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<p><b>Chapter 1. Fundamentals of Error Analysis and their Uncertainties in Dimensional Metrology Applied to Science and Technology 1</b></p> <p>1.1. Introduction to uncertainties in dimensional metrology 1</p> <p>1.2. Definition of standards 4</p> <p>1.3. Definition of errors and uncertainties in dimensional metrology 9</p> <p>1.4. Errors and their impact on the calculation of uncertainties 15</p> <p>1.5. Applications based on errors in dimensional metrology 35</p> <p>1.6. Correction of possible measurement errors 42</p> <p>1.7. Estimation of uncertainties of measurement errors in metrology 48</p> <p>1.8. Approaches for determining type A and B uncertainties according to the GUM 53</p> <p>1.9. Principle of uncertainty calculation: types A and B 69</p> <p>1.10. Summary 82</p> <p>1.11. Bibliography 83</p> <p><b>Chapter 2. Fundamentals of Dimensional and Geometrical Tolerances According to ISO, CSA (Canada), and ANSI (USA) 85</b></p> <p>2.1. Introduction to geometrical products specification 85</p> <p>2.2. Dimensional tolerances and adjustments 89</p> <p>2.3. International vocabulary of metrology 97</p> <p>2.4. GPS standard covering ISO/TR14638-1995 103</p> <p>2.5. Conicity according to ISO 3040-1990 136</p> <p>2.6. Linear dimensional tolerances 139</p> <p>2.7. Positioning a group of elements 143</p> <p>2.8. GPS standards according to the report CR ISO/TR14638 of 1996 145</p> <p>2.9. Rational dimensioning for a controlled metrology: indices of capability and performance indices statistical process specification 147</p> <p>2.10. Summary and discussion 159</p> <p>2.11. Bibliography 161</p> <p><b>Chapter 3. Measurement and Controls Using Linear and Angular Standards 163</b></p> <p>3.1. Key dimensional metrology standards 163</p> <p>3.2. Meter, time, and mass 168</p> <p>3.3. Deformations and mechanical causes of errors 170</p> <p>3.4. Marble, V-blocks, gauge blocks, and dial gauges 180</p> <p>3.5. Dial gauge 185</p> <p>3.6. Example of a laboratory model 199</p> <p>3.7. Precision height 200</p> <p>3.8. The universal protractor vernier 205</p> <p>3.9. Vernier calipers 211</p> <p>3.10. Micrometer or Palmer 216</p> <p>3.11. Summary 234</p> <p>3.12. Bibliography 235</p> <p><b>Chapter 4. Surface Control 237</b></p> <p>4.1. Control and measurement of angles 237</p> <p>4.2. Surfaces of revolution 241</p> <p>4.2. Metric thread (M) measurement on gauge 258</p> <p>4.4. Controls of cones on machine-tools 261</p> <p>4.5. Control of flat surfaces 264</p> <p>4.6. Control of cylindrical surfaces (of revolution) 270</p> <p>4.7. Control of surfaces of revolution with spherical forms 281</p> <p>4.8. Control of the relative positions of surfaces 290</p> <p>4.9. Methods of dimensional measurement 294</p> <p>4.10. Bibliography 308</p> <p><b>Chapter 5. Opto-Mechanical Metrology 309</b></p> <p>5.1. Introduction to measurement by optical methods 309</p> <p>5.2. Principle of interferential metrology (example: prism spectroscope) 322</p> <p>5.3. Flatness measurement by optical planes 325</p> <p>5.4. Principle of interferoscope 326</p> <p>5.5. Control of parallelism (case of parallel gauge-blocks) 330</p> <p>5.6. Conclusion 339</p> <p>5.7. Bibliography 340</p> <p><b>Chapter 6. Control of Surface States 341</b></p> <p>6.1. Introduction to surface states control for solid materials 341</p> <p>6.2. Instruments for measuring surface state 348</p> <p>6.3. Symbols used in engineering drawings to describe the appropriate surface state according to ANSI/ASME Y14. <br />36M-1996 349</p> <p>6.4. Presentation of Mitutoyo Surftest 211 362</p> <p>6.5. The main normalized parameters of surface states used in the industry, their formulas and definitions 370</p> <p>6.6. Example on the control of the roughness of a plate grade 6061383</p> <p>6.7. Calculations of the overall uncertainty in the GUM method compared to the Monte Carlo method using the software GUMic 391</p> <p>6.8. Summary 392</p> <p>6.9. Bibliography 393</p> <p><b>Chapter 7. Computer-Aided Metrology-CAM 395</b></p> <p>7.1. Coordinate-measuring machine (CMM) 395</p> <p>7.2. Commonly-used geometric models in dimensional metrology 399</p> <p>7.3. Nominal geometric elements 411</p> <p>7.4. Description of styli and types of probing 415</p> <p>7.5. Software and computers supporting the CMM 420</p> <p>7.6. Starting a B504B-Mitutoyo CMM 423</p> <p>7.7. Measurements on CMM using the Cosmos software 427</p> <p>7.8. Examples of applications using CMM 443</p> <p>7.9. Chapter summary and future extensions of CMMs 450</p> <p>7.10. Bibliography 452</p> <p><b>Chapter 8. Control of Assembly and Transmission Elements 453</b></p> <p>8.1. Introduction to the control of components for temporary assembly and elements for power transmission: threads, gears, and splines 453</p> <p>8.2. Helical surface for screw threads 459</p> <p>8.3. The main threads in the industry 461</p> <p>8.4. Principles of threads control 478</p> <p>8.5. Screws resistance and quality classes 487</p> <p>8.6. Control of screw thread by mechanical and optical comparison 491</p> <p>8.7. Introduction to gear control 494</p> <p>8.8. Introduction to spline control 518</p> <p>8.9. Summary 529</p> <p>8.10. Bibliography 530</p> <p><b>Chapter 9. Control of Materials Hardness Testing 531</b></p> <p>9.1. Introduction to non-destructive testing 531</p> <p>9.2. Principle and description of the Rockwell hardness 537</p> <p>9.3. Brinell hardness test 545</p> <p>9.4. Principle of the Vickers hardness test 550</p> <p>9.5. Knoop hardness (HK) 553</p> <p>9.6. Barcol hardness 555</p> <p>9.7. Rebound hardness test by Shore test (scleroscope) 556</p> <p>9.8. Mohs hardness for minerals 558</p> <p>9.9. IRHD rubber hardness tester 560</p> <p>9.10. Comparison of the three main hardness tests and a practical approach for hardness testing: Brinell HB, Rockwell HR, and Vickers HV 562</p> <p>9.11. Main mechanical properties of solid materials 564</p> <p>9.12. Mechanical tests on plastic materials 575</p> <p>9.13. Fatigue failure and dimensional metrology for the control of the dimensioning of materials assembled by <br />welding 578</p> <p>9.14. Summary 583</p> <p>9.15. Bibliography 587</p> <p><b>Chapter 10. Overall Summary 589</b></p> <p>Glossary 595</p> <p>Lexicon of terms frequently used in metrology 595</p> <p>Warning 596</p> <p>Bibliography 613</p> <p>Appendix 1 615</p> <p>Appendix 2 631</p> <p>Appendix 3 637</p> <p>Appendix 4 641</p> <p>Appendix 5 645</p> <p>Appendix 6 665</p> <p>Index 673</p>

<p><strong>Ammar Grous</strong>, CEGEP de l'Outaouais, Quebec, Canada.

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