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Optical Fiber Sensing Technologies


Optical Fiber Sensing Technologies

Principles, Techniques and Applications
2 Volumes

von: Tiegen Liu, Junfeng Jiang, Kun Liu, Shuang Wang

318,99 €

Verlag: Wiley-VCH
Format: EPUB
Veröffentl.: 26.10.2021
ISBN/EAN: 9783527822447
Sprache: englisch
Anzahl Seiten: 864

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Beschreibungen

<b>Optical Fiber Sensing Technologies</ b> <p><b>Explore foundational and advanced topics in optical fiber sensing technologies</b> <p>In <i>Optical Fiber Sensing Technologies: Principles, Techniques, and Applications,</i> a team of distinguished researchers delivers a comprehensive overview of all critical aspects of optical fiber sensing devices, systems, and technologies. The book moves from the basic principles of the technology to innovation methods and a broad range of applications, including Bragg grating sensing technology, intra-cavity laser gas sensing technology, optical coherence tomography, distributed vibration sensing, and acoustic sensing. <p>The accomplished authors bridge the gap between innovative new research in the field and practical engineering solutions, offering readers an unmatched source of practical, application-ready knowledge. <p>Ideal for anyone seeking to further the boundaries of the science of <i>optical fiber sensing or the technological applications for which these techniques are used, Optical Fiber Sensing Technologies: Principles, Techniques, and Applications</i> also includes: <ul><li>Thorough introductions to optical fiber and optical devices, as well as optical fiber Bragg grating sensing technology </li> <li>Practical discussions of Extrinsic-Fabry-Perot-Interferometer-based optical fiber sensing technology, acoustic sensing technology, and high-temperature sensing technology </li> <li>Comprehensive explorations of assemble free micro-interferometer-based optical fiber sensing technology </li> <li>In-depth examinations of optical fiber intra-cavity laser gas sensing technology </li></ul> <p>Perfect for applied and semiconductor physicists, <i>Optical Fiber Sensing Technologies: Principles, Techniques, and Applications</i> is also an invaluable resource for professionals working in the semiconductor, optical, and sensor industries, as well as materials scientists and engineers for measurement and control.
<p><b>Volume 1</b></p> <p>Preface xiii</p> <p><b>1 Optical Fiber and Optical Devices </b><b>1</b></p> <p>1.1 Optical Fiber 1</p> <p>1.2 Light Source 3</p> <p>1.2.1 Semiconductor Laser 3</p> <p>1.2.2 Optical Fiber Laser 6</p> <p>1.3 Optical Amplifier 9</p> <p>1.3.1 Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier 9</p> <p>1.3.2 Semiconductor Optical Amplifier 12</p> <p>1.4 Detector 14</p> <p>1.5 Optical Fiber Passive Device 17</p> <p>1.5.1 Optical Fiber Coupler 17</p> <p>1.5.2 Optical Fiber Polarizer 18</p> <p>1.5.3 Optical Fiber Isolator 19</p> <p>1.5.4 Optical Fiber Circulator 20</p> <p>1.5.5 Optical Fiber Switcher 22</p> <p>1.5.5.1 Mechanical Optical Fiber Switcher 23</p> <p>1.5.5.2 Solid Physical Effect-Based Optical Fiber Switcher 24</p> <p>1.6 Optical Fiber Modulator 26</p> <p>1.6.1 Optical Fiber Phase Modulator 26</p> <p>1.6.2 Optical Fiber Intensity Modulator 27</p> <p>References 28</p> <p><b>Part I Discrete Optical Fiber Sensing </b><b>31</b></p> <p><b>2 Optical Fiber Bragg Grating Sensing Technology </b><b>33</b></p> <p>2.1 Principle of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensing 33</p> <p>2.2 Photosensitivity of Ge-Doped Fiber 34</p> <p>2.3 Fabrication of Fiber Bragg Grating 37</p> <p>2.4 Package Design for Strain and Temperature Sensing 40</p> <p>2.4.1 Package Design for Temperature Sensing 41</p> <p>2.4.2 Package Design for Strain Sensing 44</p> <p>2.4.3 Performance Evaluation Under Cryogenic Temperature 47</p> <p>2.5 Demodulation of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensing for Space Application 55</p> <p>2.5.1 Demodulation Theory of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensing 55</p> <p>2.5.2 Demodulation Instrument Development 63</p> <p>2.5.3 Effect of Environment Temperature Variation 64</p> <p>2.5.4 Performance of FBG in Space Vacuum Thermal Environment 80</p> <p>2.5.5 Cryogenic Static Measurement 84</p> <p>References 90</p> <p><b>3 Extrinsic Fabry–Pérot Interferometer-Based Optical Fiber Sensing Technology </b><b>93</b></p> <p>3.1 Principle of Fabry–Pérot Interferometer 93</p> <p>3.2 Fabry–Pérot Interferometer-Based Optical Fiber Sensor Structure 95</p> <p>3.2.1 Fiber-Optic Intrinsic Fabry–Pérot Interferometer 95</p> <p>3.2.1.1 IFPI Based on Reflective Film Coating on Fiber End 96</p> <p>3.2.1.2 IFPI Based on UV-Induced Refractive Index Change 96</p> <p>3.2.1.3 IFPI Based on Fusion Splicing of Different Kinds of Fibers 97</p> <p>3.2.2 Fiber-Optic Extrinsic Fabry–Pérot Interferometer 98</p> <p>3.2.2.1 EFPI Based on Capillary and Two Optical Fibers 99</p> <p>3.2.2.2 EFPI Based on Diaphragm 100</p> <p>3.2.2.3 EFPI Based on Air Gap in Fiber 101</p> <p>3.2.2.4 EFPI Sensors Based on Angle-Polished Fiber End 102</p> <p>3.2.2.5 EFPI Based on Transparent Medium 103</p> <p>3.2.2.6 EFPI Based on In-Line Fiber Splicing 103</p> <p>3.3 Optical Fiber Fabry–Pérot Interferometer Sensor Based on MEMS 104</p> <p>3.3.1 Silicon-Diaphragm Optical Fiber Pressure Sensor 105</p> <p>3.3.2 Temperature-Compensated Silicon-Based Optical Fiber Pressure Sensor 107</p> <p>3.3.3 Non-intrusive Optical Fiber Sensor Head Chip Inspection 110</p> <p>3.3.3.1 Self-Referenced Residual Pressure Measurement Method 111</p> <p>3.3.3.2 Residual Pressure Self-Measurement Method 112</p> <p>3.4 Polarization Low-Coherence Interference Demodulation for Pressure Sensing 114</p> <p>3.4.1 Demodulation Theory 114</p> <p>3.4.2 Demodulation Instrument 117</p> <p>3.4.3 Demodulation Algorithm 118</p> <p>3.4.4 Low-Coherence Interference Multiplexing 124</p> <p>3.5 Application 129</p> <p>3.5.1 Optical Fiber Pressure Sensing in Ocean Application 129</p> <p>3.5.2 Optical Fiber Pressure Sensing in Aviation Application 129</p> <p>References 132</p> <p><b>4 Extrinsic Fabry–Perot Interferometer-Based Optical Fiber Acoustic Sensing Technology </b><b>137</b></p> <p>4.1 Polymer Diaphragm Optical Fiber Acoustic Sensor 137</p> <p>4.1.1 Basic Description of Fiber-Optic Fabry–Perot Acoustic Sensor 137</p> <p>4.1.2 The Diaphragm Used for Optical Fiber Acoustic Sensing 137</p> <p>4.2 Sensor Design and Parameters Optimization 138</p> <p>4.2.1 Structure of Fiber-Optic Fabry–Perot Acoustic Vibration Sensor 138</p> <p>4.2.2 Parameter Optimization of Sensor 140</p> <p>4.3 Demodulation 141</p> <p>4.3.1 Quadrature Phase Demodulation Theory 142</p> <p>4.3.1.1 Principle of Dual-Laser Quadrature Phase Demodulation 143</p> <p>4.3.1.2 Principle of Phase-Shifting Demodulation Using Birefringence Crystals 145</p> <p>4.3.2 Dual-Laser Quadrature Phase Demodulation Instrument 153</p> <p>4.3.3 Phase-Shifting Demodulation Instrument Using Birefringence Crystals 155</p> <p>4.4 Optical Fiber Acoustic Sensing in Space Application 159</p> <p>4.4.1 The Significance of Applying Optical Fiber Acoustic Sensor to Aerospace 159</p> <p>4.4.2 Application of Optical Fiber Acoustic Vibration Sensor in Monitoring Requirement of Water Sublimator 160</p> <p>4.4.3 Application of Optical Fiber Acoustic Sensor System in Low-Pressure Carbon Dioxide Environment 163</p> <p>References 167</p> <p><b>5 Extrinsic Fabry–Perot Interferometer-Based Optical Fiber High-Temperature Sensing Technology </b><b>169</b></p> <p>5.1 Sapphire Material Characteristic 169</p> <p>5.1.1 Optical Properties of Sapphire Crystal 169</p> <p>5.1.2 Temperature Characteristics of Sapphire Crystal 171</p> <p>5.1.2.1 Sapphire Fiber 171</p> <p>5.1.3 Sapphire Wafer 172</p> <p>5.2 Sapphire Fiber Fabry–Perot High-Temperature Sensor Design and Fabrication 173</p> <p>5.2.1 Theory of Fiber Fabry–Perot High-Temperature Sensing 173</p> <p>5.2.2 Fiber Coupling Model of Fabry–Perot Interference Signal 174</p> <p>5.2.3 Temperature Characteristics of Sapphire Fabry–Perot Cavity 176</p> <p>5.2.4 Sapphire Fiber and Multimode Fiber Beam Coupling Process 177</p> <p>5.2.5 Sapphire Fiber Fabry–Perot High-Temperature Sensor Packaging Process 180</p> <p>5.3 Sapphire Fiber Fabry–Perot High-Temperature Sensing Demodulation System 181</p> <p>5.3.1 Sensing Demodulation System 181</p> <p>5.3.2 Interference Spectrum Signal Characteristics of Sensing System 182</p> <p>5.3.3 Influence of Spectral Distribution of Light Source on Peak Position of Interference Spectrum Signal 185</p> <p>5.3.4 Typical Spectral Demodulation Principle 187</p> <p>5.3.4.1 Single-Peak Demodulation 187</p> <p>5.3.4.2 Dual-Peak Demodulation 189</p> <p>5.3.4.3 Fourier Transform Demodulation 189</p> <p>5.3.5 Demodulation Algorithm Based on Interferometric Spectral Phase Analysis 191</p> <p>5.4 Analysis of Sensing Performance of Sapphire Fiber Fabry–Perot High-Temperature Sensor 192</p> <p>5.4.1 Sensor Response Speed 193</p> <p>5.4.2 Different Signal-to-Noise Ratios and Fabry–Perot Cavity Lengths 193</p> <p>5.5 Self-Filtering High Fringe Contrast Sapphire Fiber Fabry–Perot High-Temperature Sensor 197</p> <p>5.6 Summary 202</p> <p>References 203</p> <p><b>6 Assembly-Free Micro-interferometer-Based Optical Fiber Sensing Technology </b><b>207</b></p> <p>6.1 Assembly-Free In-Fiber Micro-interferometer 207</p> <p>6.2 Optical Fiber Sensor Based on Fiber Tip Micro-Michelson Interferometer 208</p> <p>6.2.1 Principle of Optical Fiber Michelson Interferometer 208</p> <p>6.2.2 Structure of Micro-Michelson Interferometer on a Fiber Tip 209</p> <p>6.2.3 High-Temperature Sensing 211</p> <p>6.3 Optical Fiber Sensor Based on In-Line Mach–Zehnder Interferometer 212</p> <p>6.3.1 Principle of Optical Fiber Mach–Zehnder Interferometer 212</p> <p>6.3.2 Structure of In-Line Mach–Zehnder Interferometer 213</p> <p>6.3.3 In-Line Mach–Zehnder Interferometer Sensor 215</p> <p>6.3.3.1 High-Temperature Sensor 216</p> <p>6.3.3.2 Refractive Index Sensor 216</p> <p>6.3.3.3 Strain Sensor 217</p> <p>6.4 Optical Fiber Sensor Based on Fabry–Perot Interferometer 218</p> <p>6.4.1 Principle of Optical Fiber Fabry–Perot Interferometer 218</p> <p>6.4.1.1 Principle of Multiple-Beams Interference 218</p> <p>6.4.1.2 Principle of Multiple-Cavity Interference 220</p> <p>6.4.2 Structure of Fiber Fabry–Perot Interferometer 221</p> <p>6.4.3 Fiber Fabry–Perot Interferometer Sensor 223</p> <p>6.4.3.1 Refractive Index Sensor 223</p> <p>6.4.3.2 Pressure and Strain Sensor 224</p> <p>6.4.3.3 High-Temperature Sensor 224</p> <p>6.4.3.4 Multiple-Parameter Sensor 225</p> <p>6.5 Discussion and Conclusion 226</p> <p>References 226</p> <p><b>7 Surface Plasmon Resonance-Based Optical Fiber Sensing Technology </b><b>233</b></p> <p>7.1 Coating of Optical Fiber 233</p> <p>7.1.1 Physical Vapor Deposition 234</p> <p>7.1.1.1 Sputter Deposition 234</p> <p>7.1.1.2 Evaporation 234</p> <p>7.1.1.3 The Holding Mechanism of the Optical Fiber in PVD 235</p> <p>7.1.2 Chemical Liquid Phase Deposition 237</p> <p>7.1.3 Metal Nanoparticles and Nanowires 238</p> <p>7.2 Theoretical Modeling Multimode Optical Fiber Sensor Based on SPR 238</p> <p>7.2.1 The Model 239</p> <p>7.2.2 Experimental Verification 247</p> <p>7.3 EMD-Based Filtering Algorithm 250</p> <p>References 256</p> <p><b>8 Sagnac Interferometer-Based Optical Fiber Sensing Technology </b><b>259</b></p> <p>8.1 Principle of Sagnac Interferometer 259</p> <p>8.2 Optical Fiber Gyroscope (FOG) 260</p> <p>8.3 Optical Fiber Coil Quality Inspection Method 264</p> <p>8.3.1 Optical Fiber Coil and its Winding Method 264</p> <p>8.3.2 Polarization Crosstalk Measurement of Fiber Coils 267</p> <p>8.3.2.1 The Principle of Polarization Crosstalk of PMF 268</p> <p>8.3.2.2 The Principle of Distributed Polarization Crosstalk Measurements and Controls 269</p> <p>8.3.2.3 PMF Coils Polarization Crosstalk Measurements and Controls 271</p> <p>8.3.2.4 Raw PMFs Quality Testing 271</p> <p>8.3.2.5 Online PMF Coils Polarization Crosstalk Measurements and Controls 272</p> <p>8.3.2.6 Online Controls for Winding Tensions 273</p> <p>8.3.2.7 Online Testing for Winding Symmetry 273</p> <p>8.3.2.8 Overall PMF Coils’ Inspection 275</p> <p>8.3.2.9 PMF Coils’ Technique Inspection 275</p> <p>8.3.3 Transient Characteristics Measurement of Fiber Coils 276</p> <p>8.3.3.1 Pointing Error Caused by Time-Dependent Radial Thermal Gradient 277</p> <p>8.3.3.2 Experimental Result and Discussions of Transient Characteristics Measurement of Fiber Coils 281</p> <p>8.3.4 Tomographic Inspection of Fiber Coils 286</p> <p>8.3.4.1 Principle of Tomographic Inspection of Fiber Coils 287</p> <p>8.4 Optical Fiber Current Sensing 291</p> <p>References 294</p> <p><b>9 Optical Fiber Sensors Based on the SMS Structure </b><b>303</b></p> <p>9.1 Theory of SMS Fiber Structure 303</p> <p>9.2 Characteristics of SMS Fiber Structure 307</p> <p>9.2.1 Influence of the MMF Length 307</p> <p>9.2.2 Influence of the Wavelength 311</p> <p>9.2.3 Influence of Core Radius of the MMF 311</p> <p>9.2.4 Influence of Refractive Indices of the MMF 313</p> <p>9.3 Fiber Sensors Based on SMS Fiber Structure 319</p> <p>9.3.1 Sensor Design and Fabrication 319</p> <p>9.3.2 Refractive Index Sensors Based on SNS Fiber Structure 320</p> <p>9.3.3 Temperature Sensors Based on SNS Structure 330</p> <p>9.3.4 Magnetic Field Sensors Based on SNS or SMS Fiber Structure 331</p> <p>9.3.4.1 Scalar Magnetic Field 331</p> <p>9.3.4.2 Vector Magnetic Field 337</p> <p>References 341</p> <p><b>10 Whisper-Gallery-Mode-Based Hollow Microcavity Optical Fiber Sensing Technology </b><b>345</b></p> <p>10.1 Whisper-Gallery-Mode Theory 345</p> <p>10.2 Fabrication of Hollow Microcavity with Internal Air Pressure Control 349</p> <p>10.2.1 Drawing System 350</p> <p>10.2.2 Fabrication of Thin-Wall Micro-Capillary with Predetermined Radius 351</p> <p>10.2.3 Fabrication of Hollow Microsphere with Wall-Thickness Control 355</p> <p>10.3 Optical Fiber Magnetic Field Sensor Based on Thin-Wall Micro-Capillary and WGM 359</p> <p>10.3.1 Magnetic Nanoparticle Assembly 359</p> <p>10.3.2 Sensor Fabrication and Measurement 362</p> <p>10.4 Optical Fiber High-Resolution Temperature Sensor Based on Hollow Microsphere and WGM 368</p> <p>10.5 Ultraprecise Resonance Wavelength Determination Method 375</p> <p>References 380</p> <p><b>Volume 2</b></p> <p>Preface xiii</p> <p><b>Part II Special Discrete Optical Fiber Sensing and Network </b><b>383</b></p> <p>11 Optical Fiber Intra-cavity Laser Gas Sensing Technology 385</p> <p>12 Optical Fiber-Based Optical Coherence Tomography 437</p> <p>13 Discrete Optical Fiber Sensing Network Technology 487</p> <p><b>Part III Distributed Optical Fiber Sensing </b><b>537</b></p> <p>14 Distributed Vibration Sensing Based on Dual Mach–Zehnder Interferometer 539</p> <p>15 Regional Style Intelligent Perimeter Security Technique Based on Michelson Interferometer 595</p> <p>16 Distributed Temperature Sensing Based on Raman Scattering 625</p> <p>17 Distributed Acoustic Sensing Based on Optical Time-Domain Reflectometry 657</p> <p>18 Distributed Sensing Based on Optical Frequency-Domain Reflectometry 709</p> <p>19 Distributed Sensing Based on Brillouin Optical Correlation-Domain Analysis 771</p> <p>Index 815</p>
<p><i><b>Tiegen Liu, PhD,</b> is Professor in the School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering at Tianjin University, China.</i></p> <p><i><b>Junfeng Jiang, PhD,</b> is Professor in the School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering at Tianjin University, China.</i> <p><i><b>Kun Liu, PhD, </b>is Associate Professor in the School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering at Tianjin University, China.</i> <p><i><b>Shuang Wang, PhD,</b> is Assistant Professor in the School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering at Tianjin University, China</i>
<p><b>Explore foundational and advanced topics in optical fiber sensing technologies</b></p> <p>In <i>Optical Fiber Sensing Technologies: Principles, Techniques, and Applications,</i> a team of distinguished researchers delivers a comprehensive overview of all critical aspects of optical fiber sensing devices, systems, and technologies. The book moves from the basic principles of the technology to innovation methods and a broad range of applications, including Bragg grating sensing technology, intra-cavity laser gas sensing technology, optical coherence tomography, distributed vibration sensing, and acoustic sensing. <p>The accomplished authors bridge the gap between innovative new research in the field and practical engineering solutions, offering readers an unmatched source of practical, application-ready knowledge. <p>Ideal for anyone seeking to further the boundaries of the science of <i>optical fiber sensing or the technological applications for which these techniques are used, Optical Fiber Sensing Technologies: Principles, Techniques, and Applications</i> also includes: <ul><li>Thorough introductions to optical fiber and optical devices, as well as optical fiber Bragg grating sensing technology </li> <li>Practical discussions of Extrinsic-Fabry-Perot-Interferometer-based optical fiber sensing technology, acoustic sensing technology, and high-temperature sensing technology </li> <li>Comprehensive explorations of assemble free micro-interferometer-based optical fiber sensing technology </li> <li>In-depth examinations of optical fiber intra-cavity laser gas sensing technology </li></ul> <p>Perfect for applied and semiconductor physicists, <i>Optical Fiber Sensing Technologies: Principles, Techniques, and Applications</i> is also an invaluable resource for professionals working in the semiconductor, optical, and sensor industries, as well as materials scientists and engineers for measurement and control.

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