ventilation 457</p> <p>14.3.7 Smart Industrial Environment 458</p> <p>14.3.8 Smart City Services 458</p> <p>14.3.9 Smart Energy Management 458</p> <p>14.3.10 Smart Water Management 459</p> <p>14.3.11 Smart Waste Management 459</p> <p>14.4 Characteristics of Smart Buildings 459</p> <p>14.4.1 Minimal Human Control 459</p> <p>14.4.2 Optimization 460</p> <p>14.4.3 Qualities 460</p> <p>14.4.4 Connected Systems 460</p> <p>14.4.5 Use of Sensors 460</p> <p>14.4.6 Automation 461</p> <p>14.4.7 Data 461</p> <p>14.5 Supporting Technology 461</p> <p>14.5.1 Big Data and IoT in Smart Cities 461</p> <p>14.5.2 Sensors 462</p> <p>14.5.3 5G Connectivity 462</p> <p>14.5.4 Geospatial Technology 462</p> <p>14.5.5 Robotics 463</p> <p>14.6 Key Performance Indicators of Smart City 463</p> <p>14.6.1 Smart Economy 463</p> <p>14.6.2 Smart Governance 464</p> <p>14.6.3 Smart Mobility 464</p> <p>14.6.4 Smart Environment 464</p> <p>14.6.5 Smart People 464</p> <p>14.6.6 Smart Living 465</p> <p>14.7 Challenges While Working for Smart City 465</p> <p>14.7.1 Retrofitting Existing Legacy City Infrastructure to Make it Smart 465</p> <p>14.7.2 Financing Smart Cities 466</p> <p>14.7.3 Availability of Master Plan or City Development Plan 466</p> <p>14.7.4 Financial Sustainability of ULBs 466</p> <p>14.7.5 Technical Constraints ULBs 466</p> <p>14.7.6 Three-Tier Governance 467</p> <p>14.7.7 Providing Clearances in a Timely Manner 467</p> <p>14.7.8 Dealing With a Multivendor Environment 467</p> <p>14.7.9 Capacity Building Program 467</p> <p>14.7.10 Reliability of Utility Services 468</p> <p>14.8 Future Research Opportunities in Smart City 468</p> <p>14.8.1 IoT Management 468</p> <p>14.8.2 Data Management 469</p> <p>14.8.3 Smart City Assessment Framework 469</p> <p>14.8.4 VANET Security 469</p> <p>14.8.5 Improving Photovoltaic Cells 469</p> <p>14.8.6 Smart City Enablers 470</p> <p>14.8.7 Information System Risks 470</p> <p>14.9 Conclusion 470</p> <p>References 471</p> <p><b>15 Effects of Green Buildings on the Environment 477<br /></b><i>Ayushi Nain, Ankita Banerjee and N.P. Melkania</i></p> <p>15.1 Introduction 478</p> <p>15.2 Sustainability and the Building Industry 480</p> <p>15.2.1 Environmental Benefits 481</p> <p>15.2.2 Social Benefits 483</p> <p>15.2.3 Economic Benefits 483</p> <p>15.3 Goals of Green Buildings 484</p> <p>15.3.1 Green Design 485</p> <p>15.3.2 Energy Efficiency 485</p> <p>15.3.3 Water Efficiency 487</p> <p>15.3.4 Material Efficiency 489</p> <p>15.3.5 Improved Internal Environment and Air Quality 490</p> <p>15.3.6 Minimization of Wastes 492</p> <p>15.3.7 Operations and Maintenance Optimization 492</p> <p>15.4 Impacts of Classical Buildings that Green Buildings Seek to Rectify 493</p> <p>15.4.1 Energy Use in Buildings 494</p> <p>15.4.2 Green House Gas (GHG) Emissions 494</p> <p>15.4.3 Indoor Air Quality 494</p> <p>15.4.4 Building Water Use 496</p> <p>15.4.5 Use of Land and Consumption 496</p> <p>15.4.6 Construction Materials 497</p> <p>15.4.7 Construction and Demolition (C&D) Wastes 498</p> <p>15.5 Green Buildings in India 498</p> <p>15.6 Conclusion 503</p> <p>Acknowledgement 504</p> <p>Acronyms 504</p> <p>References 505</p> <p>Index 509</p>