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<p><b>Introduction 1</b></p> <p>About This Book 1</p> <p>Conventions Used in This Book 2</p> <p>Foolish Assumptions 2</p> <p>How This Book Is Organized 3</p> <p>Part 1: Getting the Basics 3</p> <p>Part 2: Creating the Future 3</p> <p>Part 3: Making Connections 4</p> <p>Part 4: Getting to Know the Human Body 4</p> <p>Part 5: Going Green with Plant Biology 4</p> <p>Part 6: The Part of Tens 4</p> <p>Icons Used in This Book 5</p> <p>Beyond the Book 5</p> <p>Where to Go from Here 5</p> <p><b>Part 1: Getting the Basics </b><b>7</b></p> <p><b>Chapter 1: Figuring Out the Scientific Method</b> <b>9</b></p> <p>Developing Hypotheses 9</p> <p>Practicing the Scientific Method 11</p> <p>Designing Experiments 13</p> <p>Making an Experiment Count 17</p> <p>Building Theories 19</p> <p>Answers to Questions on the Scientific Method 21</p> <p><b>Chapter 2: Solving Problems in the Chemistry of Life</b> <b>23</b></p> <p>Mapping Atoms 23</p> <p>Elemental Thinking 25</p> <p>Figuring Out Molecules 28</p> <p>Go Big or Go Home 31</p> <p>Staying sweet with carbohydrates 32</p> <p>Getting things done with proteins 34</p> <p>Making plans with nucleic acids 36</p> <p>Storing energy and building boundaries with lipids 40</p> <p>Answers to Questions on the Chemistry of Life 44</p> <p><b>Chapter 3: Investigating Life at the Cellular Level</b> <b>47</b></p> <p>Introducing Cells 47</p> <p>Holding it all together: The plasma membrane 49</p> <p>Getting in and out of cells 51</p> <p>Creating proteins: Ribosomes 54</p> <p>Taking a Tour of Animal Cells 54</p> <p>Checking Out Plant Cells 57</p> <p>Peeking at Prokaryotes 59</p> <p>Answers to Questions on Cells 61</p> <p><b>Chapter 4: Tracking the Flow of Energy and Matter</b> <b>63</b></p> <p>Figuring Out the Role of Food 63</p> <p>Make it or break it 64</p> <p>Feeling energized about energy 66</p> <p>Getting a reaction 68</p> <p>Transferring energy with ATP 70</p> <p>Moving your metabolism with enzymes 71</p> <p>Reduce, reuse, recycle 73</p> <p>Cooking Up Carbohydrates 75</p> <p>Light reactions of photosynthesis: Transforming energy from the ultimate energy source 76</p> <p>Light-independent reactions of photosynthesis: Putting matter and energy together 78</p> <p>Extracting Energy from Food 80</p> <p>Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle: Breaking down glucose to carbon dioxide 82</p> <p>Oxidative Phosphorylation: Transferring energy to ATP 83</p> <p>Answers to Questions on Tracking the Flow of Energy and Matter 88</p> <p><b>Part 2: Creating the Future</b><b> 93</b></p> <p><b>Chapter 5: Divide and Conquer: Recognizing the Phases of Cell Division</b> <b>95</b></p> <p>Talking ’bout the Generations 95</p> <p>Duplicating and Dividing Your DNA 97</p> <p>Riding the Cell Cycle 102</p> <p>Marching Through Mitosis 104</p> <p>Getting Ready for Sexual Reproduction 108</p> <p>Making Sperm and Egg by Meiosis 110</p> <p>Contrasting Mitosis and Meiosis 114</p> <p>Answers to Questions on Cell Division 117</p> <p><b>Chapter 6: Predicting Future Generations with Mendelian Genetics</b><b> 121</b></p> <p>Getting Acquainted with the Lingo of Genetics 121</p> <p>Discovering the Laws of Inheritance 124</p> <p>Puzzling Over Genetics 127</p> <p>Climbing the Branches of Your Family Tree 129</p> <p>Answers to Questions on Genetics 134</p> <p><b>Chapter 7: Taking Genetics to the DNA Level</b> <b>137</b></p> <p>Going with the Flow of Genetic Information 137</p> <p>Making a Copy of the Genetic Code: Transcription 139</p> <p>Locating genes within a chromosome 141</p> <p>Doing transcription one step at a time 141</p> <p>Putting on the finishing touches: RNA processing 143</p> <p>Decoding the Message in mRNA: Translation 145</p> <p>Deciphering mRNA codes with tRNA 147</p> <p>Doing translation one step at a time 148</p> <p>Measuring the Impact of Mutations 153</p> <p>Answers to Questions on the Genetic Code 156</p> <p><b>Chapter 8: Going Straight to the Source with DNA Technology</b> <b>159</b></p> <p>Discovering the Power of DNA Technology 159</p> <p>Cutting DNA with Restriction Enzymes 161</p> <p>Separating Molecules with Gel Electrophoresis 164</p> <p>Copying DNA with PCR 167</p> <p>Reading a Gene with DNA Sequencing 168</p> <p>Changing the Code with Genetic Engineering 171</p> <p>Fighting Diseases with Genetic Vaccines 174</p> <p>Answers to Questions on DNA Technology 175</p> <p><b>Part 3: Making Connections</b><b> 177</b></p> <p><b>Chapter 9: Organizing the Living World</b> <b>179</b></p> <p>Examining Relationships 179</p> <p>Classifying Life 181</p> <p>Figuring Out Relationships from Phylogenetic Trees 185</p> <p>Answers to Questions on Classification and Phylogeny 189</p> <p><b>Chapter 10: Connecting Organisms in Ecosystems</b> <b>191</b></p> <p>Ecosystems: Bringing It All Together 191</p> <p>Describing Populations 193</p> <p>Tracking Changes in Populations 195</p> <p>Getting Along with Other Species 200</p> <p>Discovering the Job Descriptions of Organisms 202</p> <p>Following the Flow of Energy Through Ecosystems 203</p> <p>Recycling Matter within Ecosystems 206</p> <p>Heating Up with the Greenhouse Effect 207</p> <p>Answers to Questions on Ecosystems 211</p> <p><b>Chapter 11: Evaluating the Effects of Evolution</b> <b>215</b></p> <p>Defining Evolution 215</p> <p>Predicting the Outcome of Natural Selection 218</p> <p>Supporting the Theory of Evolution 220</p> <p>Estimating the Impact of Extinctions 223</p> <p>Answers to Questions on Evolution 226</p> <p><b>Part 4: Getting to Know the Human Body</b><b> 227</b></p> <p><b>Chapter 12: Building Bodies with the Skeletal and Muscular Systems</b><b> 229</b></p> <p>Moving Around with Friction and Gravity 230</p> <p>Getting Support from Skeletons and Bones 231</p> <p>This Joint Is Jumpin’ 236</p> <p>Flexing Your Knowledge of Muscles 237</p> <p>Answers to Questions on the Skeletal and Muscular Systems 242</p> <p><b>Chapter 13: Giving Your Body What It Needs: The Respiratory and Circulatory Systems</b> <b>245</b></p> <p>Catching Your Breath: Animal Respiration 245</p> <p>Taking a Breath with the Human Respiratory System 248</p> <p>In with the Good, Out with the Bad: Animal Circulatory Systems 250</p> <p>Navigating the Human Heart and Circulatory System 251</p> <p>Entering the cardiac cycle 253</p> <p>Oxygenating the blood: Pulmonary circulation 254</p> <p>Spreading oxygenated blood around: Systemic circulation 256</p> <p>Answers to Questions on the Respiratory and Circulatory Systems 258</p> <p><b>Chapter 14: Processing Food with the Digestive and Excretory Systems</b> <b>261</b></p> <p>Got Food? Understanding What Happens When Animals Eat 261</p> <p>Moving Along the Human Digestive System 265</p> <p>Filtering Fluids through the Urinary System 269</p> <p>Exploring the Inner Workings of the Human Kidney 270</p> <p>Answers to Questions on the Digestive and Excretory Systems 273</p> <p><b>Chapter 15: Fighting Enemies with the Immune System</b> <b>275</b></p> <p>Microbial Encounters of the Best and Worst Kinds 276</p> <p>Investigating Your Built-In Defenses 279</p> <p>Fighting Back with Adaptive Immunity 282</p> <p>Gaining a Tactical Advantage with Vaccines 286</p> <p>Answers to Questions on the Immune System 291</p> <p><b>Chapter 16: Sending Messages with the Nervous and Endocrine Systems</b> <b>293</b></p> <p>Mapping out Nervous Systems 293</p> <p>Getting on Your Nerves 296</p> <p>Getting in on the Action Potential 298</p> <p>Regulating the Body with Glands and Hormones 301</p> <p>Answers to Questions on the Nervous and Endocrine Systems 303</p> <p><b>Chapter 17: Making Babies with the Reproductive System</b> <b>305</b></p> <p>Identifying the Parts of the Male Reproductive System 305</p> <p>Identifying the Parts of the Female Reproductive System 307</p> <p>Following the Female Ovarian and Menstrual Cycles 309</p> <p>Fertilization through Birth: Developing New Humans 312</p> <p>Answers to Questions on the Human Reproductive System 317</p> <p><b>Part 5: Going Green with Plant Biology</b><b> 319</b></p> <p><b>Chapter 18: Studying Plant Structures</b> <b>321</b></p> <p>Peering at the Parts and Types of Plants 321</p> <p>Taking a Look at Plant Tissues 328</p> <p>Growing Like a Weed: Plant Reproduction 332</p> <p>Answers to Questions on Plant Structures 337</p> <p><b>Chapter 19: Pondering Problems in Plant Physiology</b> <b>339</b></p> <p>Taking Minerals from the Soil 339</p> <p>Pulling Water Through Plants 342</p> <p>Sending Sugars from Sources to Sinks 344</p> <p>Sending Signals with Plant Hormones 346</p> <p>Answers to Questions on Plant Physiology 349</p> <p><b>Part 6: The Part of Tens</b><b> 351</b></p> <p><b>Chapter 20: Ten Tips for Getting an A in Biology</b><b> 353</b></p> <p>Put in Enough Time 353</p> <p>Pace Yourself 354</p> <p>Study Actively, Not Passively 354</p> <p>Make Vocabulary Flashcards 355</p> <p>Test Yourself Before Your Instructor Tests You 356</p> <p>Learn From Your Mistakes 356</p> <p>Maximize the Easy Points 357</p> <p>Ask for Help Upfront 357</p> <p>Use Your Resources 357</p> <p>Don’t Leave It in the Classroom 357</p> <p><b>Chapter 21: Ten Great Biology Websites</b><b> 359</b></p> <p>Dummies.com 360</p> <p>The Amoeba Sisters 360</p> <p>Bozeman Science 360</p> <p>Khan Academy 360</p> <p>The Biology Project at the University of Arizona 361</p> <p>Genetic Science Learning Center 361</p> <p>DNA from the Beginning 361</p> <p>The Biology Corner 361</p> <p>Cells Alive! 361</p> <p>BioNinja 362</p> <p>Other Study Sites 362</p> <p><b>Chapter 22: Ten Ways Biology Matters To Your Life Right Now</b><b> 363</b></p> <p>Climate Change 363</p> <p>Spread of Infectious Diseases 364</p> <p>Curing Cancer 364</p> <p>Genetic Engineering of Humans 364</p> <p>Ancestry 365</p> <p>Personalized Medicine 365</p> <p>Eating a Plant-Based Diet 365</p> <p>Getting to Know Your Physical Body 366</p> <p>Growing Plants for Food and Fun 366</p> <p>Human Population Growth 366</p> <p>Index 367</p>

<p><b>René Fester Kratz</b> is a biology and global health instructor at Everett Community College and holds a Ph.D. in Botany from the University of Washington. Kratz is the author of <i>Molecular & Cell Biology For Dummies 2nd Edition, Biology For Dummies 2nd Edition, Biology Essentials For Dummies,</i> and <i>Botany For Dummies.</i></p>

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