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Christian Theology

An Introduction
6. Aufl.

von: Alister E. McGrath
26,99 €
Verlag:	Wiley-Blackwell
Format:	EPUB
Veröffentl.:	05.08.2016
ISBN/EAN:	9781118869567
Sprache:	englisch
Anzahl Seiten:	528

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Titelbeschreibung

CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY “The genius of Alister E. McGrath is his remarkable ability to write in a clear, concise, and lucid manner that draws both teachers and students to participate with the great thinkers of the Christian tradition, past and present. Education and illumination are the abundant fruits of this massive, well-organized text, which is sure to appeal to a wide range of Protestant, Catholic, and Orthodox audiences. For this we are indebted to the author.” Dennis Ngien, Professor of Systematic Theology, Tyndale University College and Seminary, Toronto, Canada “For sheer comprehensiveness, clarity, and coherence, Alister McGrath has produced the definitive textbook. Always accurate and engaging, students are gently introduced to the gift of Theology in a memorable way.” Ian S. Markham, Dean and President of Virginia Theological Seminary Praise for the fifth edition “Alister McGrath has proven himself a master at engagingly and simply introducing Christian theology in all of its contested complexity. All who work at the critical appropriation of the theological tradition stand in debt to McGrath.” M. Douglas Meeks, Cal Turner Chancellor Professor of Theology and Wesleyan Studies, Vanderbilt University Divinity School Now celebrating its 25th year of publication, Christian Theology is one of the most internationally acclaimed textbooks in this area today. Completely rewritten for the sixth edition, it remains the ideal introduction to the beliefs and interpretation of Christianity. It is specifically designed for students with no prior knowledge, presenting the primary themes and debates of Christian theology with clarity and historical context. This new edition retains all the elements that have made it so successful while also including significant additions and developments. There is an increased discussion of contemporary theology to complement the excellent coverage of historical material. Important new information has also been added, in areas such as the Holy Spirit, contemporary non-Western theologies, and feminist voices in Christian theology. The text is rich in pedagogy to encourage student learning, featuring a two colour design, glossary, end-of-chapter discussion questions, and much more. Written by renowned theologian Alister E. McGrath, this classic text is a clear, lively and concise introduction that provides instructors with the tools they need to engage with their students on Christian theology.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

List of Illustrations xxi Preface xxiii To the Student: How to Use This Book xxvii To the Teacher: How to Use This Book xxix The Structure of the Book: The Fifth and Sixth Editions Compared xxxiii Video and Audio Resources xxxv Part I Landmarks: Periods, Themes, and Personalities of Christian Theology 1 Introduction 3 1 The Patristic Period, c.100–c.700 5 The Early Centers of Theological Activity 5 An Overview of the Patristic Period 7 A clarification of terms 8 The theological agenda of the period 8 Key Theologians 10 Justin Martyr (c.100–c.165) 10 Irenaeus of Lyons (c.130–c.202) 10 Tertullian (c.160–c.220) 10 Origen (c.185–c.254) 10 Cyprian of Carthage (died 258) 11 Athanasius (c.293–373) 11 The Cappadocian fathers 11 Augustine of Hippo (354–430) 11 Key Theological Debates and Developments 12 The extent of the New Testament canon 12 The role of tradition: the Gnostic controversies 13 The fixing of the ecumenical creeds 14 The two natures of Jesus Christ: the Arian controversy 15 The doctrine of the Trinity 17 The doctrine of the church: the Donatist controversy 18 The doctrine of grace: the Pelagian controversy 18 Key Names, Words, and Phrases 19 Questions for Chapter 1 19 2 The Middle Ages and the Renaissance, c.700–c.1500 21 On Defining the “Middle Ages” 22 Theological Landmarks in Western Europe 24 The rise of medieval schools of theology 24 The founding of the universities 25 A theological textbook: the Four Books of the Sentences 26 “Cathedrals of the Mind”: scholasticism 26 The Italian Renaissance and the rise of humanism 26 Byzantine Theology: Major Themes 27 Key Theologians 29 John of Damascus (c.676–749) 29 Simeon the New Theologian (949–1022) 30 Anselm of Canterbury (c.1033–1109) 30 Thomas Aquinas (c.1225–74) 31 Duns Scotus (c.1266–1308) 32 William of Ockham (c.1285–1347) 32 Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466–1536) 33 Key Theological Debates and Developments 34 The consolidation of the patristic heritage 34 The exploration of the role of reason in theology 34 Scholasticism: the development of theological systems 35 The development of sacramental theology 35 The development of the theology of grace 35 The role of Mary in the scheme of salvation 36 The Renaissance: returning to the original sources of theology 36 Key Names, Words, and Phrases 37 Questions for Chapter 2 37 3 The Age of Reformation, c.1500–c.1750 38 The Main Movements of the Age of Reformation 38 The German Reformation: Lutheranism 39 The Swiss Reformation: the Reformed church 40 The radical Reformation: Anabaptism 41 The English Reformation: Anglicanism 42 The Catholic Reformation 42 The Second Reformation: confessionalization 43 Post-Reformation Movements 43 The consolidation of Catholicism 44 Puritanism 44 Pietism 45 The Copernican and Galilean Controversies 46 Key Theologians 47 Martin Luther (1483–1546) 47 Huldrych Zwingli (1484–1531) 48 John Calvin (1509–64) 48 Teresa of Avilà (1515–82) 48 Theodore Beza (1519–1605) 49 Robert Bellarmine (1542–1621) 49 Johann Gerhard (1582–1637) 49 Jonathan Edwards (1703–58) 49 Key Theological Debates and Developments 49 The sources of theology 50 The doctrine of grace 50 The doctrine of the sacraments 51 The doctrine of the church 51 Developments in Theological Literature 51 Catechisms 52 Confessions of faith 52 Works of systematic theology 53 Key Names, Words, and Phrases 55 Questions for Chapter 3 56 4 The Modern Period, c.1750 to the Present 57 Theology and Cultural Developments in the West 57 The wars of religion and disinterest in religion 58 The rise of the Enlightenment 58 The Enlightenment critique of Christian theology: some case studies 59 Marxism: an intellectual rival to Christianity 61 Darwinism: a new theory of human origins 62 The First World War: a theology of crisis 62 Postmodernism: beyond the modern theological agenda 63 Globalization: world Christianity and world religions 65 Key Theologians 67 F. D. E. Schleiermacher (1768–1834) 67 John Henry Newman (1801–90) 67 Karl Barth (1886–1968) 68 Paul Tillich (1886–1965) 68 Karl Rahner (1904–84) 68 Hans Urs von Balthasar (1905–88) 69 Jürgen Moltmann (born 1926) 69 Wolfhart Pannenberg (1928–2014) 69 Major Modern Theological Movements 70 Liberal Protestantism 70 Modernism 71 Neo-orthodoxy 72 Liberation theologies 74 Feminism 75 Black and “womanist” theology 77 Postliberalism 78 Radical orthodoxy 79 Key Names, Words, and Phrases 80 Questions for Chapter 4 80 Part II Sources and Methods 81 5 Getting Started: Preliminaries 83 What is Faith? 83 Defining Theology 85 A working definition of theology 85 The historical development of the idea of theology 86 The development of theology as an academic discipline 87 The Architecture of Theology 89 Biblical studies 89 Systematic theology 89 Philosophical theology 90 Historical theology 91 Practical, or pastoral, theology 92 Spirituality, or mystical theology 93 Apologetics 94 The Question of Prolegomena 94 Commitment and Neutrality in Theology 95 Orthodoxy and Heresy 97 Historical aspects 97 Theological aspects 98 The Theology of the Relationship Between Christianity and Secular Culture 99 Justin Martyr (c.100–c.165) 99 Tertullian (c.160–c.220) 100 Augustine of Hippo (354–430) 100 The twentieth century: H. Richard Niebuhr (1894–1962) 102 Questions for Chapter 5 103 6 The Sources of Theology 104 Scripture 104 The Old Testament 105 The New Testament 105 Other works: deutero-canonical and apocryphal writings 107 The relationship between the Old and New Testaments 109 The canon of Scripture: historical and theological issues 111 The Word of God 112 Narrative theology 113 Methods of interpretation of Scripture 115 Theories of the inspiration of Scripture 120 Tradition 122 A single-source theory of tradition 125 A dual-source theory of tradition 125 The total rejection of tradition 126 Theology and worship: the importance of liturgical tradition 126 Reason 127 Reason and revelation: three models 127 Enlightenment rationalism 129 Criticisms of Enlightenment rationalism 130 Religious Experience 130 Experience as the basis of Christian theology 131 Theology connects with human experience 132 Theology as the interpreter of human experience 132 God as a misinterpretation of human experience 133 Questions for Chapter 6 134 7 Knowledge of God: Natural and Revealed 135 The Idea of Revelation 136 Models of Revelation 137 Revelation as doctrine 137 Revelation as presence 138 Revelation as experience 139 Revelation as history 140 Natural Theology: Its Scope and Limits 141 Thomas Aquinas (c.1225–74) on natural theology 142 John Calvin (1509–64) on natural theology 143 The Renaissance: God’s two books 144 Eastern Orthodoxy on natural theology 145 The Barth–Brunner debate (1934) 146 Approaches to Discerning God in Nature 147 Human reason 147 The ordering of the world 147 The beauty of the world 148 The Natural Sciences and Christian Theology: Models of Interaction 148 Warfare: the “conflict” thesis 149 Isolation: the “non-overlapping” thesis 150 Enrichment: the complementarity thesis 150 Questions for Chapter 7 151 8 Philosophy and Theology: Dialogue and Debate 152 Philosophy and Theology: The Notion of the “Handmaid” 153 Can God’s Existence Be Proved? Four Approaches 155 The ontological argument of Anselm of Canterbury (c.1033–1109) 156 The “Five Ways” of Thomas Aquinas (c.1225–74) 158 The kalam argument 160 A classic argument from design: William Paley (1743–1805) 161 The Nature of Theological Language 163 Does theological language refer to anything? 164 Apophatic and kataphatic approaches 164 Questions for Chapter 8 171 Part III Christian Theology 173 9 The Doctrine of God 175 Is God Male? 175 A Personal God 177 Defining “person” 178 Dialogical personalism: Martin Buber (1878–1965) 179 Can God Suffer? 181 The classical view: the impassibility of God 182 The twentieth century: a paradigm shift? 183 A suffering God: Jürgen Moltmann (born 1926) 184 The death of God? 185 The Omnipotence of God 187 Defining omnipotence 187 The two powers of God 188 The notion of divine self-limitation 189 God’s Action in the World 190 “Special” and “general” divine action 190 Deism: God acts through the laws of nature 191 Thomism: God acts through secondary causes 192 Process theology: God acts through persuasion 193 God as Creator 194 Development of the doctrine of creation 194 Creation and the rejection of dualism 196 The doctrine of creation of Augustine of Hippo (354–430) 197 The doctrine of creation ex nihilo 198 Implications of the doctrine of creation 199 Models of God as creator 200 Creation and Christian approaches to ecology 201 Theodicies: The Problem of Evil 202 Irenaeus of Lyons (c.130–c.202) 203 Augustine of Hippo (354–430) 203 Karl Barth (1886–1968) 204 Alvin Plantinga (born 1932) 205 Other recent contributions 205 Questions for Chapter 9 206 10 The Person of Jesus Christ 207 The Place of Jesus Christ in Christian Theology 208 Jesus Christ is the historical point of departure for Christianity 208 Jesus Christ reveals God 208 Jesus Christ is the bearer of salvation 209 Jesus Christ defines the shape of the redeemed life 209 New Testament Christological Titles 209 Messiah 209 Son of God 210 Son of Man 211 Lord 211 Savior 212 God 213 The Patristic Debate Over the Person of Christ 214 Early explorations: Ebionitism and Docetism 214 Justin Martyr (c.100–c.165): the Logos Christology 216 Arius (c.260–336): Jesus Christ as “supreme among the creatures” 217 Athanasius (c.293–373): Jesus Christ as God incarnate 218 The Alexandrian school: Apollinarianism and its critics 220 The Antiochene school: Theodore of Mopsuestia (c.350–428) 221 The “communication of attributes” 223 The Council of Chalcedon (451) 224 Medieval Christology: The Relationship Between the Incarnation and the Fall 224 The Relationship Between the Person and Work of Christ 225 Christological Models: Classical and Contemporary 227 The substantial presence of God in Christ 227 Christ as mediator between God and humanity 229 The revelational presence of God in Christ 230 Christ as a symbolic presence of God 231 Christ as the bearer of the Holy Spirit 232 Christ as the example of a godly life 233 Christ as a hero 234 Kenotic approaches to Christology 235 The Quest for the Historical Jesus 236 The original quest for the historical Jesus 237 The quest for the religious personality of Jesus 237 The critique of the quest, 1890–1910 238 The quest suspended: Rudolf Bultmann (1884–1976) 239 The new quest for the historical Jesus 240 The third quest for the historical Jesus 241 The Resurrection of Christ: History and Interpretation 242 The Enlightenment: resurrection as nonevent 242 David Friedrich Strauss (1808–74): resurrection as myth 242 Rudolf Bultmann (1884–1976): resurrection as an event in the experience of the disciples 243 Karl Barth (1886–1968): resurrection as an historical event beyond critical inquiry 243 Wolfhart Pannenberg (1928–2014): resurrection as an historical event open to critical inquiry 244 Questions for Chapter 10 245 11 The Nature and Basis of Salvation 246 Christian Approaches to Salvation 248 Salvation is linked with Jesus Christ 248 Salvation is shaped by Jesus Christ 249 The eschatological dimension of salvation 250 The Foundations of Salvation: The Cross of Christ 251 The cross as a sacrifice 251 The cross as a victory 255 The cross and forgiveness 259 The cross as a demonstration of God’s love 264 Violence and the cross: the theory of René Girard (1923–2015) 268 “Can a Male Savior Save Women?” Feminists on Atonement 269 Models of Salvation in Christ: Classical and Contemporary 270 Some Pauline images of salvation 270 Deification: being made divine 271 Righteousness in the sight of God 272 Personal holiness 273 Authentic human existence 273 Political liberation 274 Spiritual freedom 274 The Appropriation of Salvation in Christ 275 The church as the means of salvation 275 Christ as a representative 276 Participation in Christ 276 Christ as a substitute 277 The Scope of Salvation in Christ 277 Universalism: all will be saved 277 Only believers will be saved 278 Particular redemption: only the elect will be saved 278 Questions for Chapter 11 279 12 The Holy Spirit 280 The Biblical Witness 280 The Patristic Period 281 Early patristic reflections: Irenaeus of Lyons (c.130–c.202) 282 Athanasius (c.293–373): the debate over the divinity of the Holy Spirit 282 The Council of Constantinople (381) 284 Augustine of Hippo (354–430): the spirit as a bond of unity 285 Symbols of the Spirit: a dove, fire, and oil 285 The Filioque Controversy 287 The Holy Spirit: Recent Discussions 290 The Great Awakening: Jonathan Edwards (1703–58) 290 The Second Vatican Council on the Holy Spirit 291 Liberation theology: the Spirit and empowerment 292 Feminism: the Spirit and relationality 293 The Functions of the Spirit 294 God’s active presence in the world 295 The illumination of revelation 295 The appropriation of salvation 296 The renewal of the Christian life 297 Questions for Chapter 12 298 13 The Trinity 299 Approaching the Christian Doctrine of the Trinity 299 The apparent illogicality of the doctrine 299 The Trinity as a statement about Jesus Christ 301 The Trinity as a statement about the Christian God 301 Islamic critiques of the doctrine of the Trinity 301 The Biblical Foundations of the Doctrine of the Trinity 302 The Historical Development of the Doctrine 303 The emergence of the trinitarian vocabulary 304 The emergence of trinitarian concepts 304 Rationalist critiques of trinitarianism: the eclipse of the Trinity, 1700–1900 306 The problem of visualization: analogies of the Trinity 307 “Economic” and “essential” approaches to the Trinity 308 Two Trinitarian Heresies 308 Modalism: chronological and functional 308 Tritheism 310 The Trinity: Six Classic and Contemporary Approaches 311 The Cappadocian fathers 311 Augustine of Hippo (354–430) 312 Karl Barth (1886–1968) 313 Karl Rahner (1904–84) 315 John Macquarrie (1919–2007) 316 Robert Jenson (born 1930) 317 Some Discussions of the Trinity in Recent Theology 318 F. D. E. Schleiermacher (1768–1834) on the dogmatic location of the Trinity 318 Jürgen Moltmann (born 1926) on the social Trinity 319 Eberhard Jüngel (born 1934) on the Trinity and metaphysics 320 Catherine Mowry LaCugna (1952–97) on the Trinity and salvation 321 Sarah Coakley (born 1951) on feminism and the Trinity 321 The Trinitarian Renaissance: Some Examples 323 A trinitarian theology of mission 323 A trinitarian theology of worship 324 A trinitarian theology of atonement 324 A trinitarian ecclesiology 325 Questions for Chapter 13 326 14 Human Nature, Sin, and Grace 327 The Place of Humanity Within Creation: Early Reflections 327 The image of God 327 The concept of sin 329 Augustine of Hippo (354–430) and the Pelagian Controversy 330 The “freedom of the will” 330 The nature of sin 331 The nature of grace 332 The basis of salvation 333 The Medieval Synthesis of the Doctrine of Grace 334 The Augustinian legacy 334 The medieval distinction between actual and habitual grace 335 The late medieval critique of habitual grace 336 The medieval debate over the nature and grounds of merit 336 The Reformation Debates over the Doctrine of Grace 337 From “salvation by grace” to “justification by faith” 337 The theological breakthrough of Martin Luther (1483–1546) 338 Luther on justifying faith 339 The concept of forensic justification 339 John Calvin (1509–64) on justification 341 The Council of Trent on justification 341 The Doctrine of Predestination 344 Augustine of Hippo (354–430) 344 Catholic debates: Thomism, Molinism, and Jansenism 345 Protestant debates: Calvinism and Arminianism 346 Karl Barth (1886–1968) 348 Predestination and economics: the Weber thesis 349 The Darwinian Controversy and the Nature of Humanity 350 Young-earth creationism 351 Old-earth creationism 351 Intelligent design 351 Evolutionary theism 352 Questions for Chapter 14 353 15 The Church 354 Biblical Models of the Church 354 The Old Testament 354 The New Testament 355 The Early Development of Ecclesiology 356 The Donatist Controversy 358 Early Protestant Doctrines of the Church 360 Martin Luther (1483–1546) 360 John Calvin (1509–64) 361 The radical Reformation 363 Christ and the Church: Some Twentieth-Century Themes 364 Christ is present sacramentally 364 Christ is present through the word 366 Christ is present through the Spirit 367 The Second Vatican Council on the Church 367 The church as communion 368 The church as the people of God 369 The church as a charismatic community 369 The “Notes” of the Church 370 One 370 Holy 373 Catholic 374 Apostolic 377 Priesthood and Ministry: Some Major Themes 378 Questions for Chapter 15 380 16 The Sacraments 381 The Early Development of Sacramental Theology 382 The Definition of a Sacrament 383 The Donatist Controversy: Sacramental Efficacy 386 The Multiple Functions of the Sacraments 388 Sacraments convey grace 388 Sacraments strengthen faith 389 Sacraments enhance unity and commitment within the church 390 Sacraments reassure us of God’s promises toward us 391 A case study in complexity: the functions of the Eucharist 392 The Eucharist: The Question of the Real Presence 395 The ninth-century debates over the real presence 395 Medieval views on the relationship between “sign” and “sacrament” 396 Transubstantiation 397 Transignification and transfinalization 399 Consubstantiation 400 A real absence: memorialism 400 The Debate Concerning Infant Baptism 401 Infant baptism remits the guilt of original sin 402 Infant baptism is grounded in God’s covenant with the church 403 Infant baptism is unjustified 403 Questions for Chapter 16 404 17 Christianity and the World Religions 405 Western Pluralism and the Question of Other Religions 406 The detached approach 407 The committed approach 407 Approaches to Religions 407 The Enlightenment: religions as a corruption of the original religion of nature 408 Ludwig Feuerbach (1804–72): religion as an objectification of human feeling 409 Karl Marx: religion as the product of socioeconomic alienation 410 Sigmund Freud (1856–1939): religion as wish fulfillment 411 Emile Durkheim (1858–1917): religion and ritual 412 Mircea Eliade (1907–86): religion and the sacred 413 J. R. R. Tolkien (1892–1973) and C. S. Lewis (1898–1963): religion as myth 413 Karl Barth (1886–1968) and Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1906–45): religion as a human invention 414 Trinitarian theologies of religion 416 Christian Approaches to Other Religions 416 Exclusivism 417 Inclusivism 419 Pluralism 422 Questions for Chapter 17 425 18 Last Things: The Christian Hope 426 Developments in the Doctrine of the Last Things 427 The New Testament 427 Early Christianity and Roman beliefs about reunion after death 428 Augustine of Hippo (354–430): the two cities 429 Joachim of Fiore (c.1132–1202): the three ages 430 Dante Alighieri (1265–1321): the Divine Comedy 430 The Enlightenment: eschatology as superstition 432 The twentieth century: the rediscovery of eschatology 432 Rudolf Bultmann (1884–1976): the demythologization of eschatology 433 Jürgen Moltmann (born 1926): the theology of hope 434 Helmut Thielicke (1908–86): ethics and eschatology 435 Dispensationalism: the structures of eschatology 436 Spe salvi: Benedict XVI (born 1927) on the Christian hope 437 N. T. Wright (born 1948) on (not) going to heaven 438 The Last Things 439 Hell 439 Purgatory 441 The millennium 442 Heaven 443 Questions for Chapter 18 446 Jargon-Busting: A Glossary of Theological Terms 449 Sources of Citations 456 Acknowledgments 465 Index 466

Autorenportrait

ALISTER E. McGRATH is currently Andreas Idreos Professor of Science and Religion at the University of Oxford; he was previously Professor of Theology and Education at King’s College, London. He is regarded as one of the world’s leading Protestant theologians and is the author of some of the world’s most widely used theological textbooks, including the bestselling The Christian Theology Reader (5th edition, Wiley Blackwell, 2016), Christianity (Wiley Blackwell, 2015), and Science and Religion (Wiley Blackwell, 2010). He is in constant demand as a speaker at conferences throughout the world.

Back cover copy

“The genius of Alister E. McGrath is his remarkable ability to write in a clear, concise, and lucid manner that draws both teachers and students to participate with the great thinkers of the Christian tradition, past and present. Education and illumination are the abundant fruits of this massive, well-organized text, which is sure to appeal to a wide range of Protestant, Catholic, and Orthodox audiences. For this we are indebted to the author.” Dennis Ngien, Professor of Systematic Theology, Tyndale University College and Seminary, Toronto, Canada “For sheer comprehensiveness, clarity, and coherence, Alister McGrath has produced the definitive textbook. Always accurate and engaging, students are gently introduced to the gift of Theology in a memorable way.” Ian S. Markham, Dean and President of Virginia Theological Seminary Praise for the fifth edition “Alister McGrath has proven himself a master at engagingly and simply introducing Christian theology in all of its contested complexity. All who work at the critical appropriation of the theological tradition stand in debt to McGrath.” M. Douglas Meeks, Cal Turner Chancellor Professor of Theology and Wesleyan Studies, Vanderbilt University Divinity School Now celebrating its 25th year of publication, Christian Theology is one of the most internationally acclaimed textbooks in this area today. Completely rewritten for the sixth edition, it remains the ideal introduction to the beliefs and interpretation of Christianity. It is specifically designed for students with no prior knowledge, presenting the primary themes and debates of Christian theology with clarity and historical context. This new edition retains all the elements that have made it so successful while also including significant additions and developments. There is an increased discussion of contemporary theology to complement the excellent coverage of historical material. Important new information has also been added, in areas such as the Holy Spirit, contemporary non-Western theologies, and feminist voices in Christian theology. The text is rich in pedagogy to encourage student learning, featuring a two colour design, glossary, end-of-chapter discussion questions, and much more. Written by renowned theologian Alister E. McGrath, this classic text is a clear, lively and concise introduction that provides instructors with the tools they need to engage with their students on Christian theology.