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<p>Acknowledgements xi</p> <p>Preface xiii</p> <p>Introduction  xvii</p> <p><b>Part 1. Introduction to – and Reminders About – NFC 1</b></p> <p>Introduction to Part 1  3</p> <p><b>Chapter 1. Recap of the Principles Employed in NFC  5</b></p> <p>1.1. The physical fundaments of “contactless” and NFC 5</p> <p>1.1.1. Phenomenon of propagation and radiation 5</p> <p>1.1.2. Classification of fields and spatial regions 6</p> <p>1.1.3. Spatial regions 6</p> <p>1.1.4. Far field: r >> λ/2π (Fraunhofer zone) 6</p> <p>1.1.5. Intermediary field: r approximately equal to λ (Fresnel zone) 7</p> <p>1.1.6. Near field: r << λ/2π (Rayleigh zone) and the origin of NFC  7</p> <p>1.1.7. Remarks on contactless, RFID and NFC applications  7</p> <p>1.2. The concept of NFC  9</p> <p>1.2.1. Biot–Savart law  10</p> <p>1.2.2. Field H at a point on the axis of a circular antenna  10</p> <p>1.2.3. Decrease in the field H as a function of “d” 13</p> <p>1.2.4. Field H at a point on the axis of a rectangular antenna 14</p> <p><b>Chapter 2. Normative Constraints of NFC 17</b></p> <p>2.1. Introduction 17</p> <p>2.1.1. Normative, regulatory and NFC market constraints  17</p> <p>2.1.2. A little bit of vocabulary 18</p> <p>2.1.3. Norm  19</p> <p>2.1.4. Standard  19</p> <p>2.2. Normative constraints 19</p> <p>2.2.1. Uplink from initiator to targets 20</p> <p>2.2.2. “Contactless” normative constraints on NFC device antennae  27</p> <p>2.3. Conclusion 36</p> <p><b>Chapter 3. Regulatory Constraints and Recommendations  39</b></p> <p>3.1. Regulatory constraints specific to NFC and NFC antennas  39</p> <p>3.1.1. State of RF regulations  39</p> <p>3.1.2. Constraints pertaining to radiation and pollution by NFC  41</p> <p>3.1.3. The ERC 70 03 recommendation and the ETSI 300 330 norm  41</p> <p>3.2. Constraints due to recommendations  45</p> <p>3.2.1. Exposure of the human body to EM fields  46</p> <p>3.2.2. Societal constraints due to individual freedoms (privacy)  48</p> <p>3.2.3. Environmental constraints  50</p> <p>3.3. Constraints of the NFC market 52</p> <p>3.3.1. NFC applications of short range devices 52</p> <p>3.3.2. Costs and market prices desired by users 52</p> <p>3.3.3. Beware of false advertising 53</p> <p><b>Part 2. Constraints Due to the Field of Applications of NFC 55</b></p> <p>Introduction to Part 2  57</p> <p><b>Chapter 4. Applicational Typologies of the NFC and their Consequences 59</b></p> <p>4.1. Applicational typologies of the NFC  59</p> <p>4.1.1. Technologies 59</p> <p>4.1.2. “NFC Forum Devices” and “NFC Forum Tags”  60</p> <p>4.1.3. “Modes” of communication of an NFC Forum Device  62</p> <p>4.1.4. Role of an NFC Forum Device 63</p> <p>4.1.5. Applicational typological possibilities and their constraints 64</p> <p>4.2. Application consequences and their direct constraints 67</p> <p>4.2.1. Touch & Go typology  67</p> <p>4.2.2. Touch & Confirm typology 67</p> <p>4.2.3. Touch & Connect typology 67</p> <p>4.2.4. Touch & Explore typology 68</p> <p><b>Chapter 5. Constraints Due to Fields of Application  69</b></p> <p>5.1. Range of technical possibilities of applications  69</p> <p>5.1.1. In architectures and electronic functions 69</p> <p>5.1.2. Shapes, dimensions and form factors (publicity aside)  70</p> <p>5.1.3. Remarks and some clarifications about the table 70</p> <p>5.1.4. Targets/tags for the monitoring of long-distance races  72</p> <p>5.1.5. Targets/tags for monitoring luxury items 72</p> <p>5.2. Segmentation, typologies of markets, their problems and their incidences, and direct technical constraints on NFC devices  73</p> <p>5.2.1. Market sectors and typologies 74</p> <p>5.3. Mobile telephony 75</p> <p>5.4. Banks/money matters/payments 77</p> <p>5.5. Transport  78</p> <p>5.5.1. 1st case: card emulation mode in battery-assisted and then flat battery 81</p> <p>5.5.2. 2nd case: card emulation mode with battery out  81</p> <p>5.5.3. 3rd case: collisions and loading effects  82</p> <p>5.6. Automobiles  82</p> <p>5.6.1. Consumer electronics  85</p> <p>5.7. Healthcare  88</p> <p>5.8. Communicating objects  89</p> <p>5.8.1. NFC tablets  89</p> <p>5.8.2. NFC USB key 90</p> <p>5.8.3. NFC communication and promotional objects  91</p> <p>5.8.4. “Add-on” NFC devices, sticks, and stickers 92</p> <p><b>Part 3. Applicational Constraints Needing to be Solved when Designing NFC Systems and their Antennas 95</b></p> <p>Introduction to Part 3  97</p> <p><b>Chapter 6. Structural Constraints in NFC  99</b></p> <p>6.1. Constraints due to the form factors of the antennas  99</p> <p>6.2. Constraints due to variations of the operating distance  100</p> <p>6.2.1. Distances and magnetic couplings 100</p> <p>6.3. Constraint of the maximum acceptable value of the quality coefficient Q of the initiator antenna  100</p> <p>6.4. Constraint of the value of return (retro) modulation voltage 102</p> <p>6.4.1. Passive Load Modulation (PLM) 103</p> <p>6.4.2. Active Load Modulation (ALM) 106</p> <p><b>Chapter 7. Functional Applicational Constraints  111</b></p> <p>7.1. Antenna tuning/detuning constraints  111</p> <p>7.1.1. The case of an initiator  111</p> <p>7.1.2. Electrical representation of the target 112</p> <p>7.1.3. “Tuned”, “untuned” and “detuned” mobile phones 120</p> <p>7.2. Constraints and influences of the environment  124</p> <p>7.2.1. Physical influence of the environment  124</p> <p>7.2.2. Impacts of the environment on the antenna and its performance  124</p> <p>7.2.3. Electrical fields E 125</p> <p>7.2.4. Magnetic field 128</p> <p><b>Part 4. Conformity and Interoperability Constraints 137</b></p> <p>Introduction to Part 4  139</p> <p><b>Chapter 8. Conformity Constraints  141</b></p> <p>8.1. Conformity tests for NFC devices 141</p> <p>8.2. Norms of “conformity” tests for NFC IPx 142</p> <p>8.2.1. ISO 23917 tests (NFC IP1 protocol) 143</p> <p>8.2.2. ISO 22536 tests (NFC IP1 RF interface)  143</p> <p>8.3. Electrical characterizations of the initiator antenna 146</p> <p>8.3.1. The antenna’s inductance and resistance 146</p> <p>8.3.2. Quality coefficient  149</p> <p>8.3.3. Bandwidth 149</p> <p>8.3.4. Tuning of the antenna and its impedance matching 149</p> <p>8.4. Method of adjustment of the target antenna  154</p> <p>8.4.1. Absorption threshold, H_thr  154</p> <p>8.4.2. Absorption in reading mode, H_read 154</p> <p>8.4.3. Resonance frequency, f_res 154</p> <p>8.4.4. Bandwidth 155</p> <p>8.5. Measuring methods for use with the target  155</p> <p>8.6. Electrical measurements of the initiator antenna 156</p> <p>8.6.1. Measuring the magnetic field H radiated by the initiator 156</p> <p>8.6.2. Measurement of the quality coefficient – Q 158</p> <p>8.6.3. Measuring Q in the application 162</p> <p>8.6.4. Measuring the bandwidth in the application 163</p> <p>8.7. Method for adjustment of whole systems 165</p> <p>8.7.1. Measurements needing to be performed 165</p> <p>8.7.2. Order in which the measurements must be taken  165</p> <p>8.7.3. Energy domains, zero lines, and safe operating areas 165</p> <p>8.8. Measuring tools  166</p> <p><b>Chapter 9. Interoperability Constraints 169</b></p> <p>9.1. Norms and interoperability  169</p> <p>9.2. Problems of the tests; JNCF ISO vs EMV vs NFC Forum; etc 170</p> <p>9.2.1. EMV conformity tests . 171</p> <p>9.3. In practice: a few simple examples of measurements  178</p> <p>9.3.1. Example 1 179</p> <p>9.3.2. Example 2 181</p> <p>9.3.3. Conformity tests of the NFC Forum  185</p> <p>9.3.4. NFC Forum testing and certification methods for the lower levels  186</p> <p>9.3.5. Testing the conformity of NFC with the CEN – Comité européen de normalisation (European Standardizing Committee) 187</p> <p>9.3.6. What about overall interoperability? 188</p> <p>Conclusion 189</p> <p>Bibliography  197</p> <p>Index 199</p>

<p><b>Dominique Paret</b> is a consultant in radiofrequency identification, contactless technologies, NFC and indoor geolocalization. He teaches electronics and RFID in various engineering schools. He is also the author of several books on RFID technologies.</p>

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