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<p>Preface xxiii</p> <p>About the Book xxv</p> <p>About the Author xxvii</p> <p>Common Abbreviations and Acronyms xxix</p> <p><b>1 An Overview of Cancer 1</b></p> <p>1.1 Introduction 1</p> <p>1.2 Cancer Statistics 1</p> <p>1.3 Differences Between Normal Cells and Cancer Cells 2</p> <p>1.4 Types of Cancer 4</p> <p>1.4.1 Carcinomas 4</p> <p>1.4.2 Sarcomas 4</p> <p>1.4.3 Leukemias 4</p> <p>1.4.4 Lymphomas 4</p> <p>1.5 The Role of Genes and Chromosomes 5</p> <p>1.6 Genetic Mutations 7</p> <p>1.6.1 Acquired Mutations 7</p> <p>1.6.2 Germline Mutations 7</p> <p>1.7 Genes Connected to Cancer 7</p> <p>1.7.1 Tumor Suppressor Genes 7</p> <p>1.7.2 Oncogenes 8</p> <p>1.7.3 DNA Repair Genes 8</p> <p>1.8 Tumors and Metastasis 9</p> <p>1.9 Hereditary Cancer Risk 10</p> <p>1.10 Cancer Screening and Diagnosis 10</p> <p>1.10.1 Colon Cancer 11</p> <p>1.10.2 Lung Cancer 11</p> <p>1.10.3 Breast/Cervical/Ovarian/Endometrial Cancers 11</p> <p>1.10.4 Prostate Cancer 12</p> <p>1.10.5 Liver Cancer 12</p> <p>1.10.6 Skin Cancer 12</p> <p>1.11 Cancer Treatment Options 13</p> <p>1.11.1 Surgery 13</p> <p>1.11.2 Radiation Therapy 13</p> <p>1.11.3 Chemotherapy 14</p> <p>1.11.4 Targeted Therapy 14</p> <p>1.11.5 Immunotherapy 14</p> <p>1.11.6 Hormone Therapy 14</p> <p>1.11.7 Stem Cell Transplant 15</p> <p>1.11.8 Precision Medicine 15</p> <p>References 15</p> <p><b>2 Cancer Risk Factors and Prevention 21</b></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 21</p> <p>2.2 Hormones 21</p> <p>2.3 Immunosuppression and Infectious Agents 22</p> <p>2.4 Chronic, Long-term, DNA-damaging Inflammation 23</p> <p>2.5 Being Overweight/Obese 23</p> <p>2.6 Eating to Win 24</p> <p>2.6.1 Vegetables 26</p> <p>2.6.2 Fruits 26</p> <p>2.6.3 Grains 26</p> <p>2.6.4 Proteins 26</p> <p>2.6.5 Bread 26</p> <p>2.6.6 Cereal 26</p> <p>2.6.7 Dairy 26</p> <p>2.6.8 Snacks 26</p> <p>2.6.9 Beverages 26</p> <p>2.6.10 Spices 27</p> <p>2.7 Role of Sugar and Artificial Sweeteners on Cancer 27</p> <p>2.8 Role of Certain Foods and Drinks on Cancer 27</p> <p>2.8.1 Processed Meat and Fish 27</p> <p>2.8.2 Alcohol 28</p> <p>2.9 Role of Smoking or Tobacco Use on Cancer 29</p> <p>2.10 Role of Radiation on Cancer 30</p> <p>2.11 Role of Sunlight and UV Radiation on Cancer 31</p> <p>2.12 Role of Radon on Cancer 33</p> <p>2.13 Known Human Carcinogens 33</p> <p>2.13.1 Arsenic, Coal Tar, Coal-tar Pitch, Diesel, Asbestos, Formaldehyde, and Air Pollutants 33</p> <p>2.13.2 Certain Types of Plastic 37</p> <p>2.13.3 Acrylamide 37</p> <p>2.14 Possible Human Carcinogens 39</p> <p>2.15 Guidelines for Early Detection of Cancer 39</p> <p>References 40</p> <p>Further Reading 50</p> <p><b>3 Bladder Cancer 51</b></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 51</p> <p>3.2 Genes Associated with Bladder Cancer 51</p> <p>3.3 Types of Bladder Cancer 51</p> <p>3.4 Symptoms of Bladder Cancer 52</p> <p>3.5 Diagnosis 52</p> <p>3.6 Methods of Treatment 53</p> <p>3.6.1 Surgical Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor (TURBT) 53</p> <p>3.6.2 Radiation Therapy 53</p> <p>3.6.3 Photodynamic Therapy 53</p> <p>3.6.4 Chemotherapy 53</p> <p>3.6.5 Targeted Therapy 53</p> <p>3.6.6 Immunotherapy 53</p> <p>3.7 Treatment Regimens 54</p> <p>3.8 Risk Factors/Possible Prevention 57</p> <p>References 57</p> <p><b>4 Cancers of the Blood 67</b></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 67</p> <p>4.2 Genes Associated with Blood Cancer 67</p> <p>4.3 Types of Blood Cancers 68</p> <p>4.4 Blood Cancer Symptoms 70</p> <p>4.5 Diagnosis 70</p> <p>4.6 Methods of Treatment 70</p> <p>4.6.1 Stem Cell Transplantation 71</p> <p>4.6.2 Targeted Radiation Therapy 71</p> <p>4.6.3 Chemotherapy 71</p> <p>4.6.4 Targeted Drug Therapy 71</p> <p>4.7 List of Drugs for Different Types of Blood Cancers 71</p> <p>4.7.1 Drugs for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia 71</p> <p>4.7.2 Drugs for Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) 71</p> <p>4.7.3 Drugs for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia 72</p> <p>4.7.4 Drugs for Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) 72</p> <p>4.7.5 Drugs for Hairy Cell Leukemia 72</p> <p>4.7.6 Drug(s) for Mast Cell Leukemia 72</p> <p>4.7.7 Drug(s) for Meningeal Leukemia 72</p> <p>4.7.8 Drugs for Hodgkin Lymphoma 72</p> <p>4.7.9 Drugs for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma 72</p> <p>4.7.10 Drugs for Multiple Myeloma and Other Plasma Cell Neoplasms 73</p> <p>4.8 Leukemia Treatment regimens 73</p> <p>4.8.1 Treatment Regimens for Acute Lymphocytic (Lymphoblastic) Leukemia (ALL) 73</p> <p>4.8.2 Acute Myeloid (or Myelogenous) Leukemia (AML) Treatment Regimens 76</p> <p>4.8.3 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Treatment Regimens 80</p> <p>4.8.4 Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) Treatment Regimens 83</p> <p>4.8.5 Hairy Cell Leukemia Treatment Regimens 85</p> <p>4.9 Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Treatment Regimens 85</p> <p>4.10 Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Treatment Regimens 89</p> <p>4.11 Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma Treatment Regimens 96</p> <p>4.12 Primary CNS Lymphoma Treatment Regimens 97</p> <p>4.13 Multiple Myeloma Treatment Regimen 98</p> <p>4.14 Risk Factors and Possible Preventions 105</p> <p>References 105</p> <p><b>5 Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors 133</b></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 133</p> <p>5.2 Genes Associated with Brain Cancer 133</p> <p>5.3 Types of Primary Brain Tumors for Adults 133</p> <p>5.3.1 Astrocytoma 134</p> <p>5.3.2 Oligodendroglioma 135</p> <p>5.3.3 Meningioma 135</p> <p>5.4 Types of Brain Cancer for Children 135</p> <p>5.4.1 Medulloblastoma 135</p> <p>5.4.2 Grade I or II Astrocytoma 135</p> <p>5.4.3 Ependymoma 135</p> <p>5.4.4 Brainstem Glioma 135</p> <p>5.5 Brain Tumor Symptoms 136</p> <p>5.6 Diagnosis 136</p> <p>5.6.1 Neurological Exam 136</p> <p>5.6.2 Imaging Tests 136</p> <p>5.6.3 Biopsy 137</p> <p>5.7 Methods of Treatment 137</p> <p>5.7.1 Surgery 137</p> <p>5.7.2 Radiation Therapy 137</p> <p>5.7.3 Radiosurgery 137</p> <p>5.7.4 Chemotherapy 137</p> <p>5.7.5 Targeted Drug Therapy 138</p> <p>5.8 Treatment Regimens 138</p> <p>5.9 Post-Treatment Rehabilitation 141</p> <p>5.10 Risk Factors/Possible Preventions 141</p> <p>References 142</p> <p><b>6 Breast Cancer 151</b></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 151</p> <p>6.2 Genes Associated with Breast Cancer (Pathophysiology) 151</p> <p>6.3 Describing Breast Cancer 151</p> <p>6.4 Breast Cancer Symptoms 153</p> <p>6.5 Diagnosis 153</p> <p>6.5.1 Breast Examination 153</p> <p>6.5.2 Imaging Tests 153</p> <p>6.5.3 Biopsy 153</p> <p>6.6 Methods of Treatment 154</p> <p>6.6.1 Surgery 154</p> <p>6.6.1.1 Lumpectomy 154</p> <p>6.6.1.2 Mastectomy 154</p> <p>6.6.1.3 Sentinel Node Biopsy 154</p> <p>6.6.1.4 Axillary Lymph Node Dissection 154</p> <p>6.6.1.5 Reconstruction 154</p> <p>6.6.2 Radiation Therapy 154</p> <p>6.6.3 Chemotherapy 155</p> <p>6.6.4 Hormone-Blocking Therapy 155</p> <p>6.6.5 Targeted Therapy 155</p> <p>6.6.6 Immunotherapy 155</p> <p>6.6.7 Abbreviations for a Chemotherapy Combination Used to Treat Breast Cancer 156</p> <p>6.6.8 Drugs to Prevent Breast Cancer 156</p> <p>6.7 Drugs for Breast Cancer in Men 156</p> <p>6.8 Treatment Regimens 157</p> <p>6.8.1 Preoperative/Adjuvant Therapy Regimens for HER2-Negative Breast Cancer 157</p> <p>6.8.2 Preoperative/Adjuvant Therapy Regimens for HER2-Positive Breast Cancer 160</p> <p>6.8.3 Systemic Therapy for ER- and/or PR-Positive Recurrent or Stage IV (M1) Disease: HER2-Negative and Postmenopausal or Premenopausal Receiving Ovarian Ablation or Suppression 162</p> <p>6.8.4 Systemic Therapy Regimens for Recurrent/Unresectable/Advanced/ Metastatic Stage IV Breast Cancer: Regimens for HER2-Negative Disease 165</p> <p>6.8.5 Systemic Therapy for ER- and/or PR-Positive Recurrent or Stage IV (M1) Disease: Regimens for HER2-Positive Postmenopausal or Premenopausal Receiving Ovarian Ablation or Suppression 169</p> <p>6.8.6 Systemic Therapy Regimens for Recurrent/Unresectable/Advanced/ Metastatic Stage IV Breast Cancer: Regimens for HER2-Positive Disease 172</p> <p>6.9 Risk Factors/Possible Preventions 176</p> <p>References 177</p> <p><b>7 Colorectal Cancer 193</b></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 193</p> <p>7.2 Genes Associated with Colorectal Cancer 193</p> <p>7.3 Colorectal Cancer Symptoms 193</p> <p>7.4 Stages 195</p> <p>7.5 Diagnosis 195</p> <p>7.6 Methods of Treatment 195</p> <p>7.6.1 Surgery 196</p> <p>7.6.2 Radiation Therapy 196</p> <p>7.6.3 Chemotherapy 196</p> <p>7.6.4 Targeted Therapy 196</p> <p>7.6.5 Immunotherapy 196</p> <p>7.7 Drugs to Anal Cancer 197</p> <p>7.8 Drugs to Prevent Anal Cancer 197</p> <p>7.8.1 Treatment Regimens for Colorectal Cancer: Adjuvant/Advanced/Metastatic Disease 197</p> <p>7.8.2 Systemic Therapy for Advanced or Metastatic Disease 198</p> <p>7.8.3 Treatment Regimens for Anal Cancer: Regimens for Localized Stage 205</p> <p>7.8.4 Treatment Regimens for Anal Cancer: Metastatic Stage 205</p> <p>7.9 Risk Factors/Possible Preventions 207</p> <p>References 207</p> <p><b>8 Cervical Cancer 219</b></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 219</p> <p>8.2 Causes of Cervical Cancer 219</p> <p>8.3 Symptoms of Cervical Cancer 219</p> <p>8.4 Diagnosis 220</p> <p>8.5 Methods of Treatment 221</p> <p>8.5.1 Surgery 221</p> <p>8.5.2 Radiation Therapy 221</p> <p>8.5.3 Chemotherapy 221</p> <p>8.5.4 Targeted Therapy 221</p> <p>8.5.5 Immunotherapy 221</p> <p>8.6 Vaccines to Prevent Cervical Cancer 221</p> <p>8.7 Treatment Regimens: Systemic Therapy for Recurrent or Metastatic Cervical Cancer 222</p> <p>8.8 Risk Factors/Possible Preventions 225</p> <p>References 225</p> <p><b>9 Kidney Cancer 233</b></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 233</p> <p>9.2 Genes Associated with Kidney Cancer 233</p> <p>9.3 Types of Kidney Cancer 234</p> <p>9.4 Kidney Cancer Symptoms 234</p> <p>9.5 Diagnosis 234</p> <p>9.5.1 Urine Tests 235</p> <p>9.5.2 Blood Tests 235</p> <p>9.5.3 Biopsy 235</p> <p>9.5.4 Intravenous Pyelogram 235</p> <p>9.5.5 Ultrasound 235</p> <p>9.5.6 Computed Tomography Scan 235</p> <p>9.5.7 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 235</p> <p>9.5.8 Renal Arteriogram 235</p> <p>9.6 Kidney Cancer Stages 236</p> <p>9.7 Methods of Treatment 236</p> <p>9.7.1 Simple Nephrectomy 236</p> <p>9.7.2 Partial Nephrectomy 236</p> <p>9.7.3 Radical Nephrectomy 237</p> <p>9.7.4 Radiofrequency Ablation 237</p> <p>9.7.5 Arterial Embolization 237</p> <p>9.7.6 Cryotherapy 237</p> <p>9.7.7 Radiation Therapy 237</p> <p>9.7.8 Chemotherapy 237</p> <p>9.7.9 Targeted Drug Therapy 237</p> <p>9.7.10 Immunotherapy 237</p> <p>9.7.11 Complementary or Alternative Treatment 238</p> <p>9.7.12 Drugs for Upper Tract Urothelial Cancer 238</p> <p>9.7.13 Drugs for Wilms’ Tumor and Other Childhood Kidney Cancers 238</p> <p>9.8 Treatment Regimens 238</p> <p>9.9 Risk Factors/Possible Preventions 240</p> <p>References 241</p> <p><b>10 Liver (Hepatocellular) Cancer 247</b></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 247</p> <p>10.2 Gene Associated with Liver Cancer and Role of Hepatitis Infection 247</p> <p>10.3 Liver Cancer Symptoms 247</p> <p>10.4 Diagnosis 248</p> <p>10.5 Methods of Treatment 249</p> <p>10.5.1 Surgery 249</p> <p>10.5.2 Liver Transplant 249</p> <p>10.5.3 Ablation Therapies 249</p> <p>10.5.4 Embolization 249</p> <p>10.5.5 Radiation Therapy 249</p> <p>10.5.6 Chemotherapy 249</p> <p>10.5.7 Targeted Therapy 249</p> <p>10.5.8 Immunotherapy 250</p> <p>10.6 Treatment Regimens 250</p> <p>10.7 Liver (Hepatocellular) Cancer Risk Factors/Possible Preventions 252</p> <p>References 252</p> <p><b>11 Lung Cancer 259</b></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 259</p> <p>11.2 Genes Associated with Lung Cancer 259</p> <p>11.3 Types of Lung Cancer 260</p> <p>11.4 Symptoms of Lung Cancer 260</p> <p>11.5 Diagnosis 261</p> <p>11.5.1 Imaging Tests 261</p> <p>11.5.2 Sputum Cytology 262</p> <p>11.5.3 Tissue Biopsy 262</p> <p>11.6 Methods of Treatment 262</p> <p>11.6.1 Surgery 262</p> <p>11.6.2 Radiation Therapy 262</p> <p>11.6.3 Chemotherapy 262</p> <p>11.6.4 Targeted Drug Therapy 262</p> <p>11.6.5 Immunotherapy 263</p> <p>11.6.6 Drugs by Types of Lung Cancer 263</p> <p>11.6.6.1 Drugs for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer 263</p> <p>11.6.6.2 Drugs for Small Cell Lung Cancer 263</p> <p>11.7 Treatment Regimens 264</p> <p>11.7.1 Treatment Regimens for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer 264</p> <p>11.7.2 Treatment Regimens for Small Cell Lung Cancer 270</p> <p>11.8 Risk Factors and Possible Preventions 273</p> <p>References 273</p> <p><b>12 Melanoma (Skin Cancer) 285</b></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 285</p> <p>12.2 Genes Associated with Melanoma 285</p> <p>12.3 Types of Melanoma 285</p> <p>12.3.1 Superficial Spreading Melanoma 285</p> <p>12.3.2 Nodular Melanoma 286</p> <p>12.3.3 Lentigo Maligna Melanoma 286</p> <p>12.3.4 Acral Lentiginous Melanoma 286</p> <p>12.4 Stages of Malignant Melanoma 286</p> <p>12.5 Symptoms of Melanoma Cancer 287</p> <p>12.6 Diagnosis 287</p> <p>12.6.1 Asymmetric 287</p> <p>12.6.2 Border 287</p> <p>12.6.3 Color 287</p> <p>12.6.4 Diameter 288</p> <p>12.6.5 Evolving 288</p> <p>12.7 Methods of Treatment 288</p> <p>12.7.1 Surgery 288</p> <p>12.7.2 Radiation 288</p> <p>12.7.3 Chemotherapy 288</p> <p>12.7.4 Targeted Therapy 289</p> <p>12.7.5 Immunotherapy 289</p> <p>12.7.6 Photodynamic Therapy 289</p> <p>12.8 Drugs for Other Types of Skin Cancer 289</p> <p>12.8.1 Drugs for Basal Cell Carcinoma 289</p> <p>12.8.2 Drugs for Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma 289</p> <p>12.8.3 Drugs for Merkel Cell Carcinoma 289</p> <p>12.8.4 Drugs for Kaposi Sarcoma 290</p> <p>12.9 Treatment Regimens 290</p> <p>12.10 Melanoma Risk Factors 293</p> <p>12.11 Possible Prevention 294</p> <p>12.11.1 Sun Protection Tips 294</p> <p>12.11.2 What about Vitamin D? 295</p> <p>References 295</p> <p><b>13 Mesothelioma 305</b></p> <p>13.1 Introduction 305</p> <p>13.2 Genes Associated with Mesothelioma 305</p> <p>13.3 Types of Mesothelioma Cancers 305</p> <p>13.4 Mesothelioma Cancer Symptoms 305</p> <p>13.4.1 Symptoms for Pleural Mesothelioma 305</p> <p>13.4.2 Symptoms for Peritoneal Mesothelioma 307</p> <p>13.4.3 Symptoms for Pericardial Mesothelioma 307</p> <p>13.4.4 Symptoms for Testicular Mesothelioma 307</p> <p>13.5 Diagnosis 307</p> <p>13.6 Methods of Treatment 307</p> <p>13.6.1 Surgery 307</p> <p>13.6.2 Radiation Therapy 308</p> <p>13.6.3 Chemotherapy 308</p> <p>13.6.4 Targeted Therapy 308</p> <p>13.6.5 Immunotherapy 308</p> <p>13.7 Treatment Regimens 308</p> <p>13.8 Possible Prevention 310</p> <p>13.9 Occupational Exposure Prevention 310</p> <p>13.9.1 Employer Responsibilities 310</p> <p>13.9.2 Employee Responsibilities 311</p> <p>13.10 Household Exposure Prevention 311</p> <p>References 311</p> <p><b>14 Ovarian, Vaginal, and Vulvar Cancer 317</b></p> <p>14.1 Introduction 317</p> <p>14.2 Genes Associated with Ovarian, Vaginal, and Vulvar Cancer 318</p> <p>14.3 Symptoms of Ovarian, Vaginal, and Vulvar Cancer 318</p> <p>14.4 Diagnosis 319</p> <p>14.5 Methods of Treatment 320</p> <p>14.5.1 Surgery 320</p> <p>14.5.2 Radiation Therapy 320</p> <p>14.5.3 Chemotherapy 320</p> <p>14.5.4 Hormone Therapy 320</p> <p>14.5.5 Targeted Therapy 320</p> <p>14.6 Drugs for Vaginal Cancer 320</p> <p>14.7 Drugs to Prevent Vaginal Cancer 321</p> <p>14.8 Drugs to Treat Vulvar Cancer 321</p> <p>14.9 Drugs to Prevent Vulvar Cancer 321</p> <p>14.10 Treatment Regimens 321</p> <p>14.10.1 Treatment Regimens for Germ Cell Ovarian Cancer 327</p> <p>14.11 Risk Factors/Possible Preventions 328</p> <p>References 328</p> <p><b>15 Pancreatic Cancer 341</b></p> <p>15.1 Introduction 341</p> <p>15.2 Genes Associated with Pancreatic Cancer 341</p> <p>15.3 Symptoms of Pancreatic Cancer 342</p> <p>15.4 Diagnosis 342</p> <p>15.5 Methods of Treatment 342</p> <p>15.5.1 Surgery 343</p> <p>15.5.2 Radiation Therapy 343</p> <p>15.5.3 Chemotherapy 343</p> <p>15.5.4 Targeted Therapy 343</p> <p>15.5.5 Immunotherapy 343</p> <p>15.5.6 Drugs for Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors 343</p> <p>15.6 Treatment Regimens for Pancreatic Cancer 344</p> <p>15.7 Risk Factors and Possible Preventions 346</p> <p>References 347</p> <p><b>16 Prostate Cancer 355</b></p> <p>16.1 Introduction 355</p> <p>16.2 Genes Associated with Prostate Cancer 355</p> <p>16.3 Symptoms of Prostate Cancer 356</p> <p>16.4 Diagnosis 356</p> <p>16.5 Methods of Treatment 357</p> <p>16.5.1 Surgery 357</p> <p>16.5.2 Radiation Therapy 357</p> <p>16.5.3 Cryotherapy 357</p> <p>16.5.4 Chemotherapy 358</p> <p>16.5.5 Targeted Therapy 358</p> <p>16.5.6 Immunotherapy 358</p> <p>16.5.7 Hormone Therapy 358</p> <p>16.6 Treatment Regimens 358</p> <p>16.7 Risk Factors/Possible Preventions 362</p> <p>References 363</p> <p><b>17 Stomach (Gastric) Cancer 371</b></p> <p>17.1 Introduction 371</p> <p>17.2 Genes Associated with Stomach Cancer 371</p> <p>17.3 Symptoms of Stomach Cancer 372</p> <p>17.4 Stages of Stomach Cancer 373</p> <p>17.5 Diagnosis 374</p> <p>17.6 Methods of Treatment 375</p> <p>17.6.1 Surgery 375</p> <p>17.6.2 Endoluminal Stent Placement 375</p> <p>17.6.3 Endoluminal Laser Therapy 375</p> <p>17.6.4 Gastrojejunostomy 375</p> <p>17.7 Radiation Therapy 376</p> <p>17.8 Chemotherapy 376</p> <p>17.9 Targeted Medications 376</p> <p>17.10 Immunotherapy 376</p> <p>17.11 Treatment Regimens for Stomach Cancer 376</p> <p>17.12 Risk Factors 383</p> <p>17.12.1 Certain Medical Conditions 383</p> <p>17.12.2 Smoking 383</p> <p>17.12.3 Helicobacter Pylori Infection 383</p> <p>17.12.4 Family History 384</p> <p>17.12.5 Foods Containing Aflatoxins 384</p> <p>17.12.6 Diet 384</p> <p>17.12.7 Age 384</p> <p>17.12.8 Gender 384</p> <p>17.12.9 Previous or Existing Cancers 384</p> <p>17.12.10 Some Surgical Procedures 384</p> <p>17.13 Possible Preventions 384</p> <p>References 385</p> <p><b>18 Thyroid Cancer 395</b></p> <p>18.1 Introduction 395</p> <p>18.2 Genes Associated with Thyroid Cancer 395</p> <p>18.3 Types of Thyroid Cancer 395</p> <p>18.3.1 Papillary Thyroid Cancer 395</p> <p>18.3.2 Follicular Thyroid Cancer 395</p> <p>18.3.3 Medullary Cancer 396</p> <p>18.3.4 Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer 396</p> <p>18.4 Thyroid Cancer Symptoms 396</p> <p>18.5 Diagnosis 397</p> <p>18.6 Staging of Thyroid Cancer 397</p> <p>18.6.1 Papillary or Follicular Thyroid Cancer Patients under the Age of 45 397</p> <p>18.6.2 Papillary or Follicular Thyroid Cancer Patient Aged 45 Years and Older 397</p> <p>18.6.3 Medullary Thyroid Cancer 398</p> <p>18.6.4 Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer 398</p> <p>18.7 Methods of Treatment 399</p> <p>18.7.1 Surgery 399</p> <p>18.7.2 Radioactive Iodine Ablation 399</p> <p>18.7.3 External Beam Radiation 399</p> <p>18.7.4 Thyroid Hormone Therapy 399</p> <p>18.7.5 Chemotherapy 399</p> <p>18.7.6 Targeted Therapy 399</p> <p>18.8 Treatment Regimens 400</p> <p>18.9 Possible Preventions 402</p> <p>References 402</p> <p><b>19 Endometrial Cancer 407</b></p> <p>19.1 Introduction 407</p> <p>19.2 Genes Associated with Endometrial Cancer 407</p> <p>19.3 Symptoms 407</p> <p>19.4 Endometrial Cancer Diagnosis 408</p> <p>19.4.1 Internal Pelvic Exam 408</p> <p>19.4.2 Pap Test (also called Pap Smear) 408</p> <p>19.4.3 Endometrial Biopsy 408</p> <p>19.4.4 Dilation and Curettage (Also Called D&C) 409</p> <p>19.4.5 Transvaginal Ultrasound 409</p> <p>19.5 Stages 409</p> <p>19.6 Methods of Treatment 409</p> <p>19.6.1 Surgery 409</p> <p>19.6.1.1 Hysterectomy 410</p> <p>19.6.1.2 Salpingo-oophorectomy 410</p> <p>19.6.1.3 Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection 410</p> <p>19.6.1.4 Para-aortic Lymphadenectomy 410</p> <p>19.6.1.5 Laparoscopic Lymph Node Sampling 410</p> <p>19.6.1.6 Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping 410</p> <p>19.6.2 Radiation Therapy 410</p> <p>19.6.2.1 External Radiation Therapy 410</p> <p>19.6.2.2 Internal Radiation Therapy 410</p> <p>19.6.3 Chemotherapy 410</p> <p>19.6.4 Targeted Therapy 411</p> <p>19.6.5 Immunotherapy 411</p> <p>19.6.6 Hormone Therapy 411</p> <p>19.7 Treatment Regimens 411</p> <p>19.8 Risk Factors of Endometrial Cancer 415</p> <p>19.9 Prevention 415</p> <p>References 416</p> <p><b>20 Penile Cancer 423</b></p> <p>20.1 Introduction 423</p> <p>20.2 Symptoms of Penile Cancer 423</p> <p>20.3 Penile Cancer Diagnosis 424</p> <p>20.3.1 Biopsy 424</p> <p>20.3.2 Imaging Tests 424</p> <p>20.4 Methods of Penile Cancer Treatment 424</p> <p>20.4.1 Surgery 424</p> <p>20.4.1.1 Circumcision 424</p> <p>20.4.1.2 Other Surgical Procedures 425</p> <p>20.4.2 Local Treatments (Other than Surgery) for Penile Cancer 425</p> <p>20.4.2.1 Laser Ablation 425</p> <p>20.4.2.2 Cryosurgery/Cryotherapy 425</p> <p>20.4.2.3 Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) 425</p> <p>20.4.3 Radiation Therapy 425</p> <p>20.4.4 Chemotherapy 425</p> <p>20.4.4.1 Topical Chemotherapy 425</p> <p>20.4.4.2 Systemic Chemotherapy 425</p> <p>20.5 Treatment Regimens for Penile Cancer 425</p> <p>20.6 Risk Factors of Penile Cancer 427</p> <p>20.7 Penile Cancer Prevention 427</p> <p>References 428</p> <p><b>21 Testicular Cancer 431</b></p> <p>21.1 Introduction 431</p> <p>21.2 Symptoms of Testicular Cancer 431</p> <p>21.3 Diagnosis 432</p> <p>21.3.1 Ultrasound 432</p> <p>21.3.2 A Physical Exam and Medical History 432</p> <p>21.3.3 Blood Tests for Tumor Markers 432</p> <p>21.3.3.1 Biopsy 433</p> <p>21.3.4 CT Scan and X-ray 433</p> <p>21.4 Methods of Treatment 433</p> <p>21.4.1 Surgical Treatment 433</p> <p>21.4.2 Radiation Therapy 433</p> <p>21.4.3 Chemotherapy 433</p> <p>21.5 Treatment Regimens for Testicular Cancer 433</p> <p>21.6 Risk Factors 435</p> <p>21.6.1 An Undescended Testicle 435</p> <p>21.6.2 Family History of Testicular Cancer 436</p> <p>21.6.3 HIV Infection 436</p> <p>21.6.4 Race 436</p> <p>21.6.5 Infertility 436</p> <p>21.6.6 Certain Activities 436</p> <p>21.6.7 Reducing Exposure to Chemical Toxins 436</p> <p>21.7 Prevention 436</p> <p>21.8 Self-Exam of Testicular Cancer 437</p> <p>References 437</p> <p>Index 443</p>

<p><b><i>Surya K. De, PhD, </b>is a principal scientist at Conju-Probe in San Diego, USA. He received his doctorate in organic chemistry from Jadavpur University in Kolkata, India. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry and an elected Councilor in the American Chemical Society.</i></p>ss

<p><b>The professional guide to cancer diagnosis and therapy for researchers and clinicians</b></p> <p>In <i>Fundamentals of Cancer Detection, Treatment, and Prevention,</i> distinguished researcher Surya K. De delivers a concise and authoritative guide to cancer treatment, diagnosis, and prevention. The book offers a comprehensive overview of cancer in humans, from its causes, symptoms, and diagnosis to the variety of treatment options available today. Intuitively organized by cancer type, this guide provides concise information on risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment options for all commonly encountered tumors, including surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. <p>All US FDA-approved drugs—like small molecules, peptides, monoclonal antibodies, whole antibodies, gene therapy, antibody-drug conjugates, and cell therapies—are considered, and information about their generic and brand names, clinical uses, and mechanisms of action is presented. Readers will also find: <ul><li>A thorough overview of human cancers, including cancer risk factors and possible preventions</li> <li>Comprehensive explorations of bladder, blood, brain, and spinal cord cancers</li> <li>Practical discussions of breast, colorectal, cervical, kidney, and liver cancer</li> <li>In-depth examinations of lung, skin, ovarian, vaginal, vulvar, pancreatic, and prostate cancers, as well as mesothelioma</li></ul> <p>Perfect for pharmaceutical chemists, oncologists, pharmacologists, and medicinal chemists, <i>Fundamentals of Cancer Detection, Treatment, and Prevention </i>is an indispensable guide for professional researchers, whether they are working in the clinic or the pharmaceutical industry.

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