Details

C# for Financial Markets

The Wiley Finance Series 1. Aufl.

von: Daniel J. Duffy, Andrea Germani
65,99 €
Verlag:	Wiley
Format:	PDF
Veröffentl.:	27.12.2012
ISBN/EAN:	9781118502815
Sprache:	englisch
Anzahl Seiten:	864

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Beschreibungen

Titelbeschreibung

A practice-oriented guide to using C# to design and program pricing and trading models In this step-by-step guide to software development for financial analysts, traders, developers and quants, the authors show both novice and experienced practitioners how to develop robust and accurate pricing models and employ them in real environments. Traders will learn how to design and implement applications for curve and surface modeling, fixed income products, hedging strategies, plain and exotic option modeling, interest rate options, structured bonds, unfunded structured products, and more. A unique mix of modern software technology and quantitative finance, this book is both timely and practical. The approach is thorough and comprehensive and the authors use a combination of C# language features, design patterns, mathematics and finance to produce efficient and maintainable software. Designed for quant developers, traders and MSc/MFE students, each chapter has numerous exercises and the book is accompanied by a dedicated companion website, www.datasimfinancial.com/forum/viewforum.php?f=196&sid=f30022095850dee48c7db5ff62192b34, providing all source code, alongside audio, support and discussion forums for readers to comment on the code and obtain new versions of the software.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

List of Figures xix List of Tables xxiii Introduction 1 0.1 What is This Book? 1 0.2 Special Features in This Book 1 0.3 Who is This Book for and What Do You Learn? 2 0.4 Structure of This Book 2 0.5 C# Source Code 3 1 Global Overview of the Book 5 1.1 Introduction and Objectives 5 1.2 Comparing C# and C++ 5 1.3 Using This Book 6 2 C# Fundamentals 9 2.1 Introduction and Objectives 9 2.2 Background to C# 9 2.3 Value Types, Reference Types and Memory Management 10 2.4 Built-in Data Types in C# 10 2.5 Character and String Types 12 2.6 Operators 13 2.7 Console Input and Output 14 2.8 User-defined Structs 15 2.9 Mini Application: Option Pricing 16 2.10 Summary and Conclusions 21 2.11 Exercises and Projects 22 3 Classes in C# 25 3.1 Introduction and Objectives 25 3.2 The Structure of a Class: Methods and Data 25 3.3 The Keyword ‘this’ 28 3.4 Properties 28 3.5 Class Variables and Class Methods 30 3.6 Creating and Using Objects in C# 33 3.7 Example: European Option Price and Sensitivities 33 3.7.1 Supporting Mathematical Functions 34 3.7.2 Black-Scholes Formula 35 3.7.3 C# Implementation 36 3.7.4 Examples and Applications 39 3.8 Enumeration Types 40 3.9 Extension Methods 42 3.10 An Introduction to Inheritance in C# 44 3.11 Example: Two-factor Payoff Hierarchies and Interfaces 46 3.12 Exception Handling 50 3.13 Summary and Conclusions 50 3.14 Exercises and Projects 51 4 Classes and C# Advanced Features 53 4.1 Introduction and Objectives 53 4.2 Interfaces 53 4.3 Using Interfaces: Vasicek and Cox-Ingersoll-Ross (CIR) Bond and Option Pricing 54 4.3.1 Defining Standard Interfaces 55 4.3.2 Bond Models and Stochastic Differential Equations 55 4.3.3 Option Pricing and the Visitor Pattern 58 4.4 Interfaces in .NET and Some Advanced Features 61 4.4.1 Copying Objects 62 4.4.2 Interfaces and Properties 63 4.4.3 Comparing Abstract Classes and Interfaces 64 4.4.4 Explicit Interfaces 65 4.4.5 Casting an Object to an Interface 65 4.5 Combining Interfaces, Inheritance and Composition 67 4.5.1 Design Philosophy: Modular Programming 67 4.5.2 A Model Problem and Interfacing 68 4.5.3 Implementing the Interfaces 69 4.5.4 Examples and Testing 72 4.6 Introduction to Delegates and Lambda Functions 72 4.6.1 Comparing Delegates and Interfaces 74 4.7 Lambda Functions and Anonymous Methods 76 4.8 Other Features in C# 77 4.8.1 Static Constructors 77 4.8.2 Finalisers 78 4.8.3 Casting 79 4.8.4 The var Keyword 80 4.9 Advanced .NET Delegates 80 4.9.1 Provides and Requires Interfaces: Creating Plug-in Methods with Delegates 82 4.9.2 Multicast Delegates 85 4.9.3 Generic Delegate Types 86 4.9.4 Delegates versus Interfaces, Again 87 4.10 The Standard Event Pattern in .NET and the Observer Pattern 87 4.11 Summary and Conclusions 91 4.12 Exercises and Projects 92 5 Data Structures and Collections 97 5.1 Introduction and Objectives 97 5.2 Arrays 97 5.2.1 Rectangular and Jagged Arrays 98 5.2.2 Bounds Checking 101 5.3 Dates, Times and Time Zones 101 5.3.1 Creating and Modifying Dates 101 5.3.2 Formatting and Parsing Dates 103 5.3.3 Working with Dates 104 5.4 Enumeration and Iterators 105 5.5 Object-based Collections and Standard Collection Interfaces 107 5.6 The List<T> Class 109 5.7 The Hashtable<T> Class 110 5.8 The Dictionary<Key, Value> Class 111 5.9 The HashSet<T> Classes 112 5.10 BitArray: Dynamically Sized Boolean Lists 114 5.11 Other Data Structures 114 5.11.1 Stack<T> 114 5.11.2 Queue<T> 115 5.11.3 Sorted Dictionaries 116 5.12 Strings and StringBuilder 117 5.12.1 Methods in string 118 5.12.2 Manipulating Strings 119 5.13 Some new Features in .NET 4.0 120 5.13.1 Optional Parameters 120 5.13.2 Named Parameters 121 5.13.3 COM Interoperability in .NET 4.0 121 5.13.4 Dynamic Binding 122 5.14 Summary and Conclusions 123 5.15 Exercises and Projects 123 6 Creating User-defined Data Structures 125 6.1 Introduction and Objectives 125 6.2 Design Rationale and General Guidelines 125 6.2.1 An Introduction to C# Generics 125 6.2.2 Generic Methods and Generic Delegates 128 6.2.3 Generic Constraints 129 6.2.4 Generics, Interfaces and Inheritance 130 6.2.5 Other Remarks 130 6.3 Arrays and Matrices 131 6.4 Vectors and Numeric Matrices 135 6.5 Higher-dimensional Structures 139 6.6 Sets 140 6.7 Associative Arrays and Matrices 142 6.7.1 Associative Arrays 142 6.7.2 Associative Matrices 144 6.8 Standardisation: Interfaces and Constraints 145 6.9 Using Associative Arrays and Matrices to Model Lookup Tables 152 6.10 Tuples 155 6.11 Summary and Conclusions 156 6.12 Exercises and Projects 156 7 An Introduction to Bonds and Bond Pricing 159 7.1 Introduction and Objectives 159 7.2 Embedded Optionality 160 7.3 The Time Value of Money: Fundamentals 160 7.3.1 A Simple Bond Class 164 7.3.2 Testing the Bond Functionality 165 7.4 Measuring Yield 166 7.5 Macauley Duration and Convexity 167 7.6 Dates and Date Schedulers for Fixed Income Applications 168 7.6.1 Accrued Interest Calculations and Day Count Conventions 169 7.6.2 C# Classes for Dates 170 7.6.3 DateSchedule Class 174 7.7 Exporting Schedulers to Excel 176 7.8 Other Examples 177 7.9 Pricing Bonds: An Extended Design 178 7.10 Summary and Conclusions 181 7.10.1 Appendix: Risks Associated with Bonds 181 7.11 Exercises and Projects 181 8 Data Management and Data Lifecycle 185 8.1 Introduction and Objectives 185 8.2 Data Lifecycle in Trading Applications 185 8.2.1 Configuration Data and Calculated Data 186 8.2.2 Which Kinds of Data Storage Devices Can We Use? 186 8.3 An Introduction to Streams and I/O 186 8.3.1 Stream Architecture 186 8.3.2 Backing Store Streams Functionality 187 8.3.3 Stream Decorators 189 8.3.4 Stream Adapters 191 8.4 File and Directory Classes 195 8.4.1 The Class Hierarchy 196 8.4.2 FileInfo and DirectoryInfo Classes 198 8.5 Serialisation Engines in .NET 199 8.5.1 DataContractSerializer 199 8.5.2 NetDataContractSerializer 201 8.5.3 Formatters 201 8.5.4 Implicit and Explicit Serialisation 203 8.6 The Binary Serialiser 203 8.7 XML Serialisation 204 8.7.1 Subclasses and Child Objects 205 8.7.2 Serialisation of Collections 206 8.7.3 The IXmlSerializable Interface 207 8.8 Data Lifetime Management in Financial and Trading Applications 209 8.9 Summary and Conclusions 213 8.10 Exercises and Projects 213 9 Binomial Method, Design Patterns and Excel Output 215 9.1 Introduction and Objectives 215 9.2 Design of Binomial Method 216 9.3 Design Patterns and Classes 217 9.3.1 Creating Input Data: Factory Method Pattern 217 9.3.2 Binomial Parameters and the Strategy Pattern 219 9.3.3 The Complete Application Object and the Mediator Pattern 228 9.3.4 Lattice Presentation in Excel 230 9.4 Early Exercise Features 232 9.5 Computing Hedge Sensitivities 233 9.6 Multi-dimensional Binomial Method 233 9.7 Improving Performance Using Pad´e Rational Approximants 236 9.8 Summary and Conclusions 238 9.9 Projects and Exercises 238 10 Advanced Lattices and Finite Difference Methods 241 10.1 Introduction and Objectives 241 10.2 Trinomial Model of the Asset Price and Its C# Implementation 241 10.3 Stability and Convergence of the Trinomial Method 246 10.4 The Black-Scholes Partial Differential Equation and Explicit Schemes 246 10.5 Implementing Explicit Schemes in C# 247 10.5.1 Using the Explicit Finite Difference Method 251 10.6 Stability of the Explicit Finite Difference Scheme 252 10.7 An Introduction to the Alternating Direction Explicit Method (ADE) 255 10.7.1 ADE in a Nutshell: The One-factor Diffusion Equation 255 10.7.2 ADE for Equity Pricing Problems 256 10.8 Implementing ADE for the Black-Scholes PDE 258 10.9 Testing the ADE Method 262 10.10 Advantages of the ADE Method 263 10.11 Summary and Conclusions 263 10.12 Appendix: ADE Numerical Experiments 263 10.13 Exercises and Projects 268 11 Interoperability: Namespaces, Assemblies and C++/CLI 271 11.1 Introduction and Objectives 271 11.2 Namespaces 271 11.2.1 Applications of Namespaces 272 11.3 An Introduction to Assemblies 273 11.3.1 Assembly Types 274 11.3.2 Specifying Assembly Attributes in AssemblyInfo.cs 275 11.3.3 The Relationship between Namespaces and Assemblies 276 11.4 Reflection and Metadata 276 11.4.1 Other Classes in the Reflection Namespace 281 11.4.2 Dynamic Method Invocation 283 11.4.3 Dynamic Object Creation 283 11.4.4 Dynamic Assembly Loading 284 11.4.5 Attributes and Reflection 284 11.4.6 Custom Attributes 286 11.5 C# and Native C++ Interoperability: How is That Possible? 289 11.5.1 Using Native C++ from C# 289 11.6 Using C# from C++ 293 11.7 Code Generation Using the Reflection API 298 11.7.1 The DynamicMethod Class 299 11.7.2 The Evaluation Stack and Argument Passing to Dynamic Methods 300 11.7.3 The Case in Hand: Operator Overloading for Generic Vectors and Matrices 301 11.8 Application Domains 304 11.8.1 Creating and Destroying Application Domains 304 11.8.2 Multiple Application Domains 305 11.8.3 Sharing Data between Domains 307 11.8.4 When to Use Application Domains 308 11.9 Summary and Conclusions 309 11.10 Exercises and Projects 309 12 Bond Pricing: Design, Implementation and Excel Interfacing 311 12.1 Introduction and Objectives 311 12.2 High-level Design of Bond Pricing Problem 311 12.3 Bond Scheduling 312 12.4 Bond Functionality and Class Hierarchies 313 12.5 Calculating Price, Yield and Discount Factors: MathTools 317 12.6 Data Presentation and Excel Interop 319 12.7 Bond Data Management 321 12.7.1 Data into Memory 321 12.7.2 Serialisation and Deserialisation 322 12.8 Using the Excel Files 324 12.9 Summary and Conclusions 328 12.10 Exercises and Projects 328 1 Code Integration: Handling Bond Details 328 2 Spread on Benchmark 330 3 Floating Rate Bond and Other Structured Notes 331 4 Class Hierarchy Integration 333 13 Interpolation Methods in Interest Rate Applications 335 13.1 Introduction and Objectives 335 13.2 Interpolation and Curve Building: Basic Formula for Interpolator Tests 335 13.3 Types of Curve Shape 337 13.4 An Overview of Interpolators 338 13.5 Background to Interpolation 339 13.6 Approximation of Function Derivatives 341 13.7 Linear and Cubic Spline Interpolation 342 13.8 Positivity-preserving Cubic Interpolations: Dougherty/Hyman and Hussein 344 13.9 The Akima Method 348 13.10 Hagan-West Approach 349 13.11 Global Interpolation 350 13.11.1 Polynomial Interpolation 351 13.11.2 Rational Interpolation 352 13.12 Bilinear Interpolation 352 13.13 Some General Guidelines, Hints and Tips 355 13.14 Using the Interpolators and Test Examples 357 13.14.1 The 101 Example, from A to Z 357 13.14.2 Some Financial Formulae 360 13.14.3 Cubic Spline Interpolation: an Application Example 361 13.14.4 A Bilinear Interpolation Simple Example 364 13.15 Summary and Conclusions 367 13.16 Exercises and Projects 367 14 Short Term Interest Rate (STIR) Futures and Options 369 14.1 Introduction and Objectives 369 14.2 An Overview of Cash Money Markets 370 14.3 Sources of Risk in Money Market Transactions 370 14.4 Reference Rate and Fixings 371 14.5 STIR Futures 371 14.6 Pricing STIR Options 374 14.7 Generating International Monetary Market (IMM) Dates 378 14.7.1 Modelling Option Delta and Sensitivity Analysis 380 14.7.2 Listed Instruments and Contracts 383 14.8 List STIR Futures and STIR Futures Options 384 14.9 Putting It All Together: STIR versus OTC from a Trader’s Perspective 387 14.10 Summary and Conclusions 389 14.11 Exercises and Projects 389 15 Single-curve Building 393 15.1 Introduction and Objectives 393 15.2 Starting Definitions and Overview of Curve Building Process 393 15.3 Building Blocks 395 15.3.1 Unsecured Deposit 395 15.3.2 Forward Rate Agreements (FRA) 396 15.3.3 Future Implied Rate 397 15.3.4 Interest Rate Swap (IRS) 397 15.4 Introduction to Interest Rate Swap 397 15.4.1 IRS Cash Flow 398 15.4.2 The Use of Interest Rate Swaps 399 15.4.3 Contract Specification and Practical Aspects 399 15.4.4 Traditional Swap Valuation 402 15.4.5 Overnight Index Swap (OIS) 403 15.5 The Curve Construction Mechanism 403 15.5.1 Traditional Bootstrapping Method 404 15.5.2 Best Fit Method 405 15.5.3 The Key Role of Interpolation 405 15.6 Code Design and Implementation 406 15.6.1 Process Design 406 15.6.2 ISingleRateCurve Interface 406 15.6.3 RateSet Class and BuildingBlock Class 407 15.6.4 Interpolator and Adapters 409 15.6.5 The Generic Base Class SingleCurveBuilder 410 15.6.6 Derived Class for Traditional Bootstrapping Method 412 15.6.7 Derived Class for Global Method with Interpolation 413 15.6.8 Derived Class for Global Method with Smoothness Condition 415 15.7 Console Examples 418 15.7.1 Calculating Present Value (PV) of the Floating Leg of a Swap 418 15.7.2 Checking If the Curve is Calibrated 418 15.7.3 Calculate the Time Taken to Instantiate a SingleCurveBuilder 418 15.7.4 Visualise Forward Rates in Excel 419 15.7.5 Computing Forward Start Swap 421 15.7.6 Computing Sensitivities: An Initial Example 421 15.7.7 More on Sensitivities 422 15.8 Summary and Conclusions 426 15.9 Exercises and Projects 427 15.10 Appendix: Types of Swaps 429 16 Multi-curve Building 431 16.1 Introduction and Objectives 431 16.2 The Consequences of the Crisis on Interest Rate Derivatives Valuation 431 16.2.1 The Growing Importance of Overnight Indexed Swap 432 16.2.2 Collateralisation under a CSA 432 16.2.3 The Role of OIS Discounting: One Curve is Not Enough 433 16.2.4 Basis 433 16.2.5 The Par Swap Rate Formulae 434 16.3 Impact of Using OIS Discounting 436 16.3.1 Effect on Forward Rates 436 16.3.2 Effect on Mark-to-Market 436 16.3.3 Risk Effect 436 16.4 The Bootstrapping Process Using Two Curves: Description of the Mechanism 437 16.5 Sensitivities 438 16.6 How to Organise the Code: A Possible Solution 439 16.6.1 IRateCurve Base Interface and Derived Interfaces 439 16.6.2 The class MultiCurveBuilder 441 16.7 Putting it Together, Working Examples 445 16.7.1 Calibration Consistency 445 16.7.2 Print Forward Rates and Discount Factors on Excel 446 16.7.3 Sensitivities on Console 446 16.7.4 Forward Swap Matrix 447 16.7.5 Mark-to-Market Differences 448 16.7.6 Comparing Two Versions of the MultiCurveBuilder 450 16.7.7 Input Data, Interpolation and Forward Rates 452 16.7.8 Comparing Discount Factor 453 16.8 Summary and Conclusions 453 16.9 Exercises and Projects 453 16.10 Appendix: Par Asset Swap Spread and Zero Volatility Spread 455 17 Swaption, Cap and Floor 459 17.1 Introduction and Objectives: A Closed Formula World 459 17.2 Description of Instruments and Formulae 459 17.2.1 Cap and Floor: Description and Formulae 459 17.2.2 Cap and Floor at the money Strike 461 17.2.3 Cap Volatility and Caplet Volatility 462 17.2.4 Implied Volatility 463 17.2.5 Multi-strike and Amortising Cap and Floor 463 17.2.6 Swaption: Mechanism and Closed Pricing Formulae 464 17.2.7 Call Put Parity for Cap, Floor and Swaption 466 17.3 Multi-curve Framework on Cap, Floor and Swaption 467 17.4 Bootstrapping Volatility for Cap and Floor 469 17.4.1 Cap Stripping 469 17.4.2 Missing Data, Volatility Models and Interpolation 473 17.5 How to Organise the Code in C#: A Possible Solution 474 17.5.1 Ready to Use Formula 474 17.5.2 Cap Stripping Code 476 17.5.3 Calculating Mono-strike Caplet Volatilities 476 17.5.4 Managing More Mono-strike Caplet Volatilities 479 17.6 Console and Excel Working Examples 481 17.6.1 Simple Caplet Price 481 17.6.2 Cap As a Sum of Caplets 482 17.6.3 Simple Cap Volatility Bootstrapping: First Unknown Volatility 483 17.6.4 ATM Strike and Recursive Bootstrapping 485 17.6.5 Sparse Data from the Market: Volatility Optimisation and Input Interpolation 487 17.7 Summary and Conclusions 490 17.8 Exercise and Discussion 491 18 Software Architectures and Patterns for Pricing Applications 493 18.1 Introduction and Objectives 493 18.2 An Overview of the GOF Pattern 494 18.3 Creational Patterns 496 18.4 Builder Pattern 496 18.5 Structural Patterns 499 18.5.1 Facade Pattern 499 18.5.2 Layers Pattern 499 18.6 Behavioural Patterns 500 18.6.1 Visitor Pattern 501 18.6.2 Strategy and Template Method Patterns 501 18.7 Builder Application Example: Calibration Algorithms for Cap and Floor 502 18.7.1 Example Caplet Volatility Matrix 502 18.7.2 Volatility Matrix with Multiple Strikes 503 18.8 A PDE/FDM Patterns-based Framework for Equity Options 504 18.8.1 High-level Design 506 18.8.2 Generalisations and Extensions 508 18.9 Using Delegates to Implement Behavioural Design Patterns 509 18.10 A System Design for Monte Carlo Applications 510 18.10.1 A Universal System Design Methodology 511 18.11 Dynamic Programming in .NET 513 18.11.1 Numeric Type Unification 514 18.11.2 Implementing Dynamic Objects 516 18.12 Summary and Conclusions 516 18.13 Exercises and Projects 517 19 LINQ (Language Integrated Query) and Fixed Income Applications 523 19.1 Introduction and Objectives 523 19.2 Scope of Chapter and Prerequisites 523 19.3 LINQ Query Operators 524 19.3.1 Collection as Input, Collection as Output 524 19.3.2 Collection as Input, Noncollection as Output 525 19.3.3 Noncollection to Collection 526 19.4 LINQ Queries and Initial Examples 526 19.4.1 Lambda Queries and Composition 527 19.4.2 Comprehension Queries 528 19.4.3 Deferred Execution 529 19.5 Advanced Queries 531 19.5.1 Subqueries 531 19.5.2 Composition Strategies 532 19.5.3 Interpreted Queries 533 19.6 A Numerical Example 533 19.6.1 Basic Functionality 533 19.6.2 User-defined Aggregation Methods 534 19.6.3 Set Operations 535 19.7 Join and GroupJoin 535 19.8 Examples in Fixed Income Applications 540 19.8.1 Using Conversion Operators 540 19.8.2 Discount Factors 540 19.8.3 Bonds 542 19.8.4 Scenarios 543 19.8.5 Cash Flow Aggregation 545 19.8.6 Ordering Collections 546 19.8.7 Eonia Rates Replication 547 19.9 LINQ and Excel Interoperability 549 19.9.1 Applications in Computational Finance 557 19.10 Summary and Conclusions 557 19.11 Exercises and Projects 557 20 Introduction to C# and Excel Integration 561 20.1 Introduction and Objectives 561 20.2 Excel Object Model 561 20.3 Using COM Technology in .NET 561 20.4 Primary Interop Assemblies (PIA) 563 20.5 Standalone Applications 564 20.5.1 Standalone Application: Workbook and Worksheets 564 20.5.2 Charts 565 20.5.3 Using Excel with C++/CLI 565 20.6 Types of Excel Add-ins 566 20.6.1 XLL 567 20.6.2 XLA 567 20.6.3 COM 567 20.6.4 Automation 567 20.6.5 VSTO 568 20.7 The IDTExtensibility2 Interface and COM/.NET Interoperability 569 20.8 Data Visualisation in Excel 570 20.8.1 Excel Driver 570 20.8.2 Data Structures 572 20.8.3 ExcelMechanisms and Exception Handling 572 20.8.4 Examples and Applications 575 20.9 Conclusion and Summary 578 20.10 Exercises and Projects 579 21 Excel Automation Add-ins 581 21.1 Introduction and Objectives 581 21.2 COM Overview 581 21.3 Creating Automation Add-ins: The Steps 583 21.4 Example: Creating a Calculator, Version 1 585 21.5 Example: Creating a Calculator, Version 2 588 21.6 Versioning 590 21.7 Working with Ranges 590 21.8 Volatile Methods 590 21.9 Optional Parameters 591 21.10 Using VBA with Automation Add-ins 592 21.11 Summary and Conclusions 593 21.12 Exercises and Projects 594 22 C# and Excel Integration COM Add-ins 595 22.1 Introduction and Objectives 595 22.2 Preparations for COM Add-ins 595 22.3 The Interface IDTExtensibility2 596 22.4 Creating COM Add-ins: The Steps 596 22.5 Utility Code and Classes 597 22.6 Using Windows Forms 600 22.7 Example: Creating a COM Add-in 601 22.8 Debugging and Troubleshooting 603 22.9 An Introduction to Excel-DNA 603 22.9.1 Example 001: Hello World 604 22.9.2 Example 101: Simple Option Pricer 605 22.9.3 Excel-DNA and Rate Curves 608 22.9.4 Registration and Loading 613 22.9.5 What is Inside ExcelDna.Integration.dll? 614 22.10 Excel COM Interoperability and Rate Multi-curve 615 22.11 Conclusion and Summary 622 22.12 Exercises and Projects 622 23 Real-time Data (RTD) Server 625 23.1 Introduction and Objectives 625 23.2 Real-time Data in Excel: Overview 625 23.3 Real-time Data Function 626 23.4 Example 627 23.5 The Topic Class and Data 629 23.6 Creating an RTD Server 631 23.7 Using the RTD Server 631 23.8 Testing and Troubleshooting the RTD Server 632 23.9 Conclusion and Summary 632 23.10 Exercises and Projects 632 24 Introduction to Multi-threading in C# 635 24.1 Introduction and Objectives 635 24.2 Processes 636 24.3 Using ProcessStartInfo to Redirect Process I/O 637 24.4 An Introduction to Threads in C# 638 24.4.1 The Differences between Processes and Threads 641 24.5 Passing Data to a Thread and between Threads 641 24.6 Thread States and Thread Lifecycle 644 24.6.1 Sleep 645 24.6.2 Thread Joining 646 24.6.3 Thread Interrupt and Abort 648 24.7 Thread Priority 650 24.8 Thread Pooling 651 24.9 Atomic Operations and the Interlocked Class 652 24.10 Exception Handling 653 24.11 Multi-threaded Data Structures 654 24.11.1 Extended Producer–Consumer Pattern 657 24.12 A Simple Example of Traditional Multi-threading 659 24.13 Summary and Conclusions 661 24.14 Exercises and Projects 661 25 Advanced Multi-threading in C# 665 25.1 Introduction and Objectives 665 25.2 Thread Safety 666 25.3 Locking Mechanisms for Objects and Classes 667 25.3.1 Locking a Class 669 25.3.2 Nested Locking 669 25.4 Mutex and Semaphore 673 25.5 Notification and Signalling 676 25.5.1 Thread Notification and the Monitor Class 678 25.6 Asynchronous Delegates 679 25.7 Synchronising Collections 681 25.8 Timers 682 25.9 Foreground and Background Threads 684 25.10 Executing Operations on Separate Threads: the BackgroundWorker Class 685 25.11 Parallel Programming in .NET 687 25.11.1 The Parallel Class 687 25.12 Task Parallel Library (TPL) 691 25.12.1 Creating and Starting Tasks 692 25.12.2 Continuations 694 25.13 Concurrent Data Structures 694 25.13.1 An Example: Producer Consumer Pattern and Random Number Generation 695 25.13.2 The Barrier Class 698 25.13.3 PLINQ 699 25.14 Exception Handling 701 25.15 Shifting Curves 702 25.16 Summary and Conclusions 704 25.17 Exercises and Projects 704 26 Creating Multi-threaded and Parallel Applications for Computational Finance 707 26.1 Introduction and Objectives 707 26.2 Multi-threaded and Parallel Applications for Computational Finance 707 26.3 Fork and Join Pattern 709 26.4 Geometric Decomposition 711 26.5 Shared Data and Reader/Writer Locks: Multiple Readers and Multiple Writers 715 26.5.1 Upgradeable Locks and Recursion 718 26.6 Monte Carlo Option Pricing and the Producer–Consumer Pattern 719 26.7 The StopWatch Class 726 26.8 Garbage Collection and Disposal 727 26.8.1 Disposal and the IDisposable Interface 727 26.8.2 Automatic Garbage Collection 728 26.8.3 Managed Memory Leaks 730 26.9 Summary and Conclusions 730 26.10 Exercises and Projects 730 A1 Object-oriented Fundamentals 735 A1.1 Introduction and Objectives 735 A1.2 Object-oriented Paradigm 735 A1.3 Generic Programming 737 A1.4 Procedural Programming 738 A1.5 Structural Relationships 738 A1.5.1 Aggregation 739 A1.5.2 Association 740 A1.5.3 Generalisation/Specialisation (Gen/Spec Relationship) 742 A1.6 An Introduction to Concept Modelling 743 A1.6.1 The Defining Attribute View 743 A1.6.2 The Prototype View 744 A1.6.3 The Exemplar-based View 744 A1.6.4 The Explanation-based View 744 A1.7 Categorisation and Concept Levels 745 A1.8 Whole–Part Pattern 745 A1.8.1 Data Decomposition 746 A1.9 Message-passing Concept versus Procedural Programming 748 A2 Nonlinear Least-squares Minimisation 751 A2.1 Introduction and Objectives 751 A2.2 Nonlinear Programming and Multi-variable Optimisation 751 A2.3 Nonlinear Least Squares 753 A2.3.1 Nonlinear Regression 753 A2.3.2 Simultaneous Nonlinear Equations 754 A2.3.3 Derivatives of Sum-of-Squares Functions 754 A2.4 Some Specific Methods 755 A2.5 The ALGLIB Library 756 A2.6 An Application to Curve Building 758 A2.7 Rate Calibration Example 759 A2.8 Exercises and Projects 764 A3 The Mathematical Background to the Alternating Direction Explicit (ADE) Method 765 A3.1 Introduction and Objectives 765 A3.2 Background to ADE 765 A3.3 Scoping the Problem: One-factor Problems 766 A3.4 An Example: One-factor Black-Scholes PDE 768 A3.5 Boundary Conditions 769 A3.6 Example: Boundary Conditions for the One-factor Black-Scholes PDE 772 A3.7 Motivating the ADE Method 772 A3.8 The ADE Method Exposed 773 A3.9 The Convection Term 773 A3.10 Other Kinds of Boundary Conditions 774 A3.11 Nonlinear Problems 775 A3.12 ADE for PDEs in Conservative Form 775 A3.13 Numerical Results and Guidelines 776 A3.13.1 The Consequences of Conditional Consistency 776 A3.13.2 Call Payoff Behaviour at the Far Field 777 A3.13.3 General Formulation of the ADE Method 777 A3.14 The Steps to Use when Implementing ADE 778 A3.15 Summary and Conclusions 778 A3.16 Exercises and Projects 779 A4 Cap, Floor and Swaption Using Excel-DNA 789 A4.1 Introduction 789 A4.2 Different Ways of Stripping Cap Volatility 789 A4.3 Comparing Caplet Volatility Surface 792 A4.4 Call Put Parity 794 A4.5 Cap Price Matrix 795 A4.6 Multi-strike and Amortising 797 A4.7 Simple Swaption Formula 798 A4.8 Swaption Straddle 800 A4.9 Exercises 804 Bibliography 805 Web References 812 Index 815

Autorenportrait

DANIEL J. DUFFY has been working with numerical methods in finance, industry and engineering since 1979. He has written four books on financial models and numerical methods and C++ for computational finance and he has also developed a number of new schemes for this field. He is the founder of Datasim Education and has a PhD in Numerical Analysis from Trinity College, Dublin. ANDREA GERMANI was born in Lodi, Italy in 1975, where he currently lives. After graduating from Bocconi University in Milano, he obtained the Certificate in Quantitative Finance in London under the supervision of Paul Wilmott. Since then he has been working as a trader in some of the major Italian banks, where he gained a deep knowledge of financial markets. He also worked on valuation and pricing of equity and interest-derivatives, with a focus on the practical use of models on the trading floor. His teaching experience includes finance training courses for university students and practitioners. He is the Head of Interest Rate Derivatives Trading and Treasury in a bank.

Back cover copy

C# for Financial Markets Duffy and Germani C# is a modern object-oriented programming language that runs under the Microsoft .NET Framework and it is suitable for the development of pricing and trading applications in quantitative finance. It has functionality to support the needs of quants and traders who develop fixed income and computational finance applications. It is more accessible than C++ and has interfaces with other tools such as Excel, C++, F# and database systems. C# for Financial Markets is a practice-oriented book that shows how to design and program pricing models using the C# programming language. It is a step-by-step account of how to develop software programs that can be used by traders in real-life situations. The reader will discover how to design and implement real finance applications including new methodologies that were developed after the crash of 2007. The approach is thorough and comprehensive and the authors use a combination of C# language features, design patterns, mathematics and finance to produce efficient and maintainable software. Some key features in the book are: <ul> <li>The C# language from A to Z (version 4.0).</li> <li>C# as a language that supports the object-oriented, generic and functional programming models.</li> <li>Implementing lattice models in C#.</li> <li>Two chapters on PDE models (including an in-depth analysis of the Alternating Direction Explicit (ADE) finite difference method).</li> <li>Six major chapters on fixed income applications including the single curve and multi curve framework.</li> <li>How to create COM and Automation addins in Excel and link them to fixed income applications.</li> <li>A thorough introduction to C# multi-threading and the TPL (Task Programming Language).</li> <li>A detailed overview of LINQ (Language Integrated Query), its applications to finance and LINQ–Excel interoperability.</li> <li>Multi-language development in .NET, in particular creating mixed C#/C++ applications.</li> <li>Introduction to .NET assemblies.</li> </ul> Designed for quant developers, traders and MSc/MFE students, each chapter has numerous exercises. After purchasing this book you can register at the dedicated companion website, www.datasimfinancial.com, where all of the source code is provided, alongside forums for readers to comment on the code and obtain new versions of the software.