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Synthesis of Polymers


Synthesis of Polymers

New Structures and Methods
Materials Science and Technology: A Comprehensive Treatment 1. Aufl.

von: Dieter A. Schlüter, Craig Hawker, Junji Sakamoto

449,99 €

Verlag: Wiley-VCH
Format: PDF
Veröffentl.: 14.05.2012
ISBN/EAN: 9783527644094
Sprache: englisch
Anzahl Seiten: 1184

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Beschreibungen

Polymers are huge macromolecules composed of repeating structural units. While polymer in popular usage suggests plastic, the term actually refers to a large class of natural and synthetic materials. Due to the extraordinary range of properties accessible, polymers have come to play an essential and ubiquitous role in everyday life - from plastics and elastomers on the one hand to natural biopolymers such as DNA and proteins on the other hand. The study of polymer science begins with understanding the methods in which these materials are synthesized. Polymer synthesis is a complex procedure and can take place in a variety of ways. This book brings together the "Who is who" of polymer science to give the readers an overview of the large field of polymer synthesis. It is a one-stop reference and a must-have for all Chemists, Polymer Chemists, Chemists in Industry, and Materials Scientists.<br>
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS <br> <br> CONTENT OF VOLUME 1<br> <br> FOREWORD <br> References <br> <br> POLYMER SYNTHESIS: AN INDUSTRIAL PERSPECTIVE <br> About this Chapter <br> Why?<br> Thesis: There Are No Limits to the Fantasy of a Synthetic Polymer Chemist <br> Antithesis: We May Be Able to Synthesize Millions of New Polymers -<br> But Why Should We Do So? <br> Synthesis <br> Conclusions <br> <br> FROM HETEROGENEOUS ZIEGLER?NATTA TO HOMOGENEOUS SINGLE-CENTER GROUP 4 ORGANOMETALLIC CATALYSTS: A PRIMER ON THE COORDINATION POLYMERIZATION OF OLEFINS <br> Introduction <br> Chapter Prospectus <br> Fundamentals of Coordination Polymerization <br> Homogeneous Single-Center Coordination Polymerization <br> Conclusions <br> <br> COBALT-MEDIATED RADICAL POLYMERIZATION <br> Introduction <br> Mechanistic Considerations <br> Key Parameters of CMRP <br> Macromolecular Engineering <br> Cobalt-Mediated Radical Coupling (CMRC) <br> Summary and Outlook <br> <br> ANIONIC POLYMERIZATION: RECENT ADVANCES <br> Background <br> Living Anionic Polymerization of Various Monomers <br> (Meth)acrylate Derivatives Acrylamide Derivatives <br> Acrylamide Derivatives<br> Cyclic Monomers <br> Other Monomers <br> Reaction of Living Anionic Polymers with Electrophiles: Synthesis of Chain-Functionalized Polymers<br> Synthesis of Architectural Polymers via Living Anionic Polymerization <br> Anionic Polymerization: Practical Aspects <br> Concluding Remarks <br> <br> ALKYNE METATHESIS POLYMERIZATION (ADIMET) AND MACROCYCLIZATION (ADIMAC) <br> Introduction <br> Catalyst Development <br> Poly(Phenylene Ethynylene)s via ADIMET <br> ADIMAC-Acyclic Diyne Metathesis Macrocyclization <br> Conclusions <br> <br> THE SYNTHESIS OF CONJUGATED POLYTHIOPHENES BY KUMADA CROSS-COUPLING <br> Introduction to Polythiophene <br> Kumada Cross-Coupling <br> Polythiophenes by Kumada Cross-Coupling <br> Copolymers <br> Summary and Outlook <br> <br> "ABSOLUTE" ASYMMETRIC POLYMERIZATION WITHIN CRYSTALLINE ARCHITECTURES: RELEVANCE TO THE ORIGIN OF HOMOCHIRALITY <br> Introduction <br> "Through-Space" Asymmetric Polymerization in Inclusion Complexes and Liquid Crystals <br> Isotactic Oligomers Generated within Monolayers at the Air?Water Interface <br> "Absolute" Asymmetric Polymerization in 3-D Crystals <br> Generation of Isotactic Oligopeptides via Polymerization in Racemic Crystals <br> Isotactic Oligopeptides from the Polymerization of Racemic ValNCA or LeuNCA in Aqueous Solution <br> Racemic ?-Sheets in the Polymerization of a-Amino-Acids in Aqueous Solutions: Homochiral Oligopeptides and Copeptides via the "Ehler-Orgel" Reaction <br> Isotactic Oligopeptides from Racemic Thioesters of DL-Leu and DL-Val <br> Conclusions <br> <br> SYNTHESIS OF ABIOTIC FOLDAMERS <br> Introduction <br> Phenylene Ethynylene Foldamers <br> Helical Aromatic Amides <br> Helical Aromatic Ureas <br> Helical Aromatic Hydrazides <br> Heterocyclic Foldamers <br> Conclusions <br> <br> CYLINDRICAL POLYMER BRUSHES <br> Introduction <br> Synthesis of CPBs <br> Properties of CPBs <br> CPBs as a Template for 1-D Inorganic/Hybrid Nanostructures <br> Closing Remarks <br> <br> BLOCK COPOLYMERS BY MULTI-MODE POLYMERIZATIONS <br> Introduction <br> Coupling Methods <br> Transformation Reactions <br> Dual Polymerizations <br> Conclusions <br> <br> ADVANCES IN THE SYNTHESIS OF CYCLIC POLYMERS <br> Introduction <br> Bimolecular Approach<br> Unimolecular Approach <br> Ring-Expansion Approach <br> Conclusions <br> <br> CYCLODEHYDROGENATION IN THE SYNTHESIS OF GRAPHENE-TYPE MOLECULES <br> Introduction <br> Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Oxidative Cyclodehydrogenation (Scholl Reaction) <br> Base-Induced Cyclodehydrogenation <br> Oxidative Photocyclization (Mallory Reaction) <br> Surface-Assisted Cyclodehydrogenation <br> Conclusions <br> <br> POLYMERIZATIONS IN MICRO-REACTORS <br> Introduction <br> Polymerization Reactions with Excess Heat Production <br> Formation of Uniform Particles <br> Scaling-Up <br> Conclusions <br> <br> MINIEMULSION POLYMERIZATION <br> Introduction <br> Radical Polymerization <br> Controlled Radical Polymerizations <br> Radiation-Induced Polymerization <br> Metal-Catalyzed Polymerizations <br> Ionic Polymerizations <br> Polyaddition <br> Polycondensation <br> Enzymatic Polymerization <br> Oxidative Polymerization <br> New Synthetic Approaches in Miniemulsion <br> Conclusions <br> <br> NEW CONJUGATED POLYMERS AND SYNTHETIC METHODS <br> Introduction <br> New Polymers Prepared via Chain-Growth Methods <br> Mechanism <br> Remaining Limitations <br> Conclusions and Outlook <br> <br> POLYCATENANES <br> Introduction <br> Main-Chain Polycatenanes <br> Side-Chain Polycatenanes <br> Polymeric Catenanes <br> Catenane Structures in Polymer Networks <br> Conclusions and Perspective <br> <br> MULTICYCLIC POLYMERS <br> Introduction <br> Ring Polymers with Branches ("Tadpoles") <br> Dicyclic Polymers <br> Tricyclic and Tetracyclic Polymers <br> Oligocyclic Polymers <br> Conclusions and Perspectives <br> <br> <br> CONTENT OF VOLUME 2<br> <br> RING-OPENING METATHESIS POLYMERIZATION <br> Introduction to Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP) <br> Well-Defined Transition Metal-Based Initiators for ROMP <br> Latent Initiators for ROMP <br> "Living" ROMP <br> Summary and Outlook <br> <br> RECENT ADVANCES IN ADMET POLYCONDENSATION CHEMISTRY <br> Introduction <br> Functionalized Polyethylenes <br> Functional Polymers and Materials via ADMET <br> Exotic Polymer Structures <br> Summary and Outlook <br> <br> MACROMOLECULAR ENGINEERING VIA RAFT CHEMISTRY: FROM SEQUENTIAL TO MODULAR DESIGN <br> Introduction <br> Sequential Design <br> Modular Design <br> Conclusions <br> <br> SUZUKI POLYCONDENSATION <br> Introduction <br> General Remarks <br> How to Perform SPC, and Aspects of Characterization <br> Recent Progress in Broadening the Scope of SPC <br> Selected Examples of Polyphenylenes and Related Polymers by SPC <br> Conclusions and Outlook <br> <br> ENZYMATIC POLYMERIZATION <br> Introduction <br> Enzymatic Synthesis of Phenolic Polymers <br> Enzymatic Synthesis of Polyesters <br> Concluding Remarks <br> <br> HYPERBRANCHED POLYMERS: SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION ASPECTS <br> Introduction <br> Synthetic Methodologies <br> Characterization Aspects <br> Separation Techniques for hb Polymers <br> Size Determination and Scaling Parameters of hb Polymers <br> Conclusions <br> <br> EMULSION POLYMERIZATION <br> Introduction <br> Molecular Description of Emulsion Polymerization <br> Radical Polymerization Kinetics in Emulsion Polymerization <br> Conclusion <br> <br> CARBOCATIONIC POLYMERIZATION <br> Introduction <br> Mechanistic and Kinetic Details of Living Cationic Polymerization <br> Living Cationic Polymerization <br> Functional Polymers by Living Cationic Polymerization <br> Telechelic Polymers <br> Macromonomers <br> Linear Diblock Copolymers <br> Linear Triblock Copolymers <br> Block Copolymers with Nonlinear Architecture <br> Branched and Hyperbranched Polymers <br> Surface Initiated Polymerization -<br> Polymer Brushes <br> Conclusions <br> <br> FROM STAR-LIKE TO DENDRIMER-LIKE POLYMERS <br> Introduction <br> Essential Features and Properties of Stars and Dendrimer-Like Polymers <br> General Methods for the Synthesis of Star Polymers <br> General Methods for the Synthesis of Dendrimer-Like Polymers <br> Conclusions <br> <br> TWO-DIMENSIONAL POLYMERS <br> Introduction <br> Why 2-D Polymers? <br> What Is Not Considered a 2-D Polymer? <br> General Considerations on Rational 2-D Polymer Synthesis <br> Approaches to 2-D Polymers and Related Structures <br> Conclusions and Outlook <br> <br> POLY( PARA-PHENYLENE VINYLENE)S <br> Introduction <br> Step-Growth Syntheses of PPVs <br> Chain-Growth Syntheses of PPVs <br> Conclusions and Outlook <br> <br> "CLICk" CHEMISTRY IN POLYMER SCIENCE: CUAAC AND THIOL-ENE COUPLING FOR THE SYNTHESIS AND FUNCTIONALIZATION OF MACROMOLECULES <br> Introduction and Perspective <br> Polymers from "Click" Chemistry <br> Summary and Conclusions <br> <br> CARBENES IN POLYMER SYNTHESIS <br> Introduction to Carbenes <br> Carbenes as Structural Components of Macromolecules <br> Carbene-Based Polymerization Catalysts <br> Conclusions <br> <br> POLYMERIZATION IN CONFINED GEOMETRIES <br> Introduction <br> Polymer Synthesis in Organic Hosts <br> Polymerization in Inorganic Hosts <br> Polymer Synthesis in Organic -<br> Inorganic Hybrid Hosts <br> Summary and Conclusions <br> <br> ACCELERATED APPROACHES TO DENDRIMERS <br> Introduction <br> Classification and Synthesis <br> Accelerated Synthesis of Dendrimers <br> Summary and Conclusions <br> <br> SUPRAMOLECULAR POLYMERS <br> Introduction <br> Supramolecular Chemistry <br> Supramolecular Polymerization Mechanisms <br> Examples of Supramolecular Polymers <br> Supramolecular Polymeric Materials <br> Future Perspectives <br> <br> NUCLEIC ACID POLYMERS AND DNA SYNTHETIC POLYMER HYBRID MATERIALS GENERATED BY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY TECHNIQUES <br> Introduction <br> DNA Hydrogels Mediated by the Action of DNA Ligases <br> DNA Block Copolymers and DNA Networks Generated by the Polymerase Chain Reaction <br> Generating DNA -<br> Synthetic Polymer Hybrids with DNA Polymerases <br> Plasmids and Catenated Nucleic Acid Architectures from Circular DNA Molecules <br> Conclusions <br> <br> CYCLODEXTRIN-BASED PLYROTAXANES <br> Rotaxanes <br> Polyrotaxanes <br> Rotaxanes Containing CDs <br> Polyrotaxanes Containing CDs <br> Formation of Gel by Mixing Host Polymers and Guest Polymers <br> Tubular Polymers <br> <br> DENDRONIZED POLYMERS: AN APPROACH TO SINGLE MOLECULAR OBJECTS <br> Introduction <br> Synthesis <br> Quantification of Thickness <br> Responsivity of Dendronized Polymers <br> Manipulation on Surfaces and Building Objects <br> Conclusions <br> <br> INDEX <br> <br>
A. Dieter Schluter is since 2004 Professor for polymer chemistry at the Materials Department of the ETH Zurich. He studied chemistry and geophysics at the University of Munich and received in 1984 his PhD under the supervision of Prof. G. Szeimies. After post-doctoral fellowships with Prof. K. P.C. Vollhardt (UC Berkeley, USA) and Prof. W.J. Feast (University of Durham, UK) he was head of the polymer synthesis research group in Prof. G. Wegner's department at the Max-Planck-Institut fur Polymerforschung (Mainz, Germany). 1991 he finished his habilitation, received a scholarship award of the Fonds der Chemischen Industrie and started as Professor for polymer chemistry at the<br> University of Karlsruhe. From 1992 to 2004 he was Full Professor at the Free University of Berlin. Since 2012 he is an elected personal member of the Swiss Academy of Engineering Sciences. His research interests are in the area of polymer synthesis with a visible component of organic chemistry.<br> <br> Craig J. Hawker, FRS received his BSc (1984) degree from Queensland, Australia his PhD (1988) degree from the Cambridge (UK), followed by a post-doctoral fellowship with Professor Jean M.J. Frechet at Cornell from 1988 to 1990. In 2005 he moved from the IBM Almaden Research Center to the University of California, Santa Barbara where he is the Heeger Chair of Interdisciplinary Science. He is also the Director of the Materials Research Laboratory, founding Director of the Dow Materials Institute and visiting Chair Professor at King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals. His research activities focus on synthetic polymer chemistry and nanotechnology and has led to<br> more than 45 patents and over 300 papers. He has received a number of awards for his work and in 2010 he was named as a Fellow of the Royal Society.<br> <br> Junji Sakamoto is currently a Habilitand at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich. Born in Kyoto, Japan in 1973, he studied chemistry and polymer science at Kyoto University, and earned his PhD in 2002 on the synthesis of polysaccharides under the supervision of Prof. S. Kobayashi. He carried out his postdoctoral research with Prof. K. Mullen at the Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research in Mainz, Germany, working on the synthesis of dendrimers (2002-2004). He then moved to the group of Prof. A.D. Schluter at ETH Zurich, Switzerland, working on the synthesis of macrocycles, where since 2006 he has been a group leader for 2D polymers, Suzuki polycondensation and new polymerization methodology leading to unprecedented structures.<br> <br> <br>
Polymers are huge macromolecules composed of repeating structural units. While polymer in popular usage suggests plastic, the term actually refers to a large class of natural and synthetic materials. Due to the extraordinary range of properties accessible, polymers have come to play an essential and ubiquitous role in everyday life - from plastics and elastomers on the one hand to natural biopolymers such as DNA and proteins on the other hand. The study of polymer science begins with understanding the methods in which these materials are synthesized. Polymer synthesis is a complex procedure and can take place in a variety of ways. This book brings together the "Who is who" of polymer science to give the readers an overview of the large field of polymer synthesis. It is a one-stop reference and a must-have for all Chemists, Polymer Chemists, Chemists in Industry, and Materials Scientists.

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