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<p><b>Preface xix<br /> <br /> </b><b>Part 1: General 1<br /> <br /> </b><b>1 Nanotechnology and Water: Ethical and Regulatory Considerations 3<br /> </b><i>Jillian Gardner and Ames Dhai<br /> <br /> </i>1.1 Introduction 3<br /> <br /> 1.2 Ethics and Nanotechnology  4<br /> <br /> 1.3 Legal and Regulatory Issues and Concerns Related to the Application of Nanotechnology in the Water Sector 14<br /> <br /> 1.4 Nanotechnology, Water and Human Health Research 17<br /> <br /> 1.5 Conclusion 18<br /> <br /> References 19<br /> <br /> <b>2 Nanoparticles Released into Water Systems from Nanoproducts and Structural Nanocomposites Applications 21<br /> </b><i>James Njuguna, Laura Gendre and Sophia Sachse<br /> <br /> </i>2.1 Introduction 21<br /> <br /> 2.2 Case Study on Polyurethane/Organically-Modified Montmorillonite  (PU/OMMT)  Nanofoam Nanoparticles in Water Suspension 23<br /> <br /> 2.3 Methodology 25<br /> <br /> 2.4 Results and Discussion 27<br /> <br /> 2.5 Conclusion 32<br /> <br /> Acknowledgement 33<br /> <br /> References 33<br /> <br /> <b>Part 2: Remediation 37<br /> <br /> </b><b>3 Prospects for Immobilization of Microbial Sorbents on Carbon Nanotubes for Biosorption: Bioremediation of Heavy Metals Polluted Water 39<br /> </b><i>E. Fosso-Kankeu, A.F. Mulaba-Bafubiandi and A.K. Mishra<br /> <br /> </i>3.1 Dispersion of Metal Pollutants in Water Sources 40<br /> <br /> 3.2 Removal of Metal by Conventional Methods 41<br /> <br /> 3.3 Microbial Sorbents for Removal of Toxic Heavy Metals from Water 42<br /> <br /> 3.4 Immobilization of Microbial Sorbents on CNTs 50<br /> <br /> 3.5 Conclusion 54<br /> <br /> References 54<br /> <br /> <b>4 Plasma Technology: A New Remediation for Water Purification with or without Nanoparticles 63<br /> </b><i>Pankaj Attri, Bharti Arora, Rohit Bhatia, P. Venkatesu and Eun Ha Choi<br /> <br /> </i>4.1 Introduction 63<br /> <br /> 4.2 Water Purification Using Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) 64<br /> <br /> 4.3 Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Plasma and Its Application towards Water Purification 65<br /> <br /> 4.4 Application of Plasma for Water Purification 67<br /> <br /> 4.5 Combined Action of Nanoparticles and Plasma for Water Purification 73<br /> <br /> 4.6 Conclusion 74<br /> <br /> References 75<br /> <br /> <b>5 Polysaccharide-Based Nanosorbents in Water Remediation 79<br /> </b><i>R.B. Shrivastava, P. Singh, J. Bajpai and A.K. Bajpai<br /> <br /> </i>5.1 Introduction 80<br /> <br /> 5.2 Water Pollution 81<br /> <br /> 5.3 Hazardous Effects of Toxic Metal Ions 85<br /> <br /> 5.4 Technologies for Water Remediation 87<br /> <br /> 5.5 Shortcomings of the Technologies Used for Water Remediation 89<br /> <br /> 5.6 Nanotechnology 90<br /> <br /> 5.7 Polysaccharides 95<br /> <br /> 5.8 Advantages of Using Polysaccharides for Removal of Toxic Metal Ions 104<br /> <br /> 5.9 Brief Review of the Work Done 106<br /> <br /> References 107<br /> <br /> <b>Part 3: Membranes & Carbon Nanotubes 115<br /> <br /> </b><b>6 The Use of Carbonaceous Nanomembrane Filter for Organic Waste Removal 117<br /> </b><i>Farheen Khan, Rizwan Wahab, Mohd. Rashid, Asif Khan, Asma Khatoon, Javed Musarrat and Abdulaziz A.Al-Khedhairy<br /> <br /> </i>6.1 Introduction 118<br /> <br /> 6.2 Organic Wastes and Organic Pollutant 120<br /> <br /> 6.3 Low-Cost Adsorbents 123<br /> <br /> 6.4 Heavy Metals 124<br /> <br /> 6.5 Composite Materials 127<br /> <br /> 6.6 Carbonaceous Materials 128<br /> <br /> 6.7 Experimental 132<br /> <br /> 6.8 Nanomaterials 136<br /> <br /> 6.9 Summary and Future Directions 139<br /> <br /> References 139<br /> <br /> <b>7 Carbon Nanotubes in the Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solution 153<br /> </b><i>M.A. Mamo and A.K. Mishra<br /> <br /> </i>7.1 Introduction 153<br /> <br /> 7.2 Synthesis of CNTs 155<br /> <br /> 7.3 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes 155<br /> <br /> 7.4 Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions on Carbon Nanotubes 160<br /> <br /> 7.5 Competitive Adsorption 165<br /> <br /> 7.6 Summary and Conclusion 168<br /> <br /> References 168<br /> <br /> <b>8 Application of Carbon Nanotube-Polymer Composites and Carbon Nanotube-Semiconductor Hybrids in Water Treatment 183<br /> </b><i>G. Mamba, X.Y. Mbianda and A.K. Mishra<br /> <br /> </i>8.1 Introduction 183<br /> <br /> 8.2 Classification of Dyes 184<br /> <br /> 8.3 Conventional Treatment Technologies for Textile Effluent 190<br /> <br /> 8.4 Conclusion 220<br /> <br /> Acknowledgements 221<br /> <br /> References 222<br /> <br /> <b>9 Advances in Nanotechnologies for Point-of-Use and Point-of-Entry Water Purification 229<br /> </b><i>Sabelo Dalton Mhlanga and Edward Ndumiso Nxumalo<br /> <br /> </i>9.1 Introduction 230<br /> <br /> 9.2 Nanotechnology-Enabled POU/POE Systems for Drinking Water Treatment 233<br /> <br /> 9.3 Absorptive Nanocomposites Polymers Based on Cyclodextrins 235<br /> <br /> 9.4 Nanotechnology-Based Membrane Filtration 244<br /> <br /> 9.5 Ceramic-Based Filters and Nanofibers 254<br /> <br /> 9.6 Challenges and Opportunities 259<br /> <br /> References 262<br /> <br /> <b>Part 4: Nanomaterials 269<br /> <br /> </b><b>10 Mesoporous Materials as Potential Absorbents for Water Purification 271<br /> </b><i>Ephraim Vunain and Reinout Meijboom<br /> <br /> </i>10.1 Introduction 271<br /> <br /> 10.2 Generalized Synthesis of Mesoporous Materials 272<br /> <br /> 10.3 Common Method of Synthesizing Silicate Mesoporous Molecular Sieves 276<br /> <br /> 10.4 Adsorption of Heavy Metals 280<br /> <br /> 10.5 Conclusions 282<br /> <br /> References 283<br /> <br /> <b>11 Removal of Fluoride from Potable Water Using Smart  Nanomaterial as Adsorbent 285<br /> </b><i>Dinesh Kumar and Vaishali Tomar<br /> <br /> </i>11.1 Introduction 286<br /> <br /> 11.2 Technologies for Defluoridation 289<br /> <br /> 11.3 Conclusions 303<br /> <br /> Acknowledgement 303<br /> <br /> References 303<br /> <br /> <b>12 Chemical Nanosensors for Monitoring Environmental Pollution 309<br /> </b><i>Sadanand Pandey and Shivani B Mishra<br /> <br /> </i>12.1 Introduction 309<br /> <br /> 12.2 Conclusion 325<br /> <br /> 12.3 Challenges and Future Prospect 326<br /> <br /> Acknowledgements 327<br /> <br /> References 327<br /> <br /> <b>13 Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol as a Model Reaction for Nanocatalysis 333<br /> </b><i>Jihyang Noh and Reinout Meijboom<br /> <br /> </i>13.1 Introduction 333<br /> <br /> 13.2 Kinetic Evaluation and Mechanism of 4-NP Reduction 337<br /> <br /> 13.3 Effect of Various Conditions 360<br /> <br /> 13.4 Synthetic Methods of Metal Nanocomposites and Their 4-NP Catalysis 364<br /> <br /> 13.5 Conclusion 395<br /> <br /> References 395<br /> <br /> <b>Part 5: Water Treatment 407<br /> <br /> </b><b>14 Doped Diamond Electrodes for Water Treatment 409<br /> </b><i>Qingyi Shao, Guangwen Wang, Cairu Shao, Juan Zhang and Shejun Hu<br /> <br /> </i>14.1 Introduction 410<br /> <br /> 14.2 Calculation Method 414<br /> <br /> 14.3 Calculation Results and Discussions 416<br /> <br /> 14.4 Conclusions 428<br /> <br /> References 430<br /> <br /> <b>15 Multifunctional Silver, Copper and Zero Valent Iron Metallic Nanoparticles for Wastewater Treatment 435<br /> </b><i>S.C.G. Kiruba Daniel, S. Malathi, S. Balasubramanian, M. Sivakumar and T. Anitha Sironmani<br /> <br /> </i>15.1 Introduction 436<br /> <br /> 15.2 Metal Nanoparticles and Microbial Inactivation 437<br /> <br /> 15.3 Metal Nanoparticles for Heavy Metal and Dye Removal 441<br /> <br /> 15.4 Multifunctional Hybrid Nanoparticles – Ag, Cu and ZVI 443<br /> <br /> 15.5 Mechanism of Action 445<br /> <br /> 15.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Trends 448<br /> <br /> Acknowledgement 448<br /> <br /> References 448<br /> <br /> <b>16 Iron Oxide Materials for Photo-Fenton Conversion of Water Pollutants 459<br /> </b><i>S.A.C. Carabineiro, A.M.T. Silva, C.G. Silva, R.A. Segundo, P.B. Tavares, N. Bogdanchikova, J.L. Figueiredo and J.L. Faria<br /> <br /> </i>16.1 Introduction 460<br /> <br /> 16.2 Experimental 461<br /> <br /> 16.3 Results and Discussion 463<br /> <br /> 16.4 Conclusions 471<br /> <br /> Acknowledgments 472<br /> <br /> References 472<br /> <br /> <b>17 Nanomaterials with Uniform Composition in Wastewater Treatment and Their Applications 475<br /> </b><i>Farheen Khan and Rizwan Wahab<br /> <br /> </i>17.1 Introduction 476<br /> <br /> 17.2 Experimental 488<br /> <br /> 17.3 Effects of Pollutants on Health and the Environment 490<br /> <br /> 17.4 Summary and Future Directions 499<br /> <br /> References 500<br /> <br /> Index 513</p>

<p><b>Ajay Kumar Mishra</b> is currently working as an Associate Professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, South Africa. He also holds the position of Adjunct Professor at Jiangsu University, China. He is a group leader of research areas for composites/nanocomposites, water research, bio-inorganic chemistry, and nanochemistry.</p>

<p><b>Details the water research applications of nanotechnology in various areas including environmental science, remediation, membranes, nanomaterials, and water treatment</b></p> <p>At the nano size, materials often take on unique and sometimes unexpected properties that result in them being ‘tuned’ to build faster, lighter, stronger, and more efficient devices and systems, as well as creating new classes of materials. In water research, nanotechnology is applied to develop more cost-effective and high-performance water treatment systems, as well as to provide instant and continuous ways to monitor water quality.</p> <p>This volume presents an array of cutting-edge nanotechnology research in water applications including treatment, remediation, sensing, and pollution prevention. Nanotechnology applications for waste water research have significant impact in maintaining the long-term quality, availability, and viability of water. Regardless of the origin, such as municipal or industrial waste water, its remediation utilizing nanotechnology can not only be recycled and desalinized, but it can simultaneously detect biological and chemical contamination.</p> <p><i>Application of Nanotechnology in Water Research</i> describes a broad area of nanotechnology and water research where membrane processes (nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, and nanoreactive membranes) are considered key components of advanced water purification and desalination technologies that remove, reduce, or neutralize water contaminants that threaten human health and/or ecosystem productivity and integrity. Various nanoparticles and nanomaterials that could be used in water remediation (zeolites, carbon nanotubes, self-assembled monolayer on mesoporous supports, biopolymers, single-enzyme nanoparticles, zero-valent iron nanoparticles, bimetallic iron nanoparticles, and nanoscale semiconductor photocatalysts) are discussed. The book also covers water-borne infectious diseases as well as water-borne pathogens, microbes, and toxicity approach.</p> <p><b>Readership</b><br /> Engineers and scientists conducting research in water treatment and remediation, materials science, nanotechnology, and pollution control will find this book to be especially useful. Its interdisciplinary nature will appeal to scientists in the broader areas of chemistry, physics, materials science, polymer science, engineering, and nanotechnology.</p>

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