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<p>About the Author ix</p> <p>Foreword by Professor <i>Longtu Li</i> xi</p> <p>Foreword by Professor <i>Jürgen Rödel</i> xiii</p> <p>Preface xv</p> <p><b>1 Fundamentals of Piezoelectricity </b><b>1</b></p> <p>1.1 Introduction 1</p> <p>1.2 Piezoelectric Effects and Related Equations 2</p> <p>1.3 Ferroelectric Properties and Its Contribution to Piezoelectricity 3</p> <p>1.4 Piezoelectric Parameters 7</p> <p>1.4.1 Piezoelectric Constants 7</p> <p>1.4.1.1 Piezoelectric Charge (Strain) Constant 7</p> <p>1.4.1.2 Piezoelectric Voltage Coefficient (G-constant) 8</p> <p>1.4.2 Piezoelectric Coupling Coefficient 8</p> <p>1.4.3 Mechanical Quality Factor 9</p> <p>1.5 Issues for Measuring Piezoelectric Properties 10</p> <p>1.5.1 Measurement of Direct Piezoelectric Coefficient Using the Berlincourt Method 10</p> <p>1.5.2 Measurement of Converse Piezoelectric Coefficient by Laser Interferometer 12</p> <p>1.5.3 Resonance and Anti-resonance Method 14</p> <p>References 16</p> <p><b>2 High-Performance Lead-Free Piezoelectrics </b><b>19</b></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 19</p> <p>2.2 BaTiO₃ 21</p> <p>2.3 (K,Na)NbO₃ 23</p> <p>2.4 (B_i1/2Na_1/2)TiO₃ 25</p> <p>2.5 BiFeO₃ 27</p> <p>2.6 Summary 28</p> <p>References 28</p> <p><b>3 (K,Na)NbO₃System </b><b>33</b></p> <p>3.1 Introduction of (K,Na)NbO₃33</p> <p>3.1.1 History of (K,Na)NbO₃33</p> <p>3.1.2 Crystal Structure and Phase Diagram 33</p> <p>3.1.3 Current Development of KNN-Based Materials 36</p> <p>3.2 Synthesis 37</p> <p>3.2.1 Calcination 37</p> <p>3.2.2 Sintering 38</p> <p>3.2.2.1 Normal Sintering 39</p> <p>3.2.2.2 Hot Pressing, Spark Plasma Sintering, and Microwave Sintering 41</p> <p>3.2.3 Texturing 43</p> <p>3.3 Approaches to Piezoelectricity Enhancement 44</p> <p>3.3.1 Phase Engineering 45</p> <p>3.3.1.1 O–T Phase Boundary 45</p> <p>3.3.1.2 R–T Phase Boundary 47</p> <p>3.3.2 Thermal Stability 49</p> <p>3.3.3 Multiscale Heterogeneity 53</p> <p>3.3.4 Poling Techniques 57</p> <p>3.4 Fatigue and Mechanical Properties 57</p> <p>3.4.1 Fatigue 57</p> <p>3.4.2 Mechanical Properties 60</p> <p>3.5 KNN Thin Films 62</p> <p>3.5.1 Sol–Gel-Processed Films 63</p> <p>3.5.2 KNN Films Prepared by Physical Methods 65</p> <p>3.6 Single Crystals 67</p> <p>3.7 Summary 68</p> <p>References 69</p> <p><b>4 (Bi_1/2Na_1/2)TiO₃System </b><b>85</b></p> <p>4.1 Introduction of BNT System 85</p> <p>4.2 Extensive Research on Phase Diagram of (Bi_1/2Na_1/2)TiO₃–BaTiO₃ System 86</p> <p>4.2.1 Relaxor or Antiferroelectric? 86</p> <p>4.2.2 MPB and Complex Phase Structure 90</p> <p>4.3 High Converse Piezoelectricity 93</p> <p>4.3.1 Electric-Field-Induced Phase Transition 95</p> <p>4.3.2 Ergodic and Nonergodic Relaxor 98</p> <p>4.3.3 Modulation of Depolarization Temperature 103</p> <p>4.3.3.1 Compositional Modification Approach 103</p> <p>4.3.3.2 Composite Approach 104</p> <p>4.3.3.3 Stress Approach 105</p> <p>4.4 Thin Films 106</p> <p>4.5 Single Crystals 109</p> <p>4.6 High-Power Application 110</p> <p>4.7 Summary and Outlook 112</p> <p>References 112</p> <p><b>5 BaTiO₃ System </b><b>123</b></p> <p>5.1 Brief Introduction of History 123</p> <p>5.2 BaTiO₃-Based Ceramics and Single Crystals 125</p> <p>5.2.1 Ceramics 125</p> <p>5.2.2 Single Crystal 128</p> <p>5.3 BaTiO₃-Based Solid Solution Ceramics 129</p> <p>5.3.1 (Ba,Ca)(Ti,Zr)O₃ 130</p> <p>5.3.2 (Ba,Ca)(Ti,Sn)O₃ 132</p> <p>5.3.3 (Ba,Ca)(Ti,Hf)O₃ 134</p> <p>5.4 Piezoelectricity Enhancement 135</p> <p>5.4.1 Phase Engineering 135</p> <p>5.4.2 Domain Engineering 137</p> <p>5.4.3 Texturing 139</p> <p>5.5 Key Issues of Sintering Processes 139</p> <p>5.5.1 Li-containing Sintering Additives 140</p> <p>5.5.2 Glass Compositions 141</p> <p>5.6 Mechanical Property 142</p> <p>5.7 Summary and Outlook 144</p> <p>References 145</p> <p><b>6 BiFeO₃ System </b><b>157</b></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 157</p> <p>6.2 Brief Introduction to Multiferroic Materials 157</p> <p>6.3 Multiferroicity of BiFeO₃ 159</p> <p>6.3.1 Ferroelectricity 159</p> <p>6.3.2 Antiferromagnetism and Weak Ferromagnetism 159</p> <p>6.3.3 Magnetoelectric Coupling 161</p> <p>6.3.3.1 Antiferromagnetic Switching on Electric Field 161</p> <p>6.3.3.2 Ferroelectricity on Magnetic Field 162</p> <p>6.4 Phase Diagram of BiFeO₃ 163</p> <p>6.4.1 High Curie Temperature and Processing Issues 163</p> <p>6.4.2 Influence of Pressure on Phase Diagram 165</p> <p>6.4.3 Thin Film and Strain Effect on Phase Structure 166</p> <p>6.5 Dielectric Permittivity, Electrical Conductivity, and Domain Wall Conductivity of BiFeO₃ 169</p> <p>6.5.1 Dielectric Permittivity 169</p> <p>6.5.2 Electrical Conductivity and Defects 170</p> <p>6.5.3 Domain Wall Conductivity 172</p> <p>6.6 Ion Substitutions in BiFeO3 174</p> <p>6.6.1 On Ferroelectricity (<i>P</i>_r) and Piezoelectricity (<i>d</i>₃₃) 175</p> <p>6.6.2 On Phase Transformation 177</p> <p>6.6.3 On Magnetic Properties 177</p> <p>6.7 BiFeO₃-Based Solid Solutions 178</p> <p>6.7.1 BiFeO₃–BaTiO₃ 178</p> <p>6.7.2 Other Solid Solutions 180</p> <p>6.8 Application of BiFeO₃: Potentials and Status 180</p> <p>6.8.1 Ferroelectricity and Electronics 181</p> <p>6.8.2 Magnetoelectric Coupling and Spintronics 182</p> <p>6.8.3 Domain Wall Based Electronics 184</p> <p>6.9 Summary 184</p> <p>References 185</p> <p><b>7 Applications </b><b>197</b></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 197</p> <p>7.2 Representative Applications of Lead-Free Piezoelectric Ceramics 199</p> <p>7.2.1 Piezoelectric Multilayer Actuators 199</p> <p>7.2.2 KNN-Based Actuation Structure in Inkjet Printhead 201</p> <p>7.2.3 Ultrasonic Transducers 202</p> <p>7.2.4 KNN-Based Knocking Sensors 205</p> <p>7.3 Other Potential Applications 206</p> <p>7.3.1 Energy Harvesting 206</p> <p>7.3.2 High-Frequency Medical Imaging Transducers Using 1–3 Composites 208</p> <p>7.3.3 High-Temperature Piezoelectrics and Applications 210</p> <p>7.4 Summary and Outlooks 210</p> <p>References 211</p> <p>Index 217</p>

<p><b>Jing-Feng Li</b> is Distinguished Professor in the School of Materials Science and Engineering at Tsinghua University, China. He obtained his PhD degree from Tohoku University, Japan. His research focuses on piezoelectric, thermoelectric materials and devices. He has published two Chinese books and more than 490 peer-reviewed papers and holds 34 patents. He received several awards, including the young researcher award from the Japan Institute of Metals, an outstanding young scientist grant from Natural Science Foundation of China and the Changjiang professorship from The Ministry of Education of China.</p>

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