Details
Vacuum Technology in the Chemical Industry
1. Aufl.
144,99 € |
|
Verlag: | Wiley-VCH (D) |
Format: | |
Veröffentl.: | 31.12.2014 |
ISBN/EAN: | 9783527653928 |
Sprache: | englisch |
Anzahl Seiten: | 392 |
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Beschreibungen
Based on the very successful German edition and a seminar held by the German Engineers` Association (VDI) on a regular basis for years now, this English edition has been thoroughly updated and revised to reflect the latest developments. It supplies in particular the special aspects of vacuum technology, applied vacuum pump types and vacuum engineering in the chemical, pharmaceutical and process industry application-segments. The text includes chapters dedicated to latest European regulations for operating in hazardous zones with vacuum systems, methods for process pressure control and regulation and leak detection.<br> All of the authors work or did work at a selection of the most important German companies involved in vacuum technology, and their expertise is disseminated here for engineers working in vacuum technology, chemical process design, plant operation, and mechanical engineering.<br>
<p>List of Contributors XV</p> <p><b>1 Fundamentals of Vacuum Technology 1</b><br /><i>Wolfgang Jorisch</i></p> <p>1.1 Introduction 1</p> <p>1.2 Fundamentals of Vacuum Technology 2</p> <p>1.2.1 Fundamentals of Gas Kinetics 3</p> <p>1.2.2 Equation of State for Ideal Gases 6</p> <p>1.2.3 Flow of Gases through Pipes in a Vacuum 7</p> <p>1.2.4 Vacuum Pumps Overview 12</p> <p>References 14</p> <p><b>2 Condensation under Vacuum 15</b><br /><i>Harald Grave</i></p> <p>2.1 What Is Condensation? 15</p> <p>2.2 Condensation under Vacuum without Inert 16</p> <p>2.3 Condensation with Inert Gases 17</p> <p>2.4 Saturated Inert Gas–Vapour Mixtures 19</p> <p>2.5 Vapour–Liquid Equilibrium 20</p> <p>2.6 Types of Condensers 21</p> <p>2.7 Heat Transfer and Condensation Temperature in a Surface Condenser 24</p> <p>2.8 Vacuum Control in Condensers 30</p> <p>2.9 Installation of Condensers 30</p> <p>2.10 Special Condenser Types 32</p> <p>Further Reading 34</p> <p><b>3 Liquid Ring Vacuum Pumps in Industrial Process Applications 35</b><br /><i>Pierre Hähre</i></p> <p>3.1 Design and Functional Principle of Liquid Ring Vacuum Pumps 35</p> <p>3.1.1 Functional Principle 35</p> <p>3.1.2 Design Details 37</p> <p>3.2 Operating Behaviour and Design of Liquid Ring Vacuum Pumps 40</p> <p>3.2.1 Hydraulics 40</p> <p>3.2.2 Thermodynamics 41</p> <p>3.2.3 Counterpressure, Air Pressure 45</p> <p>3.2.4 Design Data 47</p> <p>3.3 Vibration and Noise Emission with Liquid Ring Vacuum Pumps 48</p> <p>3.3.1 Vibration Stimulation by Imbalance of Rotary Solids 48</p> <p>3.3.2 Vibration Stimulation by Pulsation 49</p> <p>3.3.3 Vibration Stimulation by Flow Separations 50</p> <p>3.3.4 Measures for Vibration Damping 50</p> <p>3.4 Selection of Suitable Liquid Ring Vacuum Pumps 51</p> <p>3.4.1 Simple, Robust and Suitable for the Entire Pressure Range 52</p> <p>3.4.2 The Vacuum Pump for the Delivery of Liquid 52</p> <p>3.4.3 Quiet and Compact for a Vacuum Close to the Vapour Pressure 57</p> <p>3.4.4 A Compact Unit 59</p> <p>3.4.5 The Right Sealing Concept 59</p> <p>3.4.6 Vacuum Control 63</p> <p>3.4.7 Valve Control 63</p> <p>3.4.8 Power Adjustment 64</p> <p>3.5 Process Connection and Plant Construction 67</p> <p>3.5.1 Set-Up and Operation of Liquid Ring Vacuum Pumps 67</p> <p>3.5.2 Conveyance of the Operating Liquid 68</p> <p>3.5.3 Precompression 69</p> <p>3.6 Main Damage Symptoms 73</p> <p>3.6.1 Water Impact 73</p> <p>3.6.2 Cavitation 73</p> <p>3.6.3 Calcareous Deposits and How to Avoid Them 75</p> <p>3.7 Table of Symbols 78</p> <p><b>4 Steam Jet Vacuum Pumps 81</b><br /><i>Harald Grave</i></p> <p>4.1 Design and Function of a Jet Pump 81</p> <p>4.2 Operating Behaviour and Characteristic 84</p> <p>4.3 Control of Jet Compressors 87</p> <p>4.4 Multi-Stage Steam Jet Vacuum Pumps 90</p> <p>4.5 Comparison of Steam, Air and Other Motive Media 93</p> <p>Further Reading 95</p> <p><b>5 Mechanical Vacuum Pumps 97</b><br /><i>Wolfgang Jorisch</i></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 97</p> <p>5.2 The Different Types of Mechanical Vacuum Pumps 99</p> <p>5.2.1 Reciprocating Piston Vacuum Pump 100</p> <p>5.2.2 Diaphragm Vacuum Pump 100</p> <p>5.2.3 Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump 101</p> <p>5.2.4 Rotary Plunger Vacuum Pump 102</p> <p>5.2.5 Roots Vacuum Pump 103</p> <p>5.2.6 Dry Compressing Vacuum Pump 104</p> <p>5.3 When Using Various Vacuum Pump Designs in the Chemical or Pharmaceutical Process Industry, the Following Must Be Observed 104</p> <p>5.3.1 Circulatory-Lubricated Rotary Vane and Rotary Plunger Vacuum Pumps 104</p> <p>5.3.2 Fresh-Oil-Lubricated Rotary Vane Vacuum Pumps 108</p> <p>5.3.3 Dry, Respectively Oil-Free Compressing Vacuum Pumps 110</p> <p>5.3.4 Roots Vacuum Pumps 111</p> <p>5.3.5 Dry Compressing Vacuum Pumps for Chemistry Applications 118</p> <p>References 128</p> <p><b>6 Basics of the Explosion Protection and Safety-Technical Requirements on Vacuum Pumps for Manufacturers and Operating Companies 129</b><br /><i>Hartmut Härtel</i></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 129</p> <p>6.2 Explosion Protection 130</p> <p>6.2.1 General Basics 130</p> <p>6.2.2 Explosive Atmosphere and Safety Characteristics 131</p> <p>6.2.3 Measures of the Explosion Protection 144</p> <p>6.3 Directive 99/92/EC 146</p> <p>6.3.1 Requirements on Operating Companies of Vacuum Pumps 146</p> <p>6.3.2 Classification of Hazardous Areas into Zones 149</p> <p>6.4 Directive 94/9/EC 150</p> <p>6.4.1 Equipment Groups and Categories 150</p> <p>6.4.2 Assignment between Equipment Categories and Zones 152</p> <p>6.4.3 Requirements on Manufacturers of Vacuum Pumps 153</p> <p>6.4.4 Conformity Assessment Procedure 154</p> <p>6.4.5 Application of the Regulations of the Directive 155</p> <p>6.5 Summary 157</p> <p>References 158</p> <p>Further Reading 159</p> <p><b>7 Measurement Methods for Gross and Fine Vacuum 161</b><br /><i>Werner Große Bley</i></p> <p>7.1 Pressure Units and Vacuum Ranges 161</p> <p>7.2 Directly and Indirectly Measuring Vacuum Gauges and Their Measurement Ranges 162</p> <p>7.3 Hydrostatic Manometers 163</p> <p>7.4 Mechanical and Electromechanical Vacuum Gauges 164</p> <p>7.4.1 Sensors with Strain Gauges 165</p> <p>7.4.2 Thermal Conductivity Gauges 167</p> <p>7.4.3 Thermal Conductivity Gauges with Constant Filament Heating Power 169</p> <p>7.4.4 Thermal Conductivity Gauges with Constant Filament Temperature 170</p> <p>7.4.5 Environmental and Process Impacts on Thermal Conductivity Gauges 170</p> <p>References 172</p> <p>Further Reading 172</p> <p><b>8 Leak Detection Methods 173</b><br /><i>Werner Große Bley</i></p> <p>8.1 Definition of Leakage Rates 173</p> <p>8.2 Acceptable Leakage Rate of Chemical Plants 174</p> <p>8.3 Methods of Leak Detection 175</p> <p>8.4 Helium as a Tracer Gas 176</p> <p>8.5 Leak Detection with Helium Leak Detector 176</p> <p>8.6 Leak Detection of Systems in the Medium-Vacuum Range 177</p> <p>8.6.1 Connection of Leak Detector to the Vacuum System of a Plant 177</p> <p>8.6.2 Detection Limit for Leakage Rates at Different Connection Positions of a Multistage Pumping System 179</p> <p>8.7 Leak Detection on Systems in the Rough Vacuum Range 180</p> <p>8.7.1 Connection of Leak Detector Directly to the Process Vacuum 180</p> <p>8.7.2 Connection of Leak Detector at the Exhaust of the Vacuum System 180</p> <p>8.8 Leak Detection and Signal Response Time 181</p> <p>8.9 Properties and Specifications of Helium Leak Detectors 182</p> <p>8.10 Helium Leak Detection in Industrial Rough Vacuum Applications without Need of a Mass Spectrometer 183</p> <p>8.10.1 Principle of theWise Technology® Sensor 185</p> <p>8.10.2 Application 186</p> <p>References 187</p> <p>Further Reading 187</p> <p>European Standards 187</p> <p><b>9 Vacuum Crystallisation 189</b><br /><i>Guenter Hofmann</i></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 189</p> <p>9.2 Crystallisation Theory for Practice 189</p> <p>9.3 Types of Crystallisers 195</p> <p>9.4 Periphery 203</p> <p>9.5 Process Particularities 205</p> <p>9.5.1 Surface-Cooling Crystallisation 206</p> <p>9.5.2 Vacuum-Cooling Crystallisation 207</p> <p>9.5.3 Evaporation Crystallisation 207</p> <p>9.6 Example – Crystallisation of Sodium Chloride 207</p> <p>References 209</p> <p><b>10 Why Evaporation under Vacuum? 211</b><br /><i>Gregor Klinke</i></p> <p>Summary 211</p> <p>10.1 Introduction 211</p> <p>10.2 Thermodynamics of Evaporation 211</p> <p>10.3 Pressure/Vacuum Evaporation Comparison 213</p> <p>10.3.1 Vapour Utilisation 214</p> <p>10.3.2 Design of the Apparatuses 214</p> <p>10.3.3 Machine Equipment 214</p> <p>10.3.4 Corrosion 215</p> <p>10.3.5 Insulation 215</p> <p>10.3.6 Safety Aspects 215</p> <p>10.3.7 Product Properties 215</p> <p>10.3.8 Boiling Range 216</p> <p>10.4 Possibility of Vapour Utilization 217</p> <p>10.4.1 External Utilization 217</p> <p>10.4.2 Multi-Stage Evaporation 217</p> <p>10.4.3 Mechanical Vapour Recompression 217</p> <p>Further Reading 220</p> <p><b>11 Evaporators for Coarse Vacuum 221</b><br /><i>Gregor Klinke</i></p> <p>Summary 221</p> <p>11.1 Introduction 221</p> <p>11.2 Criteria for the Selection of an Evaporator 221</p> <p>11.2.1 Suitability for the Product 221</p> <p>11.2.2 Cleaning 222</p> <p>11.2.3 Quality of Heat Transfer 222</p> <p>11.2.4 Required Space 222</p> <p>11.2.5 Cost Efficiency 223</p> <p>11.3 Evaporator Types 223</p> <p>11.3.1 Agitator Evaporator 223</p> <p>11.3.2 Natural Circulation Evaporator 223</p> <p>11.3.3 Climbing-Film Evaporator 225</p> <p>11.3.4 Falling-Film Evaporator 226</p> <p>11.3.5 Forced-Circulation Evaporator 228</p> <p>11.3.6 Fluidised-Bed Evaporator 230</p> <p>11.3.7 Plate Evaporator 231</p> <p>Further Reading 233</p> <p><b>12 Basics of Drying Technology 235</b><br /><i>Jürgen Oess</i></p> <p>12.1 Basics of Solids–Liquid Separation Technology 235</p> <p>12.2 Basics of Drying Technology 235</p> <p>12.2.1 Convection Drying 236</p> <p>12.2.2 Radiation Drying 237</p> <p>12.2.3 Contact Drying 237</p> <p>12.2.4 Advantages of the Vacuum Drying 242</p> <p>12.3 Discontinuous Vacuum Drying 244</p> <p>12.3.1 Setup of a Batch Vacuum Drying System 244</p> <p>12.3.2 Operation of Discontinuous Vacuum Dryers 244</p> <p>12.4 Continuous Vacuum Drying 246</p> <p>12.4.1 Setup of a Batch Vacuum Drying System 246</p> <p>12.4.2 Operation of Continuous Vacuum Dryers 246</p> <p>12.4.3 Inlet- and Outlet Systems 247</p> <p>12.5 Dryer Designs 248</p> <p>Reference 249</p> <p><b>13 Vacuum Technology Bed 251</b><br /><i>Michael Jacob</i></p> <p>13.1 Introduction to Fluidized Bed Technology 251</p> <p>13.1.1 Open or Once-through Fluidized Bed Plants 251</p> <p>13.1.2 Normal Pressure Fluidized Bed Units with Closed-Loop Systems 251</p> <p>13.2 Vacuum Fluidized Bed Technology 253</p> <p>13.2.1 Layout 253</p> <p>13.2.2 Sequence of Operation 255</p> <p>13.2.3 Fluidization at Vacuum Conditions 255</p> <p>13.2.4 Heat Energy Transfer under Vacuum Conditions 256</p> <p>13.2.5 Applications 257</p> <p>References 258</p> <p><b>14 Pharmaceutical Freeze-Drying Systems 259</b><br /><i>Manfred Heldner</i></p> <p>14.1 General Information 259</p> <p>14.2 Phases of a Freeze-Drying Process 260</p> <p>14.2.1 Freezing 260</p> <p>14.2.2 Primary Drying – Sublimation 261</p> <p>14.2.3 Secondary Drying 264</p> <p>14.2.4 Final Treatment 264</p> <p>14.2.5 Process Control 265</p> <p>14.3 Production Freeze-Drying Systems 266</p> <p>14.3.1 Drying Chamber and Shelf Assembly 267</p> <p>14.3.2 Ice Condenser 270</p> <p>14.3.3 Refrigerating System 271</p> <p>14.3.4 Vacuum System 273</p> <p>14.3.5 Cleaning of the Freeze-Drying System 274</p> <p>14.3.6 Sterilisation 276</p> <p>14.3.7 VHP Sterilisation 277</p> <p>14.4 Final Comments 278</p> <p>Further Reading 279</p> <p><b>15 Short Path and Molecular Distillation 281</b><br /><i>Daniel Bethge</i></p> <p>15.1 Introduction 281</p> <p>15.2 Some History 281</p> <p>15.2.1 Vacuum Distillation 282</p> <p>15.2.2 Short Path Evaporator 285</p> <p>15.2.3 The Vacuum System 286</p> <p>15.2.4 Distillation Plant 288</p> <p>15.2.5 Application Examples 289</p> <p>15.2.6 New Developments 292</p> <p>15.3 Outlook 293</p> <p>References 293</p> <p><b>16 Rectification under Vacuum 295</b><br /><i>Thorsten Hugen</i></p> <p>16.1 Fundamentals of Distillation and Rectification 295</p> <p>16.2 Rectification under Vacuum Conditions 298</p> <p>16.3 Vacuum Rectification Design 302</p> <p>16.3.1 Liquid and Gas Load 303</p> <p>16.3.2 Pressure Drop 303</p> <p>16.3.3 Separation Efficiency 303</p> <p>16.4 Structured Packings for Vacuum Rectification 305</p> <p>Nomenclature, Applied Units 309</p> <p>Greek Symbols 310</p> <p>Subscripts and Superscripts 310</p> <p>References 310</p> <p><b>17 Vacuum Conveying of Powders and Bulk Materials 311</b><br /><i>Thomas Ramme</i></p> <p>17.1 Introduction 311</p> <p>17.2 BasicTheory 312</p> <p>17.2.1 General 312</p> <p>17.2.2 Typical Conditions in a Vacuum Conveying Line 315</p> <p>17.3 Principle Function and Design of a Vacuum Conveying System 318</p> <p>17.3.1 Multiple-Stage, Compressed-Air Driven Vacuum Generators 319</p> <p>17.3.2 Conveying and Receiver Vessels 322</p> <p>17.3.3 Filter Systems 324</p> <p>17.4 Continuous Vacuum Conveying 325</p> <p>17.5 Reactor- and Stirring Vessel Loading in the Chemical Industry 325</p> <p>17.6 Conveying,Weighing, Dosing and Big-Bag Filling and Discharging 330</p> <p>17.7 Application Parameters 330</p> <p>References 330</p> <p><b>18 Vacuum Filtration – Systemand Equipment Technology, Range and Examples of Applications, Designs 331</b><br /><i>Franz Tomasko</i></p> <p>18.1 Vacuum Filtration, a Mechanical Separation Process 331</p> <p>18.1.1 On theTheory of Filtration and Significance of the Laboratory Experiment 332</p> <p>18.1.2 Guide to Filter-Type Selection 333</p> <p>18.2 Design of an Industrial Vacuum Filter Station 335</p> <p>18.3 Methods of Continuous Vacuum Filtration, Types of Design and Examples of Application 337</p> <p>18.3.1 Vacuum Filtration on a Curved Convex Surface, the Drum Filter 337</p> <p>18.3.2 Vacuum Filtration on a Curved Concave Surface, the Internal Filter 351</p> <p>18.3.3 Vacuum Filtration on a Flat Horizontal Surface 352</p> <p>18.3.4 Vacuum Filtration on a Vertical Flat Surface, the Disc Filter 358</p> <p>References 361</p> <p>Index 363</p>
Wolfgang Jorisch, age group 1946, studied chemistry at RWTH Aachen University, and gained his doctorate from the University of Essen. He worked at RWTUV in Essen from 1980-87, before taking up a position in technical sales and distribution at the chemistry applications segment of Leybold Vacuum in Cologne, Germany. In 2000 he switched to the same occupation at Graham Precision Pumps Ltd, UK, at this time a subsidiary of Graham Corporation, Batavia, NY, USA., now-a-days a company of Dr.-Ing. K. Busch UK, until 2005, when he began IVPT Industrielle Vakuumprozesstechnik, seat in works of Oerlikon Leybold Vacuum in Cologne (Germany). Dr. Jorisch has been a member of the board of "Vakuum in Forschung und Praxis (VIP)" from the year of the journal`s start in 1987 up to 2012. Since end of 2011 he is in retirement.<br> <br>
Based on the very successful German edition and a seminar held by the German Engineers' Association (VDI) on a regular basis for years now, this English edition has been thoroughly updated and revised to reflect the latest developments. It supplies in particular the special aspects of vacuum technology, applied vacuum pump types and vacuum engineering in the chemical, pharmaceutical and process industry application-segments. The text includes chapters dedicated to latest European regulations for operating in hazardous zones with vacuum systems, methods for process pressure control and regulation and leak detection.<br> All of the authors work or did work at a selection of the most important German companies involved in vacuum technology, and their expertise is disseminated here for engineers working in vacuum technology, chemical process design, plant operation, and mechanical engineering.<br>
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