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<p>Preface xiii</p> <p>About the Companion Website xix</p> <p><b>1 Antennas 1</b></p> <p>1.1 Introduction 1</p> <p>1.2 Types of Antennas 3</p> <p>1.3 Radiation Mechanism 7</p> <p>1.4 Current Distribution on a Thin Wire Antenna 15</p> <p>1.5 Historical Advancement 18</p> <p>1.6 Multimedia 21</p> <p>References 22</p> <p><b>2 Fundamental Parameters and Figures-of-Merit of Antennas 25</b></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 25</p> <p>2.2 Radiation Pattern 25</p> <p>2.3 Radiation Power Density 35</p> <p>2.4 Radiation Intensity 37</p> <p>2.5 Beamwidth 40</p> <p>2.6 Directivity 41</p> <p>2.7 Numerical Techniques 55</p> <p>2.8 Antenna Efficiency 60</p> <p>2.9 Gain, Realized Gain 61</p> <p>2.10 Beam Efficiency 65</p> <p>2.11 Bandwidth 65</p> <p>2.12 Polarization 66</p> <p>2.13 Input Impedance 75</p> <p>2.14 Antenna Radiation Efficiency 79</p> <p>2.15 Antenna Vector Effective Length and Equivalent Areas 81</p> <p>2.16 Maximum Directivity and Maximum Effective Area 86</p> <p>2.17 Friis Transmission Equation and Radar Range Equation 88</p> <p>2.18 Antenna Temperature 96</p> <p>2.19 Multimedia 100</p> <p>References 103</p> <p>Problems 105</p> <p><b>3 Radiation Integrals and Auxiliary Potential Functions 127</b></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 127</p> <p>3.2 The Vector Potential A for an Electric Current Source J 128</p> <p>3.3 The Vector Potential F for A magnetic Current Source m 130</p> <p>3.4 Electric and Magnetic Fields for Electric (J) and Magnetic (M) Current Sources 131</p> <p>3.5 Solution of the Inhomogeneous Vector Potential Wave Equation 132</p> <p>3.6 Far-Field Radiation 136</p> <p>3.7 Duality Theorem 137</p> <p>3.8 Reciprocity and Reaction Theorems 138</p> <p>References 143</p> <p>Problems 143</p> <p><b>4 Linear Wire Antennas 145</b></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 145</p> <p>4.2 Infinitesimal Dipole 145</p> <p>4.3 Small Dipole 155</p> <p>4.4 Region Separation 158</p> <p>4.5 Finite Length Dipole 164</p> <p>4.6 Half-Wavelength Dipole 176</p> <p>4.7 Linear Elements Near or On Infinite Perfect Electric Conductors (PEC), Perfect Magnetic Conductors (PMC) and Electromagnetic Band-Gap (EBG) Surfaces 179</p> <p>4.8 Ground Effects 203</p> <p>4.9 Computer Codes 216</p> <p>4.10 Multimedia 216</p> <p>References 218</p> <p>Problems 220</p> <p><b>5 Loop Antennas 235</b></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 235</p> <p>5.2 Small Circular Loop 236</p> <p>5.3 Circular Loop of Constant Current 250</p> <p>5.4 Circular Loop with Nonuniform Current 259</p> <p>5.5 Ground and Earth Curvature Effects for Circular Loops 268</p> <p>5.6 Polygonal Loop Antennas 269</p> <p>5.7 Ferrite Loop 270</p> <p>5.8 Mobile Communication Systems Applications 272</p> <p>5.9 Multimedia 272</p> <p>References 275</p> <p>Problems 277</p> <p><b>6 Arrays: Linear, Planar, and Circular 285</b></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 285</p> <p>6.2 Two-Element Array 286</p> <p>6.3 N-Element Linear Array: Uniform Amplitude and Spacing 293</p> <p>6.4 N-Element Linear Array: Directivity 312</p> <p>6.5 Design Procedure 318</p> <p>6.6 N-Element Linear Array: Three-Dimensional Characteristics 319</p> <p>6.7 Rectangular-to-Polar Graphical Solution 322</p> <p>6.8 N-Element Linear Array: Uniform Spacing, Nonuniform Amplitude 323</p> <p>6.9 Superdirectivity 345</p> <p>6.10 Planar Array 348</p> <p>6.11 Design Considerations 360</p> <p>6.12 Circular Array 363</p> <p>6.13 Multimedia 367</p> <p>References 367</p> <p>Problems 368</p> <p><b>7 Antenna Synthesis and Continuous Sources 385</b></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 385</p> <p>7.2 Continuous Sources 386</p> <p>7.3 Schelkunoff Polynomial Method 387</p> <p>7.4 Fourier Transform Method 392</p> <p>7.5 Woodward-Lawson Method 398</p> <p>7.6 Taylor Line-Source (Tschebyscheff-Error) 404</p> <p>7.7 Taylor Line-Source (One-Parameter) 408</p> <p>7.8 Triangular, Cosine, and Cosine-Squared Amplitude Distributions 415</p> <p>7.9 Line-Source Phase Distributions 416</p> <p>7.10 Continuous Aperture Sources 417</p> <p>7.11 Multimedia 420</p> <p>References 420</p> <p>Problems 421</p> <p><b>8 Integral Equations, Moment Method, and Self and Mutual Impedances 431</b></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 431</p> <p>8.2 Integral Equation Method 432</p> <p>8.3 Finite Diameter Wires 439</p> <p>8.4 Moment Method Solution 448</p> <p>8.5 Self-Impedance 455</p> <p>8.6 Mutual Impedance Between Linear Elements 463</p> <p>8.7 Mutual Coupling in Arrays 474</p> <p>8.8 Multimedia 480</p> <p>References 480</p> <p>Problems 482</p> <p><b>9 Broadband Dipoles and Matching Techniques 485</b></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 485</p> <p>9.2 Biconical Antenna 487</p> <p>9.3 Triangular Sheet, Flexible and Conformal Bow-Tie, and Wire Simulation 492</p> <p>9.4 Vivaldi Antenna 496</p> <p>9.5 Cylindrical Dipole 500</p> <p>9.6 Folded Dipole 505</p> <p>9.7 Discone and Conical Skirt Monopole 512</p> <p>9.8 Matching Techniques 513</p> <p>9.9 Multimedia 523</p> <p>References 524</p> <p>Problems 525</p> <p><b>10 Traveling Wave and Broadband Antennas 533</b></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 533</p> <p>10.2 Traveling Wave Antennas 533</p> <p>10.3 Broadband Antennas 549</p> <p>10.4 Multimedia 580</p> <p>References 580</p> <p>Problems 582</p> <p><b>11 Frequency Independent Antennas, Antenna Miniaturization, and Fractal Antennas 591</b></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 591</p> <p>11.2 Theory 592</p> <p>11.3 Equiangular Spiral Antennas 593</p> <p>11.4 Log-Periodic Antennas 598</p> <p>11.5 Fundamental Limits of Electrically Small Antennas 614</p> <p>11.6 Antenna Miniaturization 619</p> <p>11.7 Fractal Antennas 627</p> <p>11.8 Multimedia 633</p> <p>References 633</p> <p>Problems 635</p> <p><b>12 Aperture Antennas 639</b></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 639</p> <p>12.2 Field Equivalence Principle: Huygens’ Principle 639</p> <p>12.3 Radiation Equations 645</p> <p>12.4 Directivity 648</p> <p>12.5 Rectangular Apertures 648</p> <p>12.6 Circular Apertures 667</p> <p>12.7 Design Considerations 675</p> <p>12.8 Babinet’s Principle 680</p> <p>12.9 Fourier Transforms in Aperture Antenna Theory 684</p> <p>12.10 Ground Plane Edge Effects: The Geometrical Theory of Diffraction 702</p> <p>12.11 Multimedia 707</p> <p>References 707</p> <p>Problems 709</p> <p><b>13 Horn Antennas 719</b></p> <p>13.1 Introduction 719</p> <p>13.2 E-Plane Sectoral Horn 719</p> <p>13.3 H-Plane Sectoral Horn 733</p> <p>13.4 Pyramidal Horn 743</p> <p>13.5 Conical Horn 756</p> <p>13.6 Corrugated Horn 761</p> <p>13.7 Aperture-Matched Horns 766</p> <p>13.8 Multimode Horns 769</p> <p>13.9 Dielectric-Loaded Horns 771</p> <p>13.10 Phase Center 773</p> <p>13.11 Multimedia 774</p> <p>References 775</p> <p>Problems 778</p> <p><b>14 Microstrip and Mobile Communications Antennas 783</b></p> <p>14.1 Introduction 783</p> <p>14.2 Rectangular Patch 788</p> <p>14.3 Circular Patch 815</p> <p>14.4 Quality Factor, Bandwidth, and Efficiency 823</p> <p>14.5 Input Impedance 826</p> <p>14.6 Coupling 827</p> <p>14.7 Circular Polarization 830</p> <p>14.8 Arrays and Feed Networks 832</p> <p>14.9 Antennas for Mobile Communications 837</p> <p>14.10 Dielectric Resonator Antennas 847</p> <p>14.11 Multimedia 858</p> <p>References 862</p> <p>Problems 867</p> <p><b>15 Reflector Antennas 875</b></p> <p>15.1 Introduction 875</p> <p>15.2 Plane Reflector 875</p> <p>15.3 Corner Reflector 876</p> <p>15.4 Parabolic Reflector 884</p> <p>15.5 Spherical Reflector 920</p> <p>15.6 Multimedia 923</p> <p>References 923</p> <p>Problems 925</p> <p><b>16 Smart Antennas 931</b></p> <p>16.1 Introduction 931</p> <p>16.2 Smart-Antenna Analogy 931</p> <p>16.3 Cellular Radio Systems Evolution 933</p> <p>16.4 Signal Propagation 939</p> <p>16.5 Smart Antennas’ Benefits 942</p> <p>16.6 Smart Antennas’ Drawbacks 943</p> <p>16.7 Antenna 943</p> <p>16.8 Antenna Beamforming 946</p> <p>16.9 Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) 960</p> <p>16.10 Smart-Antenna System Design, Simulation, and Results 964</p> <p>16.11 Beamforming, Diversity Combining, Rayleigh-Fading, and Trellis-Coded Modulation 972</p> <p>16.12 Other Geometries 975</p> <p>16.13 Multimedia 976</p> <p>References 976</p> <p>Problems 980</p> <p><b>17 Antenna Measurements 981</b></p> <p>17.1 Introduction 981</p> <p>17.2 Antenna Ranges 982</p> <p>17.3 Radiation Patterns 1000</p> <p>17.4 Gain Measurements 1003</p> <p>17.5 Directivity Measurements 1010</p> <p>17.6 Radiation Efficiency 1012</p> <p>17.7 Impedance Measurements 1012</p> <p>17.8 Current Measurements 1014</p> <p>17.9 Polarization Measurements 1014</p> <p>17.10 Scale Model Measurements 1019</p> <p>References 1024</p> <p>Appendix I: f(x) = sin(x)<i>x</i>1027</p> <p>Appendix II: f N (x) = | sin(Nx)||<i>N sin(x) N = 1, 3, 5, 10, 20</i>| 1029</p> <p>Appendix III: Cosine and Sine Integrals 1031</p> <p>Appendix IV: Fresnel Integrals 1033</p> <p>Appendix V: Bessel Functions 1035</p> <p>Appendix VI: Identities 1041</p> <p>Appendix VII: Vector Analysis 1045</p> <p>Appendix VIII: Method of Stationary Phase 1055</p> <p>Appendix IX: Television, Radio, Telephone, and Radar Frequency Spectrums 1061</p> <p>Index 1065</p>

<b>Constantine A. Balanis</b> received his BSEE degree from the Virginia Tech in 1964, his MEE degree from the University of Virginia in 1966, his PhD in Electrical Engineering from The Ohio State University in 1969, and an Honorary Doctorate from the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in 2004. From 1964 to 1970, he was with the NASA Langley Research Center in Hampton, VA, and from 1970 to 1983, he was with the Department of Electrical Engineering of West Virginia University. In 1983 he joined Arizona State University and is now Regents' Professor of Electrical Engineering. Dr. Balanis is also a life fellow of the IEEE.

This book introduces the fundamental principles of antenna theory and explains how to apply them to the analysis, design, and measurements of antennas. Due to the variety of methods of analysis and design, and the different antenna structures available, the applications covered in this book are made to some of the most basic and practical antenna configurations. Among these antenna configurations are linear dipoles; loops; arrays; broadband antennas; aperture antennas; horns; microstrip antennas; and reflector antennas. The text contains sufficient mathematical detail to enable undergraduate and beginning graduate students in electrical engineering and physics to follow the flow of analysis and design. Readers should have a basic knowledge of undergraduate electromagnetic theory, including Maxwell’s equations and the wave equation, introductory physics, and differential and integral calculus.

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