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<p>Acknowledgments xi</p> <p>Notes on Contributors xiii</p> <p>Editorial Practices and Abbreviations xix</p> <p>Brief Chronology of the Life and Works of <i>J. R. R. Tolkien</i> xxii</p> <p>Introduction 1</p> <p><b>Part I: Life 5</b></p> <p>1 A Brief Biography 7<br /><i>John Garth</i></p> <p><b>Part II: The Academic 25</b></p> <p>2 Academic Writings 27<br /><i>Thomas Honegger</i></p> <p>3 Tolkien as Editor 41<br /><i>Tom Shippey</i></p> <p>4 Manuscripts: Use, and Using 56<br /><i>Stuart D. Lee</i></p> <p><b>Part III: The Legendarium 77</b></p> <p>5 Myth-making and Sub-creation 79<br /><i>Carl Phelpstead</i></p> <p>6 Middle-earth Mythology: An Overview 92<br /><i>Leslie A. Donovan</i></p> <p>7 <i>The Silmarillion</i>: Tolkien’s Theory of Myth, Text, and Culture 107<br /><i>Gergely Nagy</i></p> <p>8 <i>The Hobbit</i>: A Turning Point 119<br /><i>John D. Rateliff</i></p> <p>9 <i>The Lord of the Rings </i>133<br /><i>John R. Holmes</i></p> <p>10 <i>Unfinished Tales </i>and the History of Middle-earth: A Lifetime of Imagination 146<br /><i>Elizabeth A. Whittingham</i></p> <p>11 “The Lost Road” and “The Notion Club Papers”: Myth, History, and Time-travel 161<br /><i>Verlyn Flieger</i></p> <p>12 Poetry 173<br /><i>Corey Olsen</i></p> <p>13 “Minor” Works 189<br /><i>Maria Artamonova</i></p> <p>14 Invented Languages and Writing Systems 202<br /><i>Arden R. Smith</i></p> <p><b>Part IV: Context 215</b></p> <p>15 Old English 217<br /><i>Mark Atherton</i></p> <p>16 Middle English 230<br /><i>Elizabeth Solopova</i></p> <p>17 Old Norse 244<br /><i>Tom Birkett</i></p> <p>18 Finnish: The Land and Language of Heroes 259<br /><i>Leena Kahlas-Tarkka</i></p> <p>19 Celtic: “Celtic Things” and “Things Celtic” – Identity, Language, and Mythology 272<br /><i>J. S. Lyman-Thomas</i></p> <p>20 The English Literary Tradition: Shakespeare to the Gothic 286<br /><i>Nick Groom</i></p> <p>21 Earlier Fantasy Fiction: Morris, Dunsany, and Lindsay 303<br /><i>Rachel Falconer</i></p> <p>22 The Inklings and Others: Tolkien and His Contemporaries 317<br /><i>David Bratman</i></p> <p>23 Later Fantasy Fiction: Tolkien’s Legacy 335<br /><i>Dimitra Fimi</i></p> <p>24 Modernity: Tolkien and His Contemporaries 350<br /><i>Anna Vaninskaya</i></p> <p><b>Part V: Critical Approaches 367</b></p> <p>25 The Critical Response to Tolkien’s Fiction 369<br /><i>Patrick Curry</i></p> <p>26 Style and Intertextual Echoes 389<br /><i>Allan Turner</i></p> <p>27 The Hero’s Journey 404<br /><i>Anna Caughey</i></p> <p>28 Evil 418<br /><i>Christopher Garbowski</i></p> <p>29 Nature 431<br /><i>Liam Campbell</i></p> <p>30 Religion: An Implicit Catholicism 446<br /><i>Pat Pinsent</i></p> <p>31 War 461<br /><i>Janet Brennan Croft</i></p> <p>32 Women 473<br /><i>Adam Roberts</i></p> <p>33 Art 487<br /><i>Christopher Tuthill</i></p> <p>34 Music 501<br /><i>Bradford Lee Eden</i></p> <p>35 Film Adaptations: Theatrical and Television Versions 514<br /><i>Kristin Thompson</i></p> <p>36 Games and Gaming: Quantasy 530<br /><i>Péter Kristóf Makai</i></p> <p>General Bibliography 545</p> <p>Index 555</p>

<p>“A Companion to J.R.R. Tolkienis an easy recommendation for any academic institution which offers a course in Tolkien studies, but would also do well on the shelves of an institution specialising in English literature.”  (<i>Reference Reviews</i>, 1 October 2015)</p> <p>“I highly recommend this volume and count it as one of the most important works of collected scholarship on Tolkien to date.”  (<i>Journal of Tolkien Research</i>, 1 October 2015)</p>

<p><b>Stuart D. Lee</b> is a member of the English Faculty at the University of Oxford. He is the University's Reader in E-learning and Digital Libraries, a member of Merton College, and Deputy CIO at the University's IT Services. He has studied medieval literature and the works of Tolkien for over 30 years. His research focuses on the impact of medieval literature on modern culture, and he lectures in Old English, Tolkien, and the Poetry of the First World War. He is co-author of <i>Key Concepts in Medieval Literature</i> (2006) and <i>The Keys of Middle-earth: Discovering Medieval Literature through the Fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien</i> (2005).

<p><b>A COMPANION TO J. R. R. TOLKIEN</b> <p><i>A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien</i> is a complete resource for scholars and students of one of the twentieth century's most successful and influential authors. It provides an in-depth examination of Tolkien's entire work by a cadre of top scholars. The essays introduce and analyze his life and works, from <i>The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings,</i> and<i> The Silmarillion</i> to his lesser-known fiction and academic publications. <p>This comprehensive volume: <ul> <li>Provides up-to-date discussion and analysis of Tolkien's scholarly and literary works, including his latest posthumous book, <i>The Fall of Arthur</i>, and addresses contemporary adaptations, including the new Hobbit films</li> <li>Investigates various themes across his body of work, such as mythmaking, medieval languages, nature, war, religion, and the defeat of evil</li> <li>Discusses the impact of his work on art, film, music, gaming, and subsequent generations of fantasy writers</li> </ul> <p>Up-to-date and comprehensive, this survey of Tolkien studies reflects the continuing influence of his work on the literature and society of today.

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