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Handbook of Chemical Looping Technology

1. Aufl.

von: Ronald W. Breault
153,99 €
Verlag:	Wiley-VCH
Format:	EPUB
Veröffentl.:	27.09.2018
ISBN/EAN:	9783527809349
Sprache:	englisch
Anzahl Seiten:	488

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Titelbeschreibung

This comprehensive and up-to-date handbook on this highly topical field, covering everything from new process concepts to commercial applications. Describing novel developments as well as established methods, the authors start with the evaluation of different oxygen carriers and subsequently illuminate various technological concepts for the energy conversion process. They then go on to discuss the potential for commercial applications in gaseous, coal, and fuel combustion processes in industry. The result is an invaluable source for every scientist in the field, from inorganic chemists in academia to chemical engineers in industry.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Preface xiii Section 1 Chemical Looping Process Concepts 1 1 TheMoving Bed Fuel Reactor Process 3 Andrew Tong,Mandar V. Kathe, DaweiWang, and Liang-Shih Fan 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Modes of Moving Bed Fuel Reactor Operation 4 1.2.1 Counter-Current Moving Bed Fuel Reactor: 5 1.2.2 Co-current Moving Bed Fuel Reactor 8 1.3 Chemical Looping Reactor System Design Considerations for Moving Bed Fuel Reactors 10 1.3.1 Mass Balance and Solids Circulation Rate 10 1.3.2 Heat Management 11 1.3.3 Sizing of Reactors 12 1.3.4 Sizing of the Air Reactor 13 1.3.5 Gas Sealing 13 1.3.6 Solids Circulation Control 14 1.3.7 Process Pressure Balance 17 1.4 Counter-Current Moving Bed Fuel Reactor Applications in Chemical Looping Processes 18 1.4.1 Counter-Current Moving Bed Fuel Reactor Modeling 18 1.4.2 Syngas Chemical Looping Process 20 1.4.3 Coal Direct Chemical Looping Process Development 23 1.5 Co-current Moving Bed Fuel Reactor Applications in Chemical Looping Processes 27 1.5.1 Coal to Syngas Chemical Looping Process 27 1.5.2 Methane to Syngas Chemical Looping Process 29 1.5.3 CO2 Utilization Potential 31 1.5.4 MTS Modularization Strategy 32 1.6 Concluding Remarks 36 References 37 2 Single and Double Loop Reacting Systems 41 JustinWeber 2.1 Introduction 41 2.2 Reactor Types 43 2.2.1 Fluid Beds 45 2.2.2 Spouted Beds 45 2.2.3 Risers 46 2.3 Gas Sealing and Solids Control 47 2.4 Single Loop Reactors 48 2.5 Double (or More) Loop Reactors 48 2.6 Solid Fuel Reactors 50 2.6.1 Volatiles 50 2.6.2 Carbon Leakage 51 2.6.3 Ash Separation 52 2.7 Pressurized Reactors 52 2.8 Solid Circulation Rate 53 2.9 Lessons Learned 55 2.9.1 Solids and Pressure Balance Control 55 2.9.2 Solids in Reactor Exhaust 56 2.9.3 Condensation in Exhaust 56 2.9.4 Self-Fluidization 57 2.9.5 Cyclones 57 2.10 Summary 58 Acknowledgements 58 References 58 3 Chemical Looping Processes Using Packed Bed Reactors 61 Vincenzo Spallina, Fausto Gallucci, andMartin van Sint Annaland 3.1 Introduction 61 3.2 Oxygen Carriers for Packed Bed Reactor 63 3.3 Chemical Looping Combustion 65 3.4 Chemical Looping Reforming 73 3.5 Other Chemical Looping Processes 78 3.5.1 Chemical Looping for H2 Production 78 3.5.2 Cu–Ca Process for Sorption Enhanced Reforming 84 3.6 Conclusions 86 Nomenclature 87 References 88 4 Chemical Looping with Oxygen Uncoupling (CLOU) Processes 93 Kevin J.Whitty, JoAnn S. Lighty, and TobiasMattisson 4.1 Introduction 93 4.2 Fundamentals of the CLOU Process 95 4.2.1 CLOU Oxygen Carriers 97 4.2.2 CLOU Oxygen Carrier Oxidation 98 4.2.3 CLOU Oxygen Carrier Reduction (“Uncoupling”) 99 4.3 CLOU Reactor Design 100 4.3.1 Fuel Flow and Overall Balances 101 4.3.2 Energy Considerations 102 4.3.3 Air Reactor Design 103 4.3.4 Fuel Reactor Design 106 4.3.5 Loop Seal Design 107 4.3.6 Sulfur 109 4.4 Status of CLOU Technology Development 110 4.4.1 Laboratory-Scale CLOU Testing 110 4.4.2 Development-Scale and Pilot-Scale Systems 111 4.5 Future Development of CLOU Technology 118 References 119 5 Pressurized Chemical Looping Combustion for Solid Fuel 123 Liangyong Chen, Zhen Fan, Rui Xiao, and Kunlei Liu 5.1 Introduction 123 5.2 Coal-Based Pressurized Chemical Looping Combustion Combined Cycle 124 5.2.1 Concept 124 5.2.2 Process of the Direct Coal-Fueled PCLC Developed by UK-CAER 125 5.2.3 Process of the Direct Coal-Fueled PCLC at SEU, China 127 5.3 Fundamentals and Experiments of Pressurized Chemical Looping Combustion 128 5.3.1 Transient Oxidation of Magnetite to Hematite in PCLC 128 5.3.2 The Solid Behaviors in the Solid-Fueled PCLC (Fuel Reactor Side) 129 5.3.2.1 Materials 129 5.3.2.2 Experiment Setup 130 5.3.2.3 In situ Gasification 133 5.3.2.4 Combustion Efficiency 136 5.4 Direct Coal-Fueled PCLC Demonstration in Laboratory Scale 139 5.4.1 100 kWth PCLC Facility at SEU, China 139 5.4.2 50 kWth PCLC Unit at UK-CAER 142 5.5 Tech-economic Analysis 143 5.5.1 Technical Performance Evaluation on the Direct Coal-Fueled PCLC-CC 143 5.5.1.1 Combined Cycle 145 5.5.1.2 PCLC Unit 145 5.5.1.3 Physical Properties 145 5.5.1.4 Case Study 146 5.5.1.5 Optimization of Plant Configuration 148 5.5.2 Performance of the UK-CAER’s PCLC-CC Plant 148 5.6 Technical Gaps and Challenges 155 References 157 Section 2 Oxygen Carriers 159 6 Regenerable, Economically Affordable Fe2O3-Based Oxygen Carrier for Chemical Looping Combustion 161 Hanjing Tian, Ranjani Siriwardane, Esmail R.Monazam, and RonaldW. Breault 6.1 Introduction 161 6.2 Primary Oxide Selection 162 6.3 Supported Single Oxides 166 6.4 Natural Oxide Ores 170 6.5 Supported Binary Oxides System 173 6.5.1 Thermodynamic Analysis of CuO–Fe2O3 Phases 173 6.5.2 Decomposition–Oxidation Cycle of Chemical Looping Oxygen Uncoupling 174 6.5.3 Coal Chemical Looping Combustion 174 6.5.4 Chemical Looping Combustion with Methane as Fuel 177 6.5.5 Bulk Phase and Oxidation State Analysis of Mixed CuO– Fe2O3 System 180 6.5.6 Synergetic Reactivity–Structure of CuO– Fe2O3 Oxygen Carriers 182 6.6 Kinetic Networks of Fe2O3-based Oxygen Carriers 185 6.7 50-kWth Methane/Air Chemical Looping Combustion Tests 191 References 195 7 Oxygen Carriers for Chemical-Looping with Oxygen Uncoupling (CLOU) 199 Tobias Mattisson and Kevin J.Whitty 7.1 Introduction 199 7.2 Thermodynamics of CLOU 202 7.2.1 Equilibrium Partial Pressure of O2 202 7.2.2 Thermal Considerations 207 7.3 Overview of Experimental Investigations of CLOU Materials 208 7.3.1 Copper Oxide 209 7.3.2 Combined and Mixed Oxides 210 7.3.3 Naturally Occurring Oxygen Carriers 216 7.4 Kinetics of Oxidation and Reduction of Oxygen Carriers in CLOU 217 7.5 Conclusions 219 Acknowledgment 219 References 220 8 Mixed Metal Oxide-Based Oxygen Carriers for Chemical Looping Applications 229 Fanxing Li, Nathan Galinsky, and Arya Shafieharhood 8.1 Overview 229 8.2 Mixed Oxides for Chemical Looping with Oxygen Uncoupling (CLOU) 232 8.3 Mixed Oxides for iG-CLC 235 8.4 Mixed Oxides for Chemical Looping Reforming (CLR) 241 8.4.1 Chemical Looping Reforming 241 8.4.2 Monometallic Redox Catalysts for CLR 242 8.5 Redox Catalyst Improvement Strategies 244 8.6 Mixed Oxides for Other Selective Oxidation Applications 247 8.6.1 Oxidative Coupling of Methane 248 8.6.2 Oxidative Dehydrogenation (ODH) of Ethane 249 8.7 Toward Rationalizing the Design of Mixed Metal Oxides 250 8.8 Future Directions 251 References 252 9 Oxygen Carrier Structure and Attrition 263 Nathan Galinsky, Samuel Bayham, EsmailMonazam, and RonaldW. Breault 9.1 Introduction 263 9.2 Oxygen Carrier Structure 264 9.2.1 Unsupported Oxygen Carriers 264 9.2.1.1 Surface 264 9.2.1.2 Structure 266 9.2.1.3 Gas Pores and Diffusion 269 9.2.1.4 Ilmenite 270 9.2.2 Supported Oxygen Carriers 271 9.2.2.1 Copper Oxides 271 9.2.2.2 Iron Oxides 272 9.3 Attrition 275 9.3.1 Sources of Attrition 276 9.3.2 Solids Properties Relevant to Attrition 278 9.3.2.1 Hardness 279 9.3.2.2 Fracture Toughness 281 9.3.3 Mechanistic Modeling of Attrition 283 9.3.3.1 Attrition due to Wear (Abrasion) 283 9.3.3.2 Impact Attrition 285 9.4 Attrition Modeling 285 9.4.1 Unsteady-State Models 286 9.4.2 Steady-State Models 287 9.4.3 System Modeling 288 9.5 Experimental Testing 289 9.5.1 Nanoindentation 289 9.5.2 Fluidized Beds 291 9.5.3 Impact Testing 292 9.5.4 Jet Cup 293 References 295 Section 3 Commercial Design Studies of CLC Systems 303 10 Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling and Simulations of Fluidized Beds for Chemical Looping Combustion 305 Subhodeep Banerjee and Ramesh K. Agarwal 10.1 Introduction 305 10.2 Reactor-Level Simulations of CLC Using CFD 308 10.3 Governing Equations 310 10.4 Eulerian–Lagrangian Simulation of a Spouted Fluidized Bed in a CLC Fuel Reactor with Chemical Reactions 313 10.5 Spouted Fluidized Bed Simulation Results 316 10.6 Eulerian–Lagrangian Simulation of a Binary Particle Bed in a Carbon Stripper 319 10.7 Binary Particle Bed Simulation Results 324 10.8 Summary and Conclusions 328 References 328 11 Calcium- and Iron-Based Chemical Looping Combustion Processes 333 RobertW. Stevens Jr., Dale L. Keairns, Richard A. Newby, and Mark C.Woods 11.1 Introduction 333 11.2 CLC Plant Design, Modeling, and Cost Estimation Bases 334 11.2.1 Design Basis 334 11.2.2 Cost Estimation Basis 335 11.2.3 Reactor Modeling Basis 336 11.3 Chemical Looping Combustion Reference Plant Descriptions 337 11.3.1 General CLC Power Plant Configuration 338 11.3.2 Reference Plant Stream Conditions 341 11.4 Chemical Looping Combustion Reference Plant Performance 342 11.5 Chemical Looping Combustion Reference Plant Cost 352 11.6 Chemical Looping Combustion Reference Plant Performance and Cost Sensitivities 360 11.6.1 Reactor Temperature Sensitivity 362 11.6.2 Reactor Velocity Sensitivity 365 11.6.3 Carbon Gasification Efficiency Sensitivity 367 11.6.4 Reducer Oxygen Carrier Conversion Sensitivity 368 11.6.5 COE Sensitivity to Oxygen Carrier Makeup Rate and Price 370 11.6.6 COE Sensitivity to Char–Oxygen Carrier Separator Cost 371 11.7 Summary and Conclusions 372 References 375 12 Simulations for Scale-Up of Chemical Looping with Oxygen Uncoupling (CLOU) Systems 377 JoAnn S. Lighty, Zachary T. Reinking, andMatthew A. Hamilton 12.1 Introduction 377 12.2 Process Modeling 377 12.2.1 Background 377 12.2.2 Aspen Plus Modeling 378 12.2.3 Other Approaches to Material and Energy Balance Determinations 383 12.2.4 Autothermal Operation 385 12.2.5 Using Process Modeling for Steam Production Estimates 385 12.2.6 Summary 386 12.3 Computational Fluid Dynamic Simulations 387 12.3.1 Background 387 12.3.2 Summary of the Literature 388 12.3.3 Conclusions 394 References 394 Section 4 Other Chemical Looping Processes 397 13 Calcium Looping Carbon Capture Process 399 Yiang-Chen Chou,Wan-Hsia Liu, and Heng-Wen Hsu 13.1 Introduction 399 13.1.1 Fundamental Principles of Calcium Looping Process 399 13.1.2 Thermodynamics and Reaction Equilibrium of CaO and CaCO3 402 13.2 Current Status of Calcium Looping Process 404 13.2.1 Kilowatt-Scale Calcium Looping Facility 404 13.2.2 Megawatt-Scale Calcium Looping Plant 410 13.3 Strategies for Enhancing Sorbent Recyclability and Activity 415 13.3.1 Synthesis of CaO Sorbent from Inorganic or Organometallic Precursors 417 13.3.2 Incorporation of Dopant or Inert Stabilizer with Calcium-Based Sorbents 418 13.3.3 Sorbent Reactivation Through Additional Processing 423 References 428 14 Chemical Looping of Low-Cost MgO-Based Sorbents for CO2 Capture in IGCC 435 Hamid Arastoopour and Javad Abbasian 14.1 Introduction 435 14.2 MgO-Based Sorbent 438 14.3 Reaction Model for Carbon Capture and Regeneration 443 14.4 CFD Simulations of the Regenerative Carbon Dioxide Capture Process 447 14.4.1 Two-dimensional Simulation of the Regenerator and the Carbonator in the CFB Loop 447 14.4.2 Three-dimensional Simulation of Carbon Capture and Regeneration in the Absorber and Regenerator Reactors 450 14.5 Preliminary Economic Assessment 452 Acknowledgment 457 References 457 Index 461

Autorenportrait

Ronald W. Breault is currently team leader at the U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, working on the development of chemical looping combustion and gasification technologies including fluidized reactor characterization. After studying chemical engineering at Clarkson University and the University of New Hampshire he had been working as a Program Manager at Riley Stoker Corporation, USA. Subsequently he held positions as Director of New Business Development and Environmental Technologies at Thermo Power Corporation before he became Assistant Professor and Director at Wheeling Jesuit University. He has written numerous publications in peer reviewed journals, several books and book chapters, and holds various patents.

Back cover copy

The only comprehensive and up-to-date handbook on this highly topical field, covering everything from new process concepts to commercial applications. Describing novel developments as well as established methods, the authors start with the evaluation of different oxygen carriers and subsequently illuminate various technological concepts for the energy conversion process. They then go on to discuss the potential for commercial applications in gaseous, coal, and fuel combustion processes in industry. The result is an invaluable source for every scientist in the field, from inorganic chemists in academia to chemical engineers in industry.