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Corrosion Inhibitors in the Oil and Gas Industry


Corrosion Inhibitors in the Oil and Gas Industry


1. Aufl.

von: Viswanathan S. Saji, Saviour A. Umoren

120,99 €

Verlag: Wiley-VCH
Format: PDF
Veröffentl.: 29.01.2020
ISBN/EAN: 9783527822126
Sprache: englisch
Anzahl Seiten: 464

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Beschreibungen

Provides comprehensive coverage of corrosion inhibitors in the oil and gas industries <br> <br> Considering the high importance of corrosion inhibitor development for the oil and gas sectors, this book provides a thorough overview of the most recent advancements in this field. It systematically addresses corrosion inhibitors for various applications in the oil and gas value chain, as well as the fundamentals of corrosion inhibition and interference of inhibitors with co-additives. <br> <br> Corrosion Inhibitors in the Oil and Gas Industries is presented in three parts. The first part on Fundamentals and Approaches focuses on principles and processes in the oil and gas industry, the types of corrosion encountered and their control methods, environmental factors affecting inhibition, material selection strategies, and economic aspects of corrosion. The second part on Choice of Inhibitors examines corrosion inhibitors for acidizing processes, inhibitors for sweet and sour corrosion, inhibitors in refinery operations, high-temperature corrosion inhibitors, inhibitors for challenging corrosive environments, inhibitors for microbiologically influenced corrosion, polymeric inhibitors, vapor phase inhibitors, and smart controlled release inhibitor systems. The last part on Interaction with Co-additives looks at industrial co-additives and their interference with corrosion inhibitors such as antiscalants, hydrate inhibitors, and sulfide scavengers. <br> <br> -Presents a well-structured and systematic overview of the fundamentals and factors affecting corrosion <br> -Acts as a handy reference tool for scientists and engineers working with corrosion inhibitors for the oil and gas industries <br> -Collectively presents all the information available on the development and application of corrosion inhibitors for the oil and gas industries <br> -Offers a unique and specific focus on the oil and gas industries <br> <br> Corrosion Inhibitors in the Oil and Gas Industries is an excellent resource for scientists in industry as well as in academia working in the field of corrosion protection for the oil and gas sectors, and will appeal to materials scientists, electrochemists, chemists, and chemical engineers. <br>
<p>Preface xv</p> <p>Acknowledgments xix</p> <p><b>Part I Fundamentals and Approaches </b><b>1</b></p> <p><b>1 An Overview of Corrosion in Oil and Gas Industry: Upstream, Midstream, and Downstream Sectors </b><b>3<br /></b><i>Yahya T. Al-Janabi</i></p> <p>1.1 Introduction 3</p> <p>1.2 Corrosion in Upstream Production Operations 4</p> <p>1.2.1 Causes of Corrosion in Upstream Environments 7</p> <p>1.2.1.1 Oxygen 8</p> <p>1.2.1.2 Hydrogen Sulfide, Polysulfides, and Sulfur 9</p> <p>1.2.1.3 Carbon Dioxide 10</p> <p>1.2.1.4 Strong Acids 11</p> <p>1.2.1.5 Concentrated Brines 11</p> <p>1.2.2 Corrosion Types in Petroleum Production Operations 11</p> <p>1.2.3 Corrosion Inhibitors for Oil and Gas Production 12</p> <p>1.2.3.1 Oil and Gas Wells 12</p> <p>1.2.3.2 Inhibitor Selection 13</p> <p>1.2.3.3 Practical Challenges with Inhibition 14</p> <p>1.2.3.4 Inhibitor Application Methods 14</p> <p>1.2.3.5 Oxygen Removal 16</p> <p>1.2.4 Problems Encountered and Protective Measures 17</p> <p>1.2.4.1 Drilling Fluid Corrosion 17</p> <p>1.2.4.2 Primary Production 18</p> <p>1.2.4.3 Corrosion in Secondary Recovery Operations 20</p> <p>1.2.5 CO<sub>2</sub> Injection 23</p> <p>1.2.6 Corrosion of Oil and Gas Offshore Production Platforms 23</p> <p>1.2.7 Corrosion of Gathering Systems and Tanks 23</p> <p>1.2.7.1 Sweet Gas Corrosion 24</p> <p>1.2.7.2 Sour Gas Corrosion 24</p> <p>1.2.7.3 Oil Wells Corrosion 24</p> <p>1.3 Corrosion in Midstream Sector 25</p> <p>1.3.1 Control of Internal Corrosion in Carbon Steel Oil Pipeline Systems 27</p> <p>1.3.2 Control of Internal Corrosion in Carbon Steel Gas Pipeline Systems 28</p> <p>1.3.3 Control of Internal Corrosion in Carbon Steel Water Pipeline Systems 28</p> <p>1.3.4 Chemical Inhibition of Internal Corrosion in Carbon Steel Pipeline Systems 29</p> <p>1.4 Corrosion in Downstream Sector 30</p> <p>1.4.1 Materials of Construction 31</p> <p>1.4.2 Corrosion in Refineries and Petrochemical Plants 32</p> <p>1.4.3 Corrosion Inhibitors in Refinery and Petrochemical Plants 33</p> <p>1.4.4 Corrosion Control of Water-Recirculating Systems 33</p> <p>1.4.4.1 Typical Corrosion Reactions in Water-Recirculating Systems 34</p> <p>1.4.4.2 Water Corrosivity 35</p> <p>1.4.4.3 Corrosion Control 36</p> <p>1.5 Conclusions and Outlook 37</p> <p>References 38</p> <p><b>2 Fundamentals of Corrosion and Corrosion Control in Oil and Gas Sectors </b><b>41<br /></b><i>Anil Bhardwaj</i></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 41</p> <p>2.2 Material Degradation and Corrosion 41</p> <p>2.3 Electromotive Force (EMF) Series and Galvanic Series 49</p> <p>2.4 Forms of Corrosion 51</p> <p>2.4.1 Uniform Corrosion 51</p> <p>2.4.2 Galvanic or Two-Metal Corrosion 52</p> <p>2.4.2.1 Factors Affecting Galvanic Corrosion 53</p> <p>2.4.2.2 How to Reduce Galvanic Corrosion 54</p> <p>2.4.2.3 Benefits of Galvanic Effect 54</p> <p>2.4.3 Crevice Corrosion 54</p> <p>2.4.4 Pitting 55</p> <p>2.4.5 Intergranular Corrosion 57</p> <p>2.4.6 Erosion–Corrosion 58</p> <p>2.4.7 Stress-Corrosion Cracking (SCC) 60</p> <p>2.4.8 Under-Deposit Corrosion (UDC) 61</p> <p>2.4.9 Acid Corrosion 63</p> <p>2.4.10 Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion 63</p> <p>2.5 Factors Influencing Oilfield Corrosion 66</p> <p>2.5.1 Free Water and Water Composition 66</p> <p>2.5.2 Type of Oil 68</p> <p>2.5.3 Gas Composition 69</p> <p>2.5.4 Pressure Effect 70</p> <p>2.5.5 Temperature Effect 71</p> <p>2.5.6 Velocity Effect 71</p> <p>2.6 Corrosion Control 72</p> <p>2.6.1 Material Selection 72</p> <p>2.6.2 Environment Control 73</p> <p>2.6.3 Proper Design 73</p> <p>2.6.4 Chemical Treatment 73</p> <p>2.7 Conclusions and Outlook 74</p> <p>References 74</p> <p><b>3 Environmental Factors Affecting Corrosion Inhibition in Oil and Gas Industry 77<br /></b><i>Mohamed A. Migahed</i></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 77</p> <p>3.2 Environmental Factors Affecting Corrosion Inhibition 78</p> <p>3.2.1 Influence of Temperature and Pressure 78</p> <p>3.2.2 Influence of Flow Parameters 81</p> <p>3.2.3 Effect of Natural Gases 83</p> <p>3.2.3.1 Effect of Sulfur Dioxide 83</p> <p>3.2.3.2 Effect of Hydrogen Sulfide 86</p> <p>3.2.3.3 Effect of Carbon Dioxide 88</p> <p>3.2.4 Effect of Cationic Species 91</p> <p>3.2.5 Effect of Anionic Species 91</p> <p>3.2.6 Effect of Microorganisms 96</p> <p>3.2.7 Effect of pH 98</p> <p>3.2.8 Effect of the Pre-corrosion 100</p> <p>3.3 Conclusions and Outlook 101</p> <p>References 102</p> <p><b>4 Key Materials in Oil and Gas Production and the Choice of Inhibitors </b><b>111<br /></b><i>Thiago J. Mesquita and Hervé Marchebois</i></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 111</p> <p>4.2 Materials in Oil and Gas Industry 112</p> <p>4.2.1 Carbon Steel or CRA? 112</p> <p>4.2.2 Non-metallic Materials 116</p> <p>4.3 The Choice of Corrosion Inhibitor for Oil and Gas Production 116</p> <p>4.3.1 Factors Affecting the Efficiency of Corrosion Inhibitor 117</p> <p>4.3.2 Laboratory Corrosion Inhibitor Selection 119</p> <p>4.4 Principles of CI Qualification Tests 120</p> <p>4.4.1 Bubble Test 121</p> <p>4.4.2 Partitioning Test 122</p> <p>4.4.2.1 Corrosivity of the Water Phase After Partitioning 122</p> <p>4.4.2.2 Titrability and Partitioning Coefficient 123</p> <p>4.4.3 Impact on the Process Test 124</p> <p>4.4.3.1 Emulsion Tendency 124</p> <p>4.4.3.2 Foaming Tendency 125</p> <p>4.4.4 Wheel Test 125</p> <p>4.4.5 HP Corrosion Test Loop 127</p> <p>4.4.6 HP Jet Impingement Test 128</p> <p>4.5 Conclusions and Outlook 129</p> <p>References 130</p> <p><b>5 Corrosion Inhibition in Oil and Gas Industry: Economic Considerations </b><b>135<br /></b><i>Anupama R. Prasad, Anupama Kunyankandy, and Abraham Joseph</i></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 135</p> <p>5.2 Corrosion: Global Economic Loss 136</p> <p>5.2.1 Historical Summary of Corrosion Cost Studies 137</p> <p>5.2.2 NACE–IMPACT: Global Corrosion Cost 138</p> <p>5.2.3 Global Corrosion Management–IMPACT Estimate 139</p> <p>5.3 Depreciation in Oil and Gas Industries 140</p> <p>5.3.1 Corrosion Attacks 140</p> <p>5.3.2 Failures and Risk Factors 141</p> <p>5.4 Fiscal Impacts 142</p> <p>5.4.1 Corrosion Costs a Lot 143</p> <p>5.5 Inhibition: Monetary Measures 144</p> <p>5.5.1 Worthy Monitoring 145</p> <p>5.5.2 Protection in Proper Way 146</p> <p>5.6 Conclusions and Outlook 147</p> <p>References 148</p> <p><b>Part II Choice of Inhibitors </b><b>151</b></p> <p><b>6 Corrosion Inhibitors for Acidizing Process in Oil and Gas Sectors </b><b>153<br /></b><i>Kashif R. Ansari, Dheeraj Singh Chauhan, Ambrish Singh, Viswanathan S. Saji, and Mumtaz A. Quraishi</i></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 153</p> <p>6.2 Acidizing Process 154</p> <p>6.2.1 Type of Oil Well Reservoirs 154</p> <p>6.2.2 Types of Acid Used 155</p> <p>6.2.3 Methods Used to Control Acidizing Process 157</p> <p>6.2.3.1 Retarded Acid Systems 157</p> <p>6.2.3.2 Gelled Acids 157</p> <p>6.2.3.3 Chemically Retarded Acids 157</p> <p>6.2.3.4 Emulsified Acids 157</p> <p>6.2.4 Acid Selection 157</p> <p>6.2.4.1 Rock-Dissolving Capacity of Acid 158</p> <p>6.2.4.2 Spending Time of Acid 158</p> <p>6.2.4.3 Solubility of Reaction Products 158</p> <p>6.2.4.4 Density and Viscosity 158</p> <p>6.2.4.5 Etching Pattern After Acidizing 158</p> <p>6.2.5 Types of Acidizing Process 159</p> <p>6.3 Application of Corrosion Inhibitors in Acidizing Processes 160</p> <p>6.4 Selected Acidizing Inhibitors 169</p> <p>6.5 Conclusions and Outlook 170</p> <p>References 171</p> <p><b>7 Corrosion Inhibitors for Sweet Oilfield Environment (CO<sub>2</sub> Corrosion) 177<br /></b><i>Ubong Eduok and Jerzy Szpunar</i></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 177</p> <p>7.2 Mechanism of CO<sub>2</sub> Corrosion 178</p> <p>7.3 Factors Affecting Sweet Corrosion 179</p> <p>7.3.1 Effects of Hydrogen Concentration (pH) and Temperature 179</p> <p>7.3.2 Effects of Flow Rate and Partial Pressure 180</p> <p>7.3.3 Effects of Molecular Oxygen and Iron Ions (Fe<sup>2+</sup>) Concentration 181</p> <p>7.4 Toward Inhibition and Control of Sweet Corrosion 181</p> <p>7.5 Altering Corrosion Kinetics with Corrosion Inhibitors 182</p> <p>7.6 Corrosion Inhibitors for Sweet Oilfield Environments 183</p> <p>7.6.1 Corrosion Inhibitors Based on Smaller Molecules 183</p> <p>7.6.1.1 Imidazoline Derivatives 183</p> <p>7.6.1.2 Cyclic Non-imidazoline Compounds 195</p> <p>7.6.1.3 Acyclic Non-imidazoline Compounds 197</p> <p>7.6.2 Corrosion Inhibitors Based on Macromolecules 210</p> <p>7.6.2.1 Polymers 210</p> <p>7.6.2.2 Plant Biomass Extracts 211</p> <p>7.6.2.3 Others 218</p> <p>7.7 Biocorrosion in Saturated CO<sub>2</sub> Media 218</p> <p>7.8 Conclusions and Outlook 219</p> <p>References 220</p> <p><b>8 Corrosion Inhibitors for Sour Oilfield Environment (H<sub>2</sub>S Corrosion) </b><b>229<br /></b><i>Saviour A. Umoren, MosesM. Solomon, and Viswanathan S. Saji</i></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 229</p> <p>8.1.1 Impact of Corrosion on Economy and Life 229</p> <p>8.1.2 Background on Sour Corrosion 230</p> <p>8.1.3 Factors Influencing Sour Corrosion 232</p> <p>8.1.3.1 Effect of H<sub>2</sub>S Concentration 232</p> <p>8.1.3.2 Effect of Temperature and Exposure Duration 233</p> <p>8.1.3.3 Effect of Flow Rate 233</p> <p>8.1.3.4 Effect of H<sub>2</sub>S Partial Pressure 233</p> <p>8.1.3.5 Effect of Fluid Chemistry 233</p> <p>8.2 Corrosion Inhibitors for Sour Oilfield Environment 233</p> <p>8.2.1 Amine-Based Inhibitors 234</p> <p>8.2.2 Imidazoline-Based Inhibitors 237</p> <p>8.2.3 Gemini Surfactant-Based Inhibitors 238</p> <p>8.2.4 Polymer-Based Inhibitors 244</p> <p>8.3 Conclusions and Outlook 247</p> <p>References 247</p> <p><b>9 Corrosion Inhibitors for Refinery Operations </b><b>255<br /></b><i>Yahya T. Al-Janabi</i></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 255</p> <p>9.2 Areas/Units Where Inhibitors are in Demand in Refineries 257</p> <p>9.2.1 Atmospheric and Vacuum Crude Oil Distillation Units 257</p> <p>9.2.2 Fluid Catalytic Cracking: Coker 259</p> <p>9.2.3 Hydroprocessing 260</p> <p>9.2.4 Catalytic Reforming 260</p> <p>9.2.5 Amine (Acid Gas Treatment) Plants 262</p> <p>9.2.6 Support Units 262</p> <p>9.3 Types of Aggressive Species Encountered in Refineries 262</p> <p>9.3.1 Air 263</p> <p>9.3.2 Water 263</p> <p>9.3.3 Hydrogen Sulfide 263</p> <p>9.3.4 Hydrogen Chloride 263</p> <p>9.3.5 Nitrogen Compounds 264</p> <p>9.3.6 Sour Water 264</p> <p>9.4 Common Types of Inhibitors Employed/Reported in Refinery Units 264</p> <p>9.4.1 Neutralizers 264</p> <p>9.4.2 Filming Inhibitors 265</p> <p>9.5 Conclusions and Outlook 268</p> <p>References 268</p> <p><b>10 Inhibitors for High-Temperature Corrosion in Oil and Gas Fields </b><b>271<br /></b><i>Vitalis I. Chukwuike and Rakesh C. Barik</i></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 271</p> <p>10.2 High-Temperature Corrosion in Oil and Gas Fields 272</p> <p>10.3 Mechanism of High-Temperature Corrosion in Oil and Gas Field 273</p> <p>10.3.1 High-Temperature Oxidation 274</p> <p>10.3.2 High-Temperature Sulfidation 276</p> <p>10.3.3 High-Temperature Carburization 276</p> <p>10.3.4 High-Temperature Chlorination 277</p> <p>10.3.5 High-Temperature Nitridation 277</p> <p>10.3.6 Sulfidation–Oxidation 278</p> <p>10.3.7 Corrosion Due to Formation of Ash, Deposits, and Molten Salts 278</p> <p>10.4 Categories and Choice of Inhibitors for Oil and Gas High-Temperature Corrosion 278</p> <p>10.4.1 Calcium Carbonate Scale and Ash Deposit Inhibitors 278</p> <p>10.4.2 High-Temperature Acidization Corrosion Inhibitors 279</p> <p>10.4.3 High-Temperature Naphthenic Acid Corrosion Inhibitors 283</p> <p>10.4.4 Other Inhibitors of High-Temperature Corrosion 285</p> <p>10.5 Conclusions and Outlook 286</p> <p>References 287</p> <p><b>11 Experience in Using Chemicals to Mitigate Corrosion in Difficult Corrosive Environments in the Oil and Gas Industry </b><b>289<br /></b><i>Sunder Ramachandran</i></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 289</p> <p>11.2 Corrosion Inhibition for Systems with High Amounts of H<sub>2</sub>S 290</p> <p>11.3 Corrosion Inhibition for CO<sub>2</sub> Tertiary Flood Systems and CO<sub>2 </sub>Sequestration 292</p> <p>11.4 Corrosion Inhibition in Deepwater Systems 295</p> <p>11.5 Corrosion Inhibition at High Temperatures 296</p> <p>11.6 Conclusions and Outlook 297</p> <p>References 298</p> <p><b>12 Polymeric Corrosion Inhibitors for Oil and Gas Industry </b><b>303<br /></b><i>Saviour A. Umoren and Moses M. Solomon</i></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 303</p> <p>12.2 Polymeric Corrosion Inhibitors 304</p> <p>12.2.1 Polymeric Inhibitors for Chemical Cleaning 304</p> <p>12.2.2 Inhibitors for Acidization Process 308</p> <p>12.2.3 Inhibitors for Sweet and Sour Environments 311</p> <p>12.2.4 Inhibitors for High-Temperature Applications 315</p> <p>12.3 Conclusions and Outlook 315</p> <p>References 317</p> <p><b>13 Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion Inhibition in Oil and Gas Industry </b><b>321<br /></b><i>Bhawna Chugh, Sanjeeve Thakur, and Ashish Kumar Singh</i></p> <p>13.1 Introduction 321</p> <p>13.2 Biofilm Formation 322</p> <p>13.3 Microbial Communities Related to Corrosion 323</p> <p>13.3.1 Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria 323</p> <p>13.3.2 Iron-Oxidizing Bacteria 324</p> <p>13.3.3 Acid-Producing Bacteria 324</p> <p>13.3.4 Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria 325</p> <p>13.3.5 Slime-Forming Bacteria 325</p> <p>13.4 Potential Prevention Strategies 325</p> <p>13.4.1 Periodic Pigging 325</p> <p>13.4.2 Cleanliness 326</p> <p>13.4.3 Cathodic Protection and Coatings 326</p> <p>13.4.4 Biocides/Inhibitors 327</p> <p>13.4.5 Biological Treatment 328</p> <p>13.5 Recent Developments of Chemical Inhibitors to Mitigate MIC 329</p> <p>13.6 Biological Inhibition of MIC 329</p> <p>13.6.1 Corrosion Inhibition by Nitrate-Reducing Bacteria 329</p> <p>13.6.2 Corrosion Inhibition by Regenerative Biofilms 331</p> <p>13.6.2.1 Corrosion Inhibition by Eviction of Corrosive Agents 331</p> <p>13.6.2.2 Corrosion Inhibition by Formation of Protective Barrier Layer 332</p> <p>13.6.2.3 Corrosion Inhibition via Antimicrobial Producing Biofilm 332</p> <p>13.6.2.4 Corrosion Possessing Biofilm Secreted Corrosion Inhibitor 333</p> <p>13.6.2.5 Corrosion Inhibition with Biofilm Secreted Bio Surfactant 333</p> <p>13.7 Conclusions and Outlook 333</p> <p>References 334</p> <p><b>14 Vapor Phase Corrosion Inhibitors for Oil and Gas Field Applications </b><b>339<br /></b><i>Benjamín Valdez-Salas, Michael Schorr-Wiener, and Nelson Cheng</i></p> <p>14.1 Introduction 339</p> <p>14.2 Magna International VPCIs 340</p> <p>14.3 Corrosion and Its Control in OGI 341</p> <p>14.3.1 Fundamentals of Corrosion 341</p> <p>14.3.2 Oil and Gas Industries 342</p> <p>14.3.3 OGI Sectors 343</p> <p>14.3.4 Corrosiveness of Oil and Gas Products 345</p> <p>14.3.5 Metals and Alloys in OGI 346</p> <p>14.4 Vapor Phase Corrosion Inhibitors 346</p> <p>14.4.1 Fundamentals 346</p> <p>14.4.2 VPCI Application in OGI 348</p> <p>14.4.3 Testing and Monitoring of VPCI 349</p> <p>14.4.4 Research and Development 350</p> <p>14.5 Conclusions and Outlook 353</p> <p>Acknowledgments 353</p> <p>References 353</p> <p><b>15 Mechanisms of Inhibitor Action: Passivation and Self-Healing </b><b>359<br /></b><i>Ivana Jevremovi</i><i>ć, Ying-Hsuan Chen, Abdulrahman Altin, and Andreas Erbe</i></p> <p>15.1 Introduction 359</p> <p>15.2 Systematics and Phenomenology 360</p> <p>15.3 Surface Active Inhibitors 364</p> <p>15.4 Case Study (1): Imidazoline-Based Surfactant for Mitigation of Mild Steel Corrosion in the Presence of CO<sub>2</sub> 367</p> <p>15.5 Case Study (2): The Interaction of 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) with Copper 369</p> <p>15.6 Case Study (3): β-Cyclodextrin Facilitates Release of Inhibitors 372</p> <p>15.7 Conclusions and Outlook 375</p> <p>References 376</p> <p><b>Part III Interaction with Co-additives </b><b>383</b></p> <p><b>16 Antiscalants and Their Compatibility with Corrosion Inhibitors </b><b>385<br /></b><i>Qiwei Wang and Tao Chen</i></p> <p>16.1 Introduction 385</p> <p>16.2 Scale Formation 385</p> <p>16.3 Scale Mitigation Strategy 388</p> <p>16.3.1 Flow Control 388</p> <p>16.3.2 Fluid Alteration 388</p> <p>16.3.3 Deposit Removal 388</p> <p>16.3.4 Chemical Inhibition 388</p> <p>16.4 Antiscalant Chemistry 389</p> <p>16.5 Antiscalant Function Mechanisms 393</p> <p>16.5.1 Nucleation Inhibition 393</p> <p>16.5.2 Crystal Growth Retardation 394</p> <p>16.5.3 Crystal Shape Modification 395</p> <p>16.5.4 Dispersion 395</p> <p>16.6 Antiscalant Treatment 396</p> <p>16.7 Compatibility with Corrosion Inhibitors 397</p> <p>16.7.1 Impact of Corrosion Inhibitor on Antiscalant Performance 398</p> <p>16.7.2 Impact of Antiscalant on Corrosion Inhibitor Performance 399</p> <p>16.8 Conclusions and Outlook 399</p> <p>References 400</p> <p><b>17 Hydrate Inhibitors and Their Interferences in Corrosion Inhibition </b><b>407<br /></b><i>Yutaek Seo</i></p> <p>17.1 Introduction 407</p> <p>17.2 Gas Hydrate Blockage Formation Process 407</p> <p>17.3 Hydrates Inhibition Strategies with Alcohols or Glycols 409</p> <p>17.4 Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitors 412</p> <p>17.5 Interaction Between Hydrate and Corrosion Inhibitors 414</p> <p>17.6 Conclusions and Outlook 416</p> <p>References 416</p> <p><b>18 Sulfide Scavengers and Their Interference in Corrosion Inhibition </b><b>421<br /></b><i>Viswanathan S. Saji</i></p> <p>18.1 Introduction 421</p> <p>18.2 Sulfide Scavengers: Types and Properties 422</p> <p>18.3 Corrosion and Fouling Inhibiting/Inducing Properties of Scavengers and Their Compatibility with Co-additives 424</p> <p>18.4 Conclusions and Outlook 427</p> <p>References 428</p> <p>Index 433</p>
<p><b><i>Viswanathan S. Saji, PhD,</i></b> <i>is an Assistant Professor/Research Scientist at the Center of Research Excellence in Corrosion, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia. Prior to that, he was a Research Scholar at the University of Kerala (PhD, 2003), Research Associate at Indian Institute of Technology (2004–2005) & Indian Institute of Science (2005–2007), Postdoctoral Researcher at Yonsei University (2007–2008) & Sunchon National University (2009), Senior Research Scientist at Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (2009–2010), Research Professor at Chosun University (2008–2009) & Korea University (2010–2013), and Endeavour Research Fellow at University of Adelaide (2014).</i> <p><b><i>Saviour A. Umoren, PhD,</i></b> <i>is an Associate Professor/Research Scientist with Centre of Research Excellence in Corrosion (CoRE-C) of the Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. He was also a lecturer and researcher at the Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo, Nigeria and the Head of Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo.</i>
<p><b>Provides comprehensive coverage of corrosion inhibitors in the oil and gas industry</b> <p>Considering the high importance of corrosion inhibitor development for the oil and gas sectors, this book provides a thorough overview of the most recent advancements in this field. It systematically addresses corrosion inhibitors for various applications in the oil and gas value chain, as well as the fundamentals of corrosion inhibition and interference of inhibitors with co-additives. <p><i>Corrosion Inhibitors in the Oil and Gas Industry</i> is presented in three parts. The first part on Fundamentals and Approaches focuses on principles and processes in the oil and gas industry, the types of corrosion encountered and their control methods, environmental factors affecting inhibition, material selection strategies, and economic aspects of corrosion. The second part on Choice of Inhibitors examines corrosion inhibitors for acidizing processes, inhibitors for sweet and sour corrosion, inhibitors in refinery operations, high-temperature corrosion inhibitors, inhibitors for challenging corrosive environments, inhibitors for microbiologically influenced corrosion, polymeric inhibitors, vapor phase inhibitors, and smart controlled release inhibitor systems. The last part on Interaction with Co-additives looks at industrial co-additives and their interference with corrosion inhibitors such as antiscalants, hydrate inhibitors, and sulfide scavengers. <ul> <li>Presents a well-structured and systematic overview of the fundamentals and factors affecting corrosion</li> <li>Acts as a handy reference tool for scientists and engineers working with corrosion inhibitors for the oil and gas industries</li> <li>Collectively presents all the information available on the development and application of corrosion inhibitors for the oil and gas industries</li> <li>Offers a unique and specific focus on the oil and gas industries</li> </ul> <p><i>Corrosion Inhibitors in the Oil and Gas Industry</i> is an excellent resource for scientists in industry as well as in academia working in the field of corrosion protection for the oil and gas sectors, and will appeal to materials scientists, electrochemists, chemists, and chemical engineers.

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