Details

Handbook of Fuels

Energy Sources for Transportation
2. Aufl.

von: Barbara Elvers, Andrea Schütze
171,99 €
Verlag:	Wiley-VCH
Format:	PDF
Veröffentl.:	08.09.2021
ISBN/EAN:	9783527813483
Sprache:	englisch
Anzahl Seiten:	576

In den Warenkorb

Als Gutschein

DRM-geschütztes eBook, Sie benötigen z.B. Adobe Digital Editions und eine Adobe ID zum Lesen.

Beschreibungen

Titelbeschreibung

A guide to industrially relevant products and processes for transportation fuels The Handbook of Fuels offers a comprehensive review of the wide variety of fuels used to power vehicles, aircraft and ships and examines the processes to produce these fuels. The updated second edition reflects the growing importance of fuels and fuel additives from renewable sources. New chapters include information on current production technology and use of bioethanol, biomethanol and biomass-to-liquid fuels. The book also reviews novel additives and performanace enhancers for conventional engines and fuels for novel bybrid engines. This comprehensive resource contains critical information on the legal, safety, and environmental issues associated with the production and use of fuels as well as reviewing important secondary aspects of the use and production of fuels. This authoritative guide includes contributions from authors who are long-standing contributors to the Ullmann's Encyclopedia, the world's most trusted reference for industrial chemistry. This important guide: <ul> <li>Contains an updated edition of the authoritative resource to the production and use of fuels used for transportation</li> <li>Includes information that has been selected to reflect only commercially relevant products and processes</li> <li>Presents contributions from a team of noted experts in the field</li> <li>Offers the most recent developments in fuels and additives from renewable sources </li> </ul> Written for professionals in the fields of fossil and renewable fuels, engine design, and transportation, Handbook of Fuels is the comprehensive resource that has been revised to reflect the recent developments in fuels used for transportation.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Preface to the Second Edition xvii Preface to the First Edition xix 1 Introduction 1 Klaus Reders and Andrea Schütze 1.1 History of the Spark Ignited “Otto” Engine and of Gasoline 3 1.2 History of the Diesel Engine and of Diesel Fuel 14 1.3 History of Alternative Fuels 19 1.3.1 Ethanol 19 1.3.2 Methanol 24 1.3.3 Vegetable Oils and Hydrotreated Vegetable Oils (HVOs) 24 1.3.4 Biodiesel/FAME 25 1.3.5 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) 28 1.3.6 Natural Gas 30 1.4 Emission RegulationsWorldwide 33 1.4.1 Europe 35 1.4.2 United States 41 1.4.3 Japan 48 1.4.4 China 51 1.5 Well-to-Wheel Analysis of Alternative Fuels 53 1.5.1 Life-cycle Assessment 54 1.5.2 Well-to-Wheel 55 1.5.3 Boundary Conditions of the JRC Study 56 1.5.4 Summary of Results of the JRC Study 57 1.5.4.1 Alternative Liquid Fuels 60 1.5.4.2 Alternative Gaseous Fuels 61 1.5.4.3 Electricity and Hydrogen 61 1.5.4.4 2020+ Horizon 62 References 64 Part I Automotive Fuels 69 2 Engine Technology 71 Werner Dabelstein, Arno Reglitzky, Andrea Schütze, and Klaus Reders 2.1 Otto Engines 71 2.2 Diesel Engines 73 References 75 3 Fuel Composition and Engine Efficiency 77 Werner Dabelstein, Arno Reglitzky, Andrea Schütze, Klaus Reders, and Andreas Brunner 3.1 Fuel Composition and Engine Efficiency 77 3.1.1 Quality Aspects of Gasoline 77 3.1.1.1 Octane Quality 77 3.1.1.2 Volatility 79 3.1.1.3 Fuel Composition to Reduce Toxicity and Exhaust Emissions 80 3.1.1.4 Stability, Cleanliness, etc. 83 3.1.1.5 Performance Additives 84 3.1.2 Quality Aspects of Diesel Fuels 84 3.1.2.1 Ignition Quality 84 3.1.2.2 Density 85 3.1.2.3 Sulfur Content 85 3.1.2.4 Cold Flow Properties 85 3.1.2.5 Lubricity 85 3.1.2.6 Viscosity 86 3.1.2.7 Volatility 86 3.1.2.8 Diesel Fuel Stability, Cleanliness, and Safety 86 3.1.2.9 Diesel Fuel Effects on Exhaust Emissions 86 3.1.2.10 Performance Additives 88 References 88 4 Fuel Components: Petroleum-derived Fuels 91 Werner Dabelstein, Arno Reglitzky, Andrea Schütze, and Klaus Reders 4.1 Petroleum-derived Fuels 91 4.1.1 Gasoline Components 91 4.1.1.1 Straight-run Gasoline 91 4.1.1.2 Thermally Cracked Gasoline 93 4.1.1.3 Catalytically Cracked Gasoline 93 4.1.1.4 Catalytic Reformate (Platformate) 94 4.1.1.5 Isomerate 94 4.1.1.6 Alkylate 94 4.1.1.7 Polymer Gasoline 94 4.1.1.8 Oxygenates 95 4.1.2 Diesel Fuel Components 95 4.1.2.1 Straight-run Middle Distillate 95 4.1.2.2 Thermally Cracked Gas Oil 96 4.1.2.3 Catalytically Cracked Gas Oil 96 4.1.2.4 Hydrocracked Gas Oil 97 4.1.2.5 Kerosene 97 4.1.2.6 Biofuel Components 97 4.1.2.7 Synthetic Diesel Fuel 98 4.1.3 Storage and Transportation 98 References 99 5 Liquefied Petroleum Gas 101 Stephen M. Thompson, Gary Robertson, RobertMyers, and Andrea Schütze 5.1 Introduction 101 5.2 Properties 102 5.3 Production and Processing 103 5.3.1 Recovery from Natural Gas 103 5.3.1.1 Recovery and Manufacture in the Refinery 103 5.4 Purification 108 5.4.1 Adsorptive Purification 109 5.4.2 Absorptive Purification 109 5.5 Storage and Transportation 110 5.5.1 Aboveground Storage 110 5.5.2 Underground Storage 110 5.5.3 Transportation 111 5.6 Uses 111 5.6.1 LPG Standards and Regulations 112 5.6.1.1 Refueling Infrastructure 112 5.6.1.2 Vehicle Conversions to LPG 113 5.6.2 Environmental Benefits 113 5.6.2.1 Outlook 115 5.7 Safety Aspects 115 5.7.1 Occupational Health 116 References 116 6 Natural Gas 119 Klaus Reders, Margret Schmidt, and Andrea Schütze 6.1 Occurrence 119 6.2 Composition 121 6.3 Processing 123 6.3.1 Oil and Condensate Removal 124 6.3.2 Water Removal 124 6.3.3 Separation of Natural Gas Liquids 125 6.3.3.1 Cryogenic Expansion Process 126 6.3.4 Sulfur and Carbon Dioxide Removal 126 6.4 Transport/Distribution/Local Blending 126 6.5 Properties and Specifications 127 6.6 Natural Gas as Automotive Fuel 129 6.6.1 Vehicle Refueling Systems 133 6.6.1.1 Slow-Fill Refueling 133 6.6.1.2 Fast-Fill Refueling 134 6.6.2 Vehicle and Engine Concepts 134 6.6.2.1 Vehicle Technology 135 6.6.3 CNG Vehicles in the Market 137 6.6.4 Vehicle Fuel Supply System 137 6.6.5 Combustion and Emissions 139 6.7 Safety Aspects 141 6.8 Biomethane 141 6.8.1 Production 142 6.8.1.1 Anaerobic Fermentation 145 6.8.1.2 Biogas from Solids 146 6.8.2 Upgrading of Biogas to Natural Gas Quality 147 6.8.2.1 Water Scrubbing and Physical Scrubbing 147 6.8.2.2 Chemical Absorption 148 6.8.2.3 Membrane Separation 148 6.8.2.4 Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) 149 6.8.2.5 Cryogenic Separation 149 6.8.3 Storage and Transportation 149 6.8.3.1 Storage 149 6.8.3.2 Distribution 150 6.8.4 Biomethane Regulations 150 6.8.4.1 Regulations and Standards 151 6.8.5 Well-to-wheel Analysis for LPG, CNG, and Biomethane 152 6.8.5.1 Well-to-Tank Analysis 152 6.8.5.2 Compressed Biomethane (CBM) 155 6.8.5.3 Well-to-Wheels Analysis 156 References 158 7 Synthetic Diesel Fuels 161 H.P. Calis, Wolfgang Lüke, Ingo Drescher, and Andrea Schütze 7.1 XTL Fuels 162 7.1.1 History 162 7.1.2 XTL Production Process 162 7.1.2.1 Fischer–Tropsch Process 162 7.1.2.2 IH2 Technology 166 7.1.2.3 BTL Fuels 168 7.1.3 GTL and BTL Fuel Characteristics 170 7.1.3.1 Cold Flow Performance 171 7.1.3.2 Lubricity Performance 174 7.1.3.3 Impact on Injector Cleanliness and Spray Characteristics 174 7.1.3.4 Advantages of Synthetic Fuels for Emission Control 175 7.1.4 Outlook 178 7.2 DME (Dimethyl Ether) and OME Fuels 180 7.2.1 Introduction 180 7.2.2 Fuel Standards 181 7.2.3 Fuel Properties 183 7.2.4 Infrastructure and Safety 186 7.2.4.1 Use as Fuel 187 7.3 Well-to-Wheel (WTW) Analysis for XTL and DME Fuels 190 7.3.1 Well-to-Wheels Analysis for XTL 190 7.3.2 Well-to-Tank Analysis for DME 193 7.4 Well-to-Wheel Analysis for XTL and DME 195 References 196 8 Synthetic Gasoline Fuels 201 Andrea Schütze 8.1 GTL Naphtha 201 8.2 Methanol to Gasoline Process (MTG) 202 8.3 Production Process 202 8.4 Fuel Properties 203 References 204 9 Ethanol 207 Andrea Schütze 9.1 Production 210 9.1.1 Milling 211 9.1.2 Processing of Starch/Maize Mash 212 9.1.3 Fermentation of Glucose 213 9.1.4 Distillation and Increase of Ethanol Concentration 213 9.2 Feedstock 214 9.3 Land Use 215 9.3.1 Direct Land Use Change Emissions (DLUC) 217 9.3.2 Indirect Land Use Change (ILUC) 217 9.4 Nitrogen Oxide Emissions 217 9.5 Water Foot Print and Impact onWater Table 219 9.6 Other Environmental Effects 219 9.6.1 Soil Quality/Erosion 219 9.6.2 Eutrophication and Acidification 219 9.6.3 Biodiversity 219 9.7 Bioethanol Made from Lignocellulose 220 9.8 Fuel Standards 221 9.9 Fuel Properties 224 9.9.1 Octane Number 224 9.9.1.1 Volatility and Distillation 226 9.9.1.2 Heat of Vaporization 228 9.9.1.3 Energy Content 228 9.9.1.4 Water Content 228 9.9.1.5 Corrosion Protection 228 9.9.1.6 Denaturant and Denaturant Content 229 9.9.1.7 Material Compatibility 229 9.9.1.8 Lubricity 229 9.9.1.9 Emissions 229 9.10 Well-to-Wheels Analysis for Fuel Ethanol and Ethanol Gasoline Blends 230 9.10.1 Pathways 230 9.10.1.1 Sugar Beet to Ethanol 230 9.10.1.2 Wheat to Ethanol 231 9.10.1.3 Straw to Ethanol 231 9.11 WTT Analysis for Bioethanol 236 9.12 WTWAnalysis 237 References 240 10 Methanol 245 Martin Bertau,Michael Kraft, Ludolf Plass, and Hans-JürgenWernicke 10.1 Introduction 248 10.2 Physical and Chemical Properties 249 10.3 Production of Methanol 249 10.3.1 Methanol Production Capacities and Markets 250 10.3.2 ConventionalMethanol Production Processes 252 10.3.2.1 Synthesis Gas Generation 252 10.3.2.2 Methanol Synthesis 255 10.3.2.3 Liquid Phase Methanol Synthesis (LPMEOH®) 258 10.3.2.4 Methanol Distillation 258 10.3.3 Renewable Methanol Production Processes 259 10.3.3.1 CO2 – Hydrogenation 260 10.4 Methanol as Fuel 261 10.4.1 History 263 10.4.2 Uses 264 10.4.2.1 Methanol as a Fuel for Otto Engines 264 10.4.2.2 Vehicle Developments 265 10.4.2.3 Conclusions 268 10.4.2.4 Methanol as Marine Fuel 269 10.4.3 Safety Aspects 270 10.4.3.1 Explosion and Fire Control 270 10.4.3.2 Fire Prevention 271 10.4.3.3 Fire Fighting 271 10.4.3.4 Small-scale Storage 271 10.4.3.5 Large-scale Storage 271 10.4.3.6 Large-scale Transportation 272 10.4.3.7 Safety Regulations Governing Transportation 272 10.4.3.8 Methanol as a Hazard 272 10.5 Methanol-based Derivatives as Fuels and Fuel Additives 273 10.5.1 Methanol-to-Gasoline (MTG) 274 10.5.2 Methyl tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE) 276 10.5.3 tert-Amyl Methyl Ether (TAME) 278 10.5.4 Dimethyl Ether (DME) 279 10.5.5 Oxymethylene Ether (OME) 281 10.5.6 Dimethyl Carbonate (DMC) and Methyl Formate (MF) 285 10.6 Economic Aspects 289 10.6.1 Gas-based Methanol 289 10.6.2 Coal-based Methanol 289 10.6.3 Biomass-based Methanol 291 10.6.4 Renewable Methanol Based on the Recycle of Carbon Dioxide 292 10.7 Outlook 297 References 297 11 2,5-Dimethylfuran (DMF) and 2-Methylfuran (MF) 307 Andrea Schütze 11.1 Synthesis of Dimethylfuran 307 11.2 Properties of 2,5-Dimethylfuran and Methylfuran 309 11.3 Combustion and Emissions 311 References 312 12 Alternative Biofuel Options – Diesel 315 Andrea Schütze 12.1 Biomass-to-Liquids (BTL) 315 12.2 Biodiesel (FAME) 316 12.2.1 Production 318 12.2.1.1 Introduction 318 12.2.1.2 Industrial Process 321 12.2.1.3 Feedstock 322 12.2.1.4 Microalgae 324 12.2.2 AnalyticalMethods 326 12.2.2.1 Ester Content and Fatty Acid Composition 326 12.2.2.2 Polyunsaturated Methyl Esters Content 327 12.2.2.3 Glycerol and Glyceride Content 328 12.2.3 Fuel Standards 332 12.2.3.1 United States 332 12.2.3.2 Europe 336 12.2.4 Fuel Properties 337 12.2.4.1 Cetane Number 338 12.2.4.2 Density and Energy Content 339 12.2.4.3 Kinematic Viscosity 339 12.2.4.4 Cold Temperature Properties 339 12.2.4.5 Filterability 341 12.2.4.6 Distillation 341 12.2.4.7 Fuel Stability 341 12.2.4.8 Water Content and Sediment 343 12.2.4.9 Lubricity 343 12.2.4.10 Material Compatibility 343 12.2.4.11 Engine Deposits 344 12.2.4.12 Emissions 345 12.3 Vegetable Oils (VO) 345 12.3.1 Production 346 12.3.2 Fuel Properties 346 12.3.2.1 Kinematic Viscosity 347 12.3.2.2 Cetane Number 348 12.3.2.3 Flash Point 348 12.3.2.4 Carbon Residue 348 12.3.2.5 Heating Value 348 12.3.2.6 Density 348 12.3.2.7 Iodine Number 349 12.3.2.8 Fuel Stability 349 12.3.2.9 Calcium, Magnesium, and Phosphorus 350 12.3.2.10 Total Contamination andWater Content 350 12.3.2.11 Acid Value 350 12.3.3 Fuel Standards 350 12.4 Hydrotreated Vegetable Oils 351 12.4.1 Production 352 12.4.1.1 Process 352 12.4.1.2 Production Plants 354 12.4.2 Fuel Standard and Properties 354 12.4.2.1 Density and Energy Content 355 12.4.2.2 Distillation Characteristics 355 12.4.2.3 Cold Temperature Properties 356 12.4.2.4 Cetane Number 356 12.4.2.5 Fuel Stability 356 12.4.2.6 Lubricity 357 12.4.2.7 Material Compatibility 357 12.4.2.8 Emissions and Combustion 357 12.5 Well-to-Wheel Analysis of FAME and HVO Fuels 357 12.5.1 FAME Fuels 359 12.5.1.1 WTT Analysis 359 12.5.1.2 WTWAnalysis 361 12.5.2 HVO Fuels 363 12.5.2.1 WTT Analysis 363 12.5.2.2 WTWAnalysis 364 References 366 13 Hydrogen 373 Lalit M. Das 13.1 Introduction 373 13.2 Life Cycle Analysis 373 13.3 Hydrogen Production 374 13.4 Historical Overview of Hydrogen Engine: Research and Development 375 13.5 Properties of Hydrogen which Influence Engine Combustion 377 13.6 Undesirable Combustion Phenomena 381 13.7 Design Criteria for Hydrogen Engines 382 13.8 Hydrogen-fueledWankel Engine 384 13.9 Performance Characteristic of a Hydrogen-fueled SI Engine 385 13.10 Exhaust Emissions 386 13.11 Combustion Characteristics 387 13.12 Hydrogen Use in CI Engines 389 13.13 Hydrogen-CNG Blend 391 13.14 Safety Criteria for Hydrogen Engines 392 13.15 Hydrogen Detection 393 13.16 Storage of Hydrogen 393 13.17 Hydrogen Transportation and Distribution 394 13.18 Hydrogen Vehicles based on Internal Combustion Engine 395 13.19 Conclusion 398 References 398 14 Octane Enhancers 403 Marco Di Girolamo, Maura Brianti, and MarioMarchionna 14.1 Introduction 403 14.2 Technical Information 405 14.2.1 Combustion in Otto Engines 405 14.2.2 Knock Phenomena 406 14.2.3 Octane Number 406 14.3 Types of Octane Enhancers 409 14.4 Metal-containing Additives 409 14.4.1 Alkyl Lead Compounds 412 14.4.2 Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl 414 14.5 Ashless Octane Enhancers 415 14.5.1 Heteroatom-based Components 415 14.5.1.1 History of Fuel Oxygenates 417 14.5.1.2 Properties of Oxygenates 420 14.5.1.3 Production 424 14.5.1.4 Toxicology 426 14.5.2 Pure Hydrocarbon Components 427 References 428 Further Reading 430 15 Hybrid and Electrified Powertrains 431 Jakob Andert, MaximilianWick, Rene Savelsberg, andMichael Stapelbroek 15.1 Introduction 431 15.2 Classification 432 15.2.1 Topologies 432 15.2.1.1 Serial Hybrids 433 15.2.1.2 Parallel Hybrids 434 15.2.1.3 Power-split Hybrids 435 15.2.2 Degree of Hybridization 436 15.3 Functionalities 437 15.3.1 Regenerative Braking 437 15.3.2 Load Point Shift/Boosting 438 15.3.3 E-drive and Sailing 439 15.4 Battery 440 15.4.1 NiMH Batteries 441 15.4.2 Li-ion Batteries 442 15.5 Energy Management 443 15.6 Market Situation and Outlook 444 References 444 16 Fuel Cells 447 Sören Tinz, Steffen Dirkes,MariusWalters, and Jakob Andert 16.1 Transportation Applications 447 16.2 Fundamentals 449 16.2.1 Auxiliaries 452 16.2.1.1 Air Supply System 452 16.2.1.2 Hydrogen Supply System 454 16.2.1.3 Cooling Circuit 454 16.2.1.4 HV Architecture 455 16.2.1.5 Controls 455 16.2.1.6 Integrated System Design 455 16.2.2 Onboard Hydrogen Storage 456 16.3 Costs, Durability, and Reliability 457 16.4 Cold and Freeze Start 459 16.5 Efficiency 459 16.6 Summary 460 References 460 Part II Automobile Exhaust Control 465 17 Introduction 467 Martin Votsmeier, Thomas Kreuzer, Jürgen Gieshoff, Gerhard Lepperhoff, and Barbara Elvers Reference 469 18 Pollutant Formation and Limitation 471 Martin Votsmeier, Thomas Kreuzer, Jürgen Gieshoff, Gerhard Lepperhoff, and Barbara Elvers 18.1 Carbon Monoxide 471 18.2 Hydrocarbons 471 18.3 Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) 472 18.4 Particulate Emissions 472 18.5 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 473 18.6 Sulfur Compounds 473 Reference 474 19 Catalytic Exhaust Aftertreatment, General Concepts 475 Martin Votsmeier, Thomas Kreuzer, Jürgen Gieshoff, Gerhard Lepperhoff, and Barbara Elvers 19.1 The Physical Design of the Catalytic Converter 475 19.1.1 Ceramic Monoliths 477 19.1.2 MetallicMonoliths 477 19.1.3 Particulate Filters 478 19.1.4 Extruded Catalysts 478 19.2 TheWashcoat 478 19.3 The Catalytic Material 480 19.4 Production of Catalysts 480 References 481 20 Catalytic Aftertreatment of Stoichiometric Exhaust Gas 483 Martin Votsmeier, Thomas Kreuzer, Jürgen Gieshoff, Gerhard Lepperhoff, and Barbara Elvers 20.1 Three-way Catalysts 484 20.2 Oxygen Storage in Three-way Catalysts 485 20.3 Precious Metals inThree-way Catalysis 487 References 487 21 Exhaust Aftertreatment for Diesel Vehicles 489 Martin Votsmeier, Thomas Kreuzer, Jürgen Gieshoff, Gerhard Lepperhoff, and Barbara Elvers 21.1 The Diesel Oxidation Catalyst 489 21.1.1 Oxidation of Particulate Emissions 490 21.1.2 Oxidation of SO2 490 21.1.3 Oxidation of NO 490 21.1.4 Particulate Filter Regeneration 490 21.1.5 Pt/Pd Dispersion 491 21.2 The Particulate Filter 491 21.2.1 Soot Oxidation by Oxygen 492 21.2.2 Soot Oxidation by NO2 492 21.2.3 Ash Load 493 21.2.4 Open Filter Systems 493 21.3 NOx Treatment of Oxygen-rich Exhaust 494 21.3.1 HC–DeNOx 494 21.3.2 The NOx Adsorber Catalyst 495 21.3.3 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) with Ammonia 496 21.3.4 NH3 Generation Onboard 496 21.3.5 Vanadium SCR Catalysts 497 21.3.6 Zeolite-based SCR Catalysts 498 21.3.7 Oxidation Catalyst Upstream of the SCR Catalyst 498 22 Exhaust Aftertreatment for Lean-burn Gasoline Engines 499 Martin Votsmeier, Thomas Kreuzer, Jürgen Gieshoff, Gerhard Lepperhoff, and Barbara Elvers 23 Conclusion and Outlook 501 Martin Votsmeier, Thomas Kreuzer, Jürgen Gieshoff, Gerhard Lepperhoff, and Barbara Elvers Part III Aviation Fuels 503 24 Aviation Turbine Fuels 505 Geoff J. Bishop and Barbara Elvers 24.1 History 505 24.1.1 Fuel Types and Specifications 505 24.1.1.1 Specification Requirements 507 24.1.1.2 Fuel Properties 507 24.1.1.3 Nonspecification Properties 516 24.1.2 Production 518 24.1.2.1 Fuel 518 24.1.2.2 Additives 520 24.1.3 Handling, Storage, and Transportation 522 24.1.3.1 System Descriptions 522 24.1.3.2 Contamination-removal Equipment 522 24.1.4 Legal Aspects 523 24.1.5 Environmental Aspects 523 24.1.6 Economic Aspects 523 24.1.7 Future Trends 524 24.1.7.1 Petroleum-Derived Fuels 524 24.1.7.2 Alternative Fuels 524 References 525 Further Reading 527 25 Aviation Gasoline (Avgas) 529 Geoff J. Bishop and Barbara Elvers 25.1 History 530 25.2 Avgas Grades 530 25.2.1 Avgas 100 530 25.2.2 Avgas 100LL 530 25.2.3 Avgas 100VLL 531 25.2.4 Avgas UL82 531 25.2.5 Avgas UL87 531 25.2.6 Avgas UL91 531 Reference 531 Further Reading 531 Part IV Marine Fuels 533 26 Marine Fuels 535 Christopher FriedrichWirz, Torsten Mundt, and Klaus Reders 26.1 History 535 26.2 Specifications 536 26.3 Composition 536 26.4 Properties 537 26.4.1 Distillate Fuels 537 26.4.2 Residual Fuels 537 Reference 540 Index 541

Autorenportrait

Barbara Elvers, PhD, served in a variety of roles in publishing, first as a freelance translator of textbooks in chemistry, and served as editor in chief for the Ullmann’s Encyclopedia between 1987 and 2020. Andrea Schütze, PhD, is the former global innovation manager of the automotive fuel division of Shell Global Solutions. Based in Hamburg she started as head of the fuels laboratory and moved on to a variety of roles in the fuels and lubricants research & development.

Back cover copy

A guide to industrially relevant products and processes for transportation fuels The Handbook of Fuels offers a comprehensive review of the wide variety of fuels used to power vehicles, aircraft and ships and examines the processes to produce these fuels. The updated second edition reflects the growing importance of fuels and fuel additives from renewable sources. New chapters include information on current production technology and use of bioethanol, biomethanol and biomass-to-liquid fuels. The book also reviews novel additives and performanace enhancers for conventional engines and fuels for novel bybrid engines. This comprehensive resource contains critical information on the legal, safety, and environmental issues associated with the production and use of fuels as well as reviewing important secondary aspects of the use and production of fuels. This authoritative guide includes contributions from authors who are long-standing contributors to the Ullmann’s Encyclopedia, the world’s most trusted reference for industrial chemistry. This important guide: <ul><li>Contains an updated edition of the authoritative resource to the production and use of fuels used for transportation</li> <li>Includes information that has been selected to reflect only commercially relevant products and processes</li> <li>Presents contributions from a team of noted experts in the field</li> <li>Offers the most recent developments in fuels and additives from renewable sources</li></ul> Written for professionals in the fields of fossil and renewable fuels, engine design, and transportation, Handbook of Fuels is the comprehensive resource that has been revised to reflect the recent developments in fuels used for transportation.