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Audel HVAC Fundamentals, Volume 1


Audel HVAC Fundamentals, Volume 1

Heating Systems, Furnaces and Boilers
Audel Technical Trades Series, Band 17 All New 4th Edition

von: James E. Brumbaugh

26,99 €

Verlag: Wiley
Format: EPUB
Veröffentl.: 02.07.2012
ISBN/EAN: 9781118429280
Sprache: englisch
Anzahl Seiten: 720

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Beschreibungen

A reference you'll warm up to<br /> <br /> From the background and basics of heating systems to the newest chip-based technology, this first volume of Audel's HVAC Library gives you comprehensive information you need on the job. Whether you're installing, servicing, repairing, or troubleshooting an old or new heating system, you'll find what you're looking for, from wood and coal furnace maintenance to new calculations and the latest environmental technologies and regulations.<br /> * Review the basics of installation, wiring, and troubleshooting for different HVAC systems<br /> * Choose the correct system for the space, climate, and needs<br /> * Compare the economy and efficiency of various fuel types<br /> * Install, maintain, and troubleshoot conversion units<br /> * Find formula cross references, data tables with conversions, and listings of trade organizations and equipment manufacturers
<p>Introduction xix</p> <p>About the Author xxi</p> <p><b>Chapter 1 Introduction 1</b></p> <p>Heating and Ventilating Systems 2</p> <p>Air Conditioning 4</p> <p>Selecting a Suitable Heating, Ventilating, or Air Conditioning System 4</p> <p>Career Opportunities 5</p> <p>Professional Organizations 7</p> <p><b>Chapter 2 Heating Fundamentals 9</b></p> <p>British Thermal Unit 9</p> <p>Relationship Between Heat and Work 9</p> <p>Heat Transfer 11</p> <p>Specific, Sensible, and Latent Heat 15</p> <p>Heat-Conveying Mediums 16</p> <p>Air 16</p> <p>Steam 18</p> <p>Water 22</p> <p>Electricity 25</p> <p><b>Chapter 3 Insulating and Ventilating Structures 27</b></p> <p>Insulating Structures 27</p> <p>Principles of Heat Transmission 28</p> <p>Heat Transfer Values 29</p> <p>Thermal Conductivity 29</p> <p>Thermal Conductance 46</p> <p>Thermal Resistance 47</p> <p>Overall Coefficient of Heat Transmission 48</p> <p>Condensation 48</p> <p>Vapor Retarders 49</p> <p>Air Barriers and Air/Vapor Retarders 51</p> <p>Insulating Materials 52</p> <p>Rigid Insulation Board 52</p> <p>Reflective Insulation 54</p> <p>Blanket or Batt Insulation 55</p> <p>Loose-Fill Insulation 56</p> <p>Blown-In Insulation 57</p> <p>Foam Insulation 58</p> <p>Building Construction and Location 58</p> <p>Recommended Insulation Practices 59</p> <p>Frame Walls 60</p> <p>Masonry 60</p> <p>Metal 63</p> <p>Sandwich Construction 63</p> <p>Basement Walls 63</p> <p>Crawl Space Exterior Walls 63</p> <p>Walls Between Separately Heated Dwelling Units 64</p> <p>Wood or Metal Joist Frame Floors 64</p> <p>Concrete Floors 66</p> <p>Slab-on-Grade Floors 66</p> <p>Floors of Sandwich Construction 66</p> <p>Frame Ceilings and Roofs 67</p> <p>Concrete Ceilings 68</p> <p>Sandwich Ceilings 68</p> <p>Windows and Doors 69</p> <p>Insulating Attics, Attic Crawl Spaces, and Flat Roofs 69</p> <p>Ventilating Structures 72</p> <p><b>Chapter 4 Sizing Residential Heating and Air Conditioning Systems 73</b></p> <p>Rule-of-Thumb Methods 74</p> <p>Sizing Systems Using Coefficients of Heat Transmission 75</p> <p>Outside Design Temperature 77</p> <p>Inside Design Temperature 77</p> <p>Design Temperature Difference 80</p> <p>Determining Coefficients of Heat Transmission 80</p> <p>Calculating Net Area 80</p> <p>Heat Transmission Loss Formula 81</p> <p>Computing Total Heat Loss 82</p> <p>Loss in Doors and Windows 84</p> <p>Loss in Basements 84</p> <p>Loss in Slab Construction 86</p> <p>Infiltration Heat Loss 87</p> <p>Ventilation Heat Loss 92</p> <p>The Average Value Method 93</p> <p>Heat Loss Tabulation Forms 95</p> <p>Estimating Fuel Requirements and Heating Costs 100</p> <p>The Heat Loss Formula 100</p> <p>The Corrected Heat Loss Formula 102</p> <p>The Degree-Day Formula 102</p> <p>The NEMA Formula 106</p> <p>Manual J and Related Materials Used for Sizing Heating/Cooling Systems 106</p> <p>Other Heating Costs 107</p> <p>Determining Utility Rates 108</p> <p><b>Chapter 5 Heating Fuels 111</b></p> <p>Natural Gas 112</p> <p>Manufactured Gas 113</p> <p>Liquefied Petroleum Gas 113</p> <p>Fuel Oils 114</p> <p>Coal 117</p> <p>Coke 119</p> <p>Briquettes 119</p> <p>Coal Oil 119</p> <p>Wood as Fuel 120</p> <p>Ash, Slag, and Clinker Formation 122</p> <p>Soot 123</p> <p>Comparing Heating Fuel Costs 123</p> <p>Chapter 6 Warm-Air Heating Systems 125</p> <p>Classifying Warm-Air Heating Systems 125</p> <p>Gravity Warm-Air Heating Systems 128</p> <p>Planning a Gravity Warm-Air</p> <p>Heating System 129</p> <p>Forced-Warm-Air Heating Systems 130</p> <p>Planning a Forced-Warm-Air Heating System 131</p> <p>Perimeter-Loop Warm-Air Heating Systems 132</p> <p>Ceiling Panel Systems 134</p> <p>Crawl Space Plenum Systems 134</p> <p>Zoning a Forced-Warm-Air Heating System 136</p> <p>Balancing a Warm-Air Heating System 136</p> <p>Warm-Air Furnaces 137</p> <p>Control Components 138</p> <p>Ducts and Duct Sizing 139</p> <p>Cooling with a Warm-Air Heating System 140</p> <p>Air Cleaning 141</p> <p>Humidifiers and Dehumidifiers 142</p> <p>Advantages of a Warm-Air Heating System 144</p> <p>Disadvantages of a Warm-Air Heating System 146</p> <p>Troubleshooting a Warm-Air Heating System 146</p> <p><b>Chapter 7 Hydronic Heating Systems 149</b></p> <p>Classifying Hot-Water Heating Systems 149</p> <p>One-Pipe System 150</p> <p>Series-Loop System 152</p> <p>Two-Pipe, Direct-Return System 153</p> <p>Two-Pipe, Reverse-Return System 154</p> <p>Combination Pipe Systems 155</p> <p>Zoning a Two-Pipe System 155</p> <p>Radiant Panel Heating 155</p> <p>Other Applications 156</p> <p>Gravity Hot-Water Heating Systems 157</p> <p>Forced-Hot-Water Heating Systems 163</p> <p>Hot-Water Boilers 164</p> <p>Hydronic Furnaces 165</p> <p>Combination Water Heaters 168</p> <p>Control Components 169</p> <p>Pipe and Pipe Sizing 170</p> <p>Expansion Tanks 171</p> <p>Circulating Pumps (Circulators) 173</p> <p>Drainage 175</p> <p>Heat-Emitting Units 175</p> <p>Air Conditioning 176</p> <p>Moisture Control 179</p> <p>Electrically Heated Systems 179</p> <p>Advantages of Hydronic Heating Systems 182</p> <p>Disadvantages of Hydronic Heating Systems 182</p> <p>Troubleshooting Hydronic Heating Systems 183</p> <p><b>Chapter 8 Steam Heating Systems 185</b></p> <p>Classifying Steam Heating Systems 185</p> <p>Gravity Steam Heating Systems 186</p> <p>One-Pipe, Reverse-Flow System 189</p> <p>Upfeed One-Pipe System 190</p> <p>Upfeed One-Pipe Relief System 192</p> <p>Downfeed One-Pipe System 196</p> <p>One-Pipe Circuit System 198</p> <p>One-Pipe, Divided-Circuit Nonrelief System 200</p> <p>One-Pipe Circuit System with Loop 200</p> <p>Two-Pipe Steam Heating Systems 201</p> <p>Two-Pipe, Divided-Circuit System 201</p> <p>Vapor Steam Heating Systems 202</p> <p>Open (Atmospheric) Vapor Systems 204</p> <p>Closed Vapor Systems 209</p> <p>Vacuum Steam Heating Systems 210</p> <p>Natural Vacuum Systems 214</p> <p>Mechanical Vacuum System 219</p> <p>Combined Atmospheric Pressure and Vacuum Systems 221</p> <p>Exhaust-Steam Heating 223</p> <p>Proprietary Systems 228</p> <p>High-Pressure Steam Heating Systems 242</p> <p>Steam Boilers 244</p> <p>Control Components 246</p> <p>Hartford Return Connection 247</p> <p>Pipes and Piping Details 248</p> <p>Steam Traps 248</p> <p>Pumps 249</p> <p>Heat-Emitting Units 249</p> <p>Air Supply and Venting 249</p> <p>Unit Heaters 250</p> <p>Air Conditioning 250</p> <p>Troubleshooting Steam Heating Systems 251</p> <p><b>Chapter 9 Electric Heating Systems 253</b></p> <p>Central Hot-Water Systems 253</p> <p>Central Forced-Warm-Air Heating Systems 256</p> <p>Radiant Heating Systems 258</p> <p>Baseboard Heating Systems 259</p> <p>Electric Unit Ventilators 261</p> <p>Electric Unit Heaters 262</p> <p>Electric Space Heaters 263</p> <p>Heat Pumps 263</p> <p>Electric Heating and Cooling Controls 264</p> <p>Insulation for Electrically Heated and Cooled Structures 265</p> <p>Further Information 269</p> <p>Advantages of Electric Heating and Cooling 269</p> <p>Disadvantages of Electric Heating and Cooling 270</p> <p>Troubleshooting Electric Heating Systems 270</p> <p><b>Chapter 10 Furnace Fundamentals 273</b></p> <p>Classifying Furnaces 273</p> <p>Upflow Highboy Furnace 275</p> <p>Upflow Lowboy Furnace 276</p> <p>Downflow Furnace 276</p> <p>Horizontal Furnace 278</p> <p>Gravity Warm-Air Furnaces 279</p> <p>Selecting a Furnace for a New House 279</p> <p>Selecting a Furnace for an Older House 282</p> <p>Furnace Components and Controls 282</p> <p>Pipeless Floor and Wall Furnaces 285</p> <p>Duct Furnaces 286</p> <p>Geothermal Furnaces 286</p> <p>Furnace Installation 288</p> <p>Furnace Maintenance 288</p> <p>Troubleshooting Furnaces 289</p> <p><b>Chapter 11 Gas Furnaces 291</b></p> <p>Types of Gas Furnaces 291</p> <p>Standing-Pilot Gas Furnaces 294</p> <p>Mid-Efficiency Gas Furnaces 295</p> <p>High-Efficiency Gas Furnaces 297</p> <p>Gas Furnace Components 299</p> <p>Furnace Controls 300</p> <p>Heat Exchanger 305</p> <p>Gas Burners 308</p> <p>Gas Pilot Assembly 311</p> <p>Blower and Motor 313</p> <p>Air Filter 313</p> <p>Some Installation Recommendations 316</p> <p>Locations and Clearances 317</p> <p>Wiring 318</p> <p>Duct Connections 320</p> <p>Ventilation and Combustion Air 321</p> <p>Venting 323</p> <p>Flue Pipe 326</p> <p>Chimney 330</p> <p>Chimney Troubleshooting 331</p> <p>Draft Hood 331</p> <p>Pilot Burner Adjustment 337</p> <p>Gas Input Adjustment 337</p> <p>High-Altitude Adjustment 340</p> <p>Changing Burner Orifices 340</p> <p>Manifold Pressure Adjustment 342</p> <p>Combustion Air Adjustment 343</p> <p>Gas Supply Piping 346</p> <p>Sizing Gas Piping 348</p> <p>Installing Gas Piping 349</p> <p>Typical Startup Instructions for a Standing-Pilot Gas Furnace 350</p> <p>Typical Startup Instructions for an Electronic Ignition Furnace 352</p> <p>Blowers and Motors 353</p> <p>Air Delivery and Blower Adjustment 354</p> <p>Direct-Drive Blower Adjustment 355</p> <p>Belt-Drive Blower Adjustment 355</p> <p>Air Filters 356</p> <p>Air Conditioning 357</p> <p>Installation Checklist 360</p> <p>Gas Furnace Inspections, Service, and Maintenance Tips 361</p> <p>Troubleshooting a Gas Furnace 363</p> <p>Troubleshooting Charts 368</p> <p><b>Chapter 12 Oil Furnaces 375</b></p> <p>Conventional Oil Furnace 375</p> <p>Mid-Efficiency and High-Efficiency Oil Furnaces 378</p> <p>Mid-Efficiency (Noncondensing) Oil Furnace 379</p> <p>High-Efficiency (Condensing) Oil Furnace 379</p> <p>Basic Components of an Oil Furnace 382</p> <p>Furnace Controls 382</p> <p>Heat Exchanger 386</p> <p>Oil Burner Assembly 388</p> <p>Fuel Pump and Fuel Pump Motor 389</p> <p>Blower and Motor 390</p> <p>Combustion Air Blowers 392</p> <p>Cleanout and Observation Ports 392</p> <p>Vent Opening 392</p> <p>Air Filter 392</p> <p>Installing an Oil Furnace 393</p> <p>Some Installation Recommendations 393</p> <p>Location and Clearance 393</p> <p>Wiring 394</p> <p>Duct Connections 395</p> <p>Ventilation and Combustion Air 395</p> <p>Combustion Draft 397</p> <p>Venting 397</p> <p>Chimneys and Chimney Troubleshooting 399</p> <p>Installation Checklist 400</p> <p>Fuel Supply Tank and Fuel Line 401</p> <p>Fuel Tank Location 402</p> <p>Filler Pipe 404</p> <p>Tank Vent Pipe 405</p> <p>Oil Filter 405</p> <p>Blowers and Motors 405</p> <p>Waste Oil Furnaces 405</p> <p>Air Conditioning 406</p> <p>Starting the Burner 407</p> <p>Oil Furnace Spillage 408</p> <p>Oil Furnace Inspection, Service, and Maintenance Tips 408</p> <p>Oil Furnace Adjustments 410</p> <p>Troubleshooting Oil Furnaces 411</p> <p>Troubleshooting Charts 414</p> <p><b>Chapter 13 Coal Furnaces, Wood Furnaces, and Multi-Fuel Furnaces 419</b></p> <p>Coal Furnaces 419</p> <p>Sizing Requirements 419</p> <p>Location and Clearance 420</p> <p>Installation Recommendations 421</p> <p>Duct Connections 421</p> <p>Electrical Wiring 423</p> <p>Ventilation and Combustion Air 424</p> <p>Venting 430</p> <p>Flue Pipe 430</p> <p>Chimneys and Chimney Troubleshooting 430</p> <p>Furnace Components 432</p> <p>Automatic Controls 432</p> <p>Furnace Grate 433</p> <p>Coal Stoker 434</p> <p>Hand-Firing Methods 434</p> <p>Blower and Motor Assembly 435</p> <p>Blower Adjustment 435</p> <p>Air Filter 435</p> <p>System Accessory Devices 435</p> <p>Wood Furnaces 436</p> <p>Wood Add-On Furnaces 437</p> <p>Multi-Fuel Furnaces 438</p> <p>Installation, Operating, and Maintenance Instructions for Coal,</p> <p>Wood, and Multi-Fuel Furnaces 441</p> <p>Assembly and Installation Recommendations 441</p> <p>Maintenance Instructions 442</p> <p>Multi-Fuel Furnace Operation 447</p> <p>Troubleshooting Coal, Wood, and Multi-Fuel Furnaces 448</p> <p><b>Chapter 14 Electric Furnaces 453</b></p> <p>Electrical Power Supply 453</p> <p>Planning Suggestions 454</p> <p>Location and Clearance 455</p> <p>Installation Recommendations 456</p> <p>Duct Connections 456</p> <p>Basic Components 457</p> <p>Automatic Controls 458</p> <p>Heating Elements 462</p> <p>Timing Sequences 463</p> <p>Safety Controls 464</p> <p>Temperature Limit Controls 464</p> <p>Secondary High-Limit Control 464</p> <p>Furnace Fuses 464</p> <p>Circuit Breakers 464</p> <p>Transformer 468</p> <p>Thermal Overload Protector 470</p> <p>Electrical Wiring 470</p> <p>Blowers and Motors 471</p> <p>Air Delivery and Blower Adjustment 471</p> <p>Air Filter 471</p> <p>Air Conditioning 471</p> <p>Maintenance and Operating Instructions 475</p> <p>Furnace Air Filters, Electronic Air Cleaners, and Humidifers 475</p> <p>Heating Elements and Heating Control Wiring 475</p> <p>Blowers/Fans 476</p> <p>Ducts 476</p> <p>Thermostats 476</p> <p>Furnaces without Air Conditioners 477</p> <p>Troubleshooting an Electric Furnace 477</p> <p><b>Chapter 15 Steam and Hot-Water Space Heating Boilers 481</b></p> <p>Boiler Rating Method 485</p> <p>Boiler Heating Surface 486</p> <p>Boiler Efficiency 486</p> <p>Types of Boilers 487</p> <p>Gas-Fired Boilers 492</p> <p>OilFired Boilers 493</p> <p>Coal-Fired Boilers 493</p> <p>Electric Boilers 497</p> <p>High-Efficiency Boilers 502</p> <p>Steam Boiler Valves, Controls, and Accessories 502</p> <p>Steam Boiler Low-Water Cutoffs 505</p> <p>Installing a Low-Water Cutoff 508</p> <p>Fusible Plugs 515</p> <p>Pressure Relief Valves 515</p> <p>Pressure Controllers 517</p> <p>Vacuum Relief Valve 519</p> <p>Steam Boiler Aquastat 521</p> <p>Blowdown Valve 521</p> <p>Try Cocks 522</p> <p>Steam Boiler Injectors 523</p> <p>Water Gauges 524</p> <p>Water Columns 526</p> <p>Steam Gauges 526</p> <p>Steam Gauge Pigtails 528</p> <p>Hartford Return Connection 529</p> <p>Hot-Water Boiler Valves, Controls, and Accessories 529</p> <p>Hot-Water Boiler Low-Water Cutoffs 532</p> <p>Hot-Water Boiler Pressure Relief Valves 534</p> <p>High-Pressure Limit Switch 535</p> <p>Hot-Water Boiler Aquastats 535</p> <p>Pressure-Reducing Valves 538</p> <p>Combination Valves 541</p> <p>Balancing Valve 548</p> <p>Backflow Preventer 548</p> <p>Altitude Gauges 549</p> <p>Circulator (Pump) 550</p> <p>Air Separator 550</p> <p>Purging Air from the System 553</p> <p>Expansion Tanks 553</p> <p>Air Supply and Venting 553</p> <p>Induced-Draft Fans 558</p> <p>Controlling Excessive Draft (Gas-FiredBoilers) 559</p> <p>Tankless Water Heaters 560</p> <p>Leaking Coils 561</p> <p>Blowing Down a Boiler 561</p> <p>Boiler Operation, Service, and Maintenance 562</p> <p>Steam Boilers 563</p> <p>Hot-Water (Hydronic) Boilers 564</p> <p>Boiler Water 564</p> <p>Cleaning Boilers 565</p> <p>Troubleshooting Boilers 565</p> <p>Boiler Repairs 568</p> <p>Installing Boilers 568</p> <p><b>Chapter 16 Boiler and Furnace Conversion 569</b></p> <p>Preparation for Conversion 570</p> <p>Basic Combustion Chamber Requirements 572</p> <p>Combustion Chambers for Conversion Gas Burners 572</p> <p>Combustion Chambers for Conversion Oil Burners 574</p> <p>Construction Materials 576</p> <p>Building a Combustion Chamber 578</p> <p>Ventilation Requirements 580</p> <p>Flue Pipe and Chimney 582</p> <p>Baffling 584</p> <p>Gas Piping and Piping Connections 584</p> <p>Gas Input Setting 587</p> <p>Installing a Conversion Gas Burner 589</p> <p>Starting a Conversion Gas Burner (with Pilot Light) 590</p> <p>Starting a Conversion Gas Burner (Pilotless) 593</p> <p>Servicing a Conversion Gas Burner 594</p> <p>Oil Tanks and Oil Piping 597</p> <p>Installing a Conversion Oil Burner 598</p> <p>Starting a Conversion Oil Burner 600</p> <p>Servicing a Conversion Oil Burner 601</p> <p>Troubleshooting Oil and Gas Conversion Burners 602</p> <p>Appendix A Professional and Trade Associations 603</p> <p>Appendix B Manufacturers 615</p> <p>Appendix C HVAC/R Education, Training, Certification, and Licensing 627</p> <p>Appendix D Data Tables 631</p> <p>Appendix E Conversion Tables 669</p> <p>Index 679</p>
James E. Brumbaugh has spent twenty years in the residential and light commercial construction industry. He is an accomplished educator fluent in several languages, and has written more than fifteen books on HVAC, construction, and the building trades.
A reference you’ll warm up to <p>From the background and basics of heating systems to the newest chip-based technology, this first volume of Audel’s HVAC Library gives you comprehensive information you need on the job. Whether you’re installing, servicing, repairing, or troubleshooting an old or new heating system, you’ll find what you’re looking for, from wood and coal furnace maintenance to new calculations and the latest environmental technologies and regulations.</p> <ul> <li>Review the basics of installation, wiring, and troubleshooting for different HVAC systems</li> <li>Choose the correct system for the space, climate, and needs</li> <li>Compare the economy and efficiency of various fuel types</li> <li>Install, maintain, and troubleshoot conversion units</li> <li>Find formula cross references, data tables with conversions, and listings of trade organizations and equipment manufacturers</li> </ul>

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