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Fish Cognition and Behavior

Fish and Aquatic Resources, Band 21 2. Aufl.

from: Culum Brown, Kevin Laland, Jens Krause
167,99 €
Publisher:	Wiley-Blackwell
Format	EPUB
Published:	28.06.2011
ISBN/EAN:	9781444342512
Language:	englisch
Number of pages:	480

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In the second edition of this fascinating book an international team of experts have been brought together to explore all major areas of fish learning, including: <ul> <li>Foraging skills </li> <li>Predator recognition </li> <li>Social organisation and learning </li> <li>Welfare and pain </li> </ul> Three new chapters covering fish personality, lateralisation, and fish cognition and fish welfare, have been added to this fully revised and expanded second edition. Fish Cognition and Behavior, Second Edition contains essential information for all fish biologists and animal behaviorists and contains much new information of commercial importance for fisheries managers and aquaculture personnel. Libraries in all universities and research establishments where biological sciences, fisheries and aquaculture are studied and taught will find it an important addition to their shelves.

Preface and Acknowledgements xv Series Foreword xvi List of Contributors xix 1 Fish Cognition and Behaviour 1 Brown, Laland and Krause 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Contents of this book 3 References 9 2 Learning of Foraging Skills by Fish 10 Warburton and Hughes 2.1 Introduction 10 2.2 Some factors affecting the learning process 12 2.2.1 Reinforcement 12 2.2.2 Drive 12 2.2.3 Stimulus attractiveness 12 2.2.4 Exploration and sampling 14 2.2.5 Attention and simple association 14 2.2.6 Cognition 15 2.2.7 Memory systems and skill transfer 18 2.3 Patch use and probability matching 19 2.4 Performance 21 2.5 Tracking environmental variation 23 2.6 Competition 26 2.7 Learning and fish feeding: some applications 27 2.8 Conclusions 27 Acknowledgements 28 References 29 3 Learned Defences and Counterdefences in Predator–Prey Interactions 36 Kelley and Magurran 3.1 Introduction 36 3.2 The predator–prey sequence 38 3.2.1 Encounter 39 3.2.1.1 Avoiding dangerous habitats 39 3.2.1.2 Changing activity patterns 40 3.2.2 Detection 41 3.2.2.1 Crypsis 42 3.2.2.2 Sensory perception 42 3.2.3 Recognition 43 3.2.3.1 Associative learning 43 3.2.3.2 Learning specificity 44 3.2.3.3 Search images 45 3.2.3.4 Aposematism and mimicry 46 3.2.4 Approach 47 3.2.4.1 Pursuit deterrence 47 3.2.4.2 Gaining information about the predator 47 3.2.4.3 Social learning 47 3.2.4.4 Habituation 49 3.2.5 Evasion 49 3.2.5.1 Reactive distance and escape speed and trajectory 50 3.2.5.2 Survival benefits/capture success 50 3.3 Summary and discussion 51 Acknowledgements 52 References 53 4 Learning about Danger: Chemical Alarm Cues and Threat-Sensitive Assessment of Predation Risk by Fishes 59 Brown, Ferrari and Chivers 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 Chemosensory cues as sources of information 60 4.2.1 Learning, innate responses and neophobia 60 4.2.2 Learned predator recognition through conditioning with alarm cues 62 4.3 Variable predation risk and flexible learning 62 4.3.1 Assessing risk in time 64 4.3.2 Sensory complementation and threat-sensitive learning 65 4.4 Generalisation of risk 66 4.4.1 Generalising of predator cues 66 4.4.2 Generalisation of non-predator cues 67 4.5 Predator recognition continuum hypothesis 68 4.5.1 Ecological selection for innate versus learned recognition of predators 69 4.5.2 Ecological selection for generalised learning 69 4.6 Retention: the forgotten component of learning 70 4.7 Conservation, management and learning 72 4.7.1 Conditioning predator recognition skills 72 4.7.2 Anthropogenic constraints 73 4.7.3 Field-based studies 73 4.8 Conclusions 74 Acknowledgements 74 References 74 5 Learning and Mate Choice 81 Witte and Nöbel 5.1 Introduction 81 5.2 Sexual imprinting 82 5.2.1 Does sexual imprinting promote sympatric speciation in fishes? 82 5.3 Learning after reaching maturity 83 5.4 Eavesdropping 84 5.4.1 Eavesdropping and mate choice 84 5.4.2 Benefits of eavesdropping 84 5.4.3 The audience effect 85 5.5 Mate-choice copying 87 5.5.1 Mate-choice copying – first experimental evidence and consequence 88 5.5.2 Mate-choice copying – evidence from the wild 89 5.5.3 Mate-choice copying when living in sympatry or allopatry 91 5.5.4 Mate-choice copying – the role of the early environment 92 5.5.5 Quality of the model fish 93 5.6 Social mate preferences overriding genetic preferences 94 5.6.1 Indications from guppies 94 5.6.2 Indications from sailfin mollies 95 5.7 Cultural evolution through mate-choice copying 96 5.8 Does mate-choice copying support the evolution of a novel male trait? 96 5.8.1 Theoretical approaches 97 5.8.2 Experimental approaches 98 5.9 Is mate-choice copying an adaptive mate-choice strategy? 99 5.9.1 Benefits of mate-choice copying 99 5.9.2 Costs of mate-choice copying 100 5.10 Outlook 101 5.11 Conclusions 102 References 102 6 Aggressive Behaviour in Fish: Integrating Information about Contest Costs 108 Hsu, Earley and Wolf 6.1 Introduction 108 6.2 Information about resource value 110 6.3 Information about contest costs 110 6.3.1 Assessing fighting ability 111 6.3.2 Information from past contests 113 6.3.2.1 Winner and loser effects 113 6.3.2.2 Individual recognition 117 6.3.2.3 Social eavesdropping 117 6.3.3 Integrating different types of cost-related information 118 6.4 Physiological mechanisms 119 6.5 Conclusions and future directions 126 Acknowledgements 128 References 128 7 Personality Traits and Behaviour 135 Budaev and Brown 7.1 Introduction 135 7.2 Observation and description of personality 137 7.2.1 Current terminology 137 7.2.1.1 Shyness–boldness 138 7.2.1.2 Coping styles 140 7.2.1.3 Behavioural syndromes 140 7.2.2 Objectivity 140 7.2.3 Labelling personality traits; construct validity 142 7.2.4 Objective and subjective measurements of personality 142 7.2.5 Modern terminology and statistical approaches 145 7.3 Proximate causation 146 7.4 Ontogeny and experience 149 7.5 Is personality adaptive? 150 7.5.1 Frequency- and density-dependent selection 150 7.5.2 State-dependent models 151 7.6 Evolution 153 7.7 Wider implications 155 7.7.1 Fish production and reproduction 155 7.7.2 Personality and population dynamics 155 7.8 Conclusions 156 Acknowledgements 157 References 157 8 The Role of Learning in Fish Orientation 166 Odling-Smee, Simpson and Braithwaite 8.1 Introduction 166 8.2 Why keep track of location? 166 8.3 The use of learning and memory in orientation 167 8.4 Learning about landmarks 168 8.5 Compass orientation 171 8.6 Water movements 172 8.7 Inertial guidance and internal ‘clocks’ 173 8.8 Social cues 174 8.9 How flexible is orientation behaviour? 174 8.9.1 When to learn? 174 8.9.2 What to learn? 175 8.9.3 Spatial learning capacity 176 8.10 Salmon homing – a case study 177 8.11 Conclusion 179 Acknowledgements 179 References 180 9 Social Recognition of Conspecifics 186 Griffiths and Ward 9.1 Introduction 186 9.2 Recognition of familiars 186 9.2.1 Laboratory studies of familiarity 187 9.2.2 Mechanisms of familiarity recognition 187 9.2.3 Functions of associating with familiar fish 191 9.2.4 Familiarity in free-ranging fishes 194 9.2.5 Determinants of familiarity 195 9.3 Familiarity or kin recognition? 196 9.3.1 Kin recognition theory 196 9.3.2 Evidence for kin recognition from laboratory studies 200 9.3.3 Advantages of kin discrimination 201 9.3.4 Kin association in the wild 201 9.3.5 Explaining the discrepancies between laboratory and field 203 9.3.6 Kin avoidance 205 9.4 Conclusion 206 References 207 10 Social Organisation and Information Transfer in Schooling Fish 217 Ioannou, Couzin, James, Croft and Krause 10.1 Introduction 217 10.2 Collective motion 218 10.3 Emergent collective motion in the absence of external stimuli 219 10.4 Response to internal state and external stimuli: Information processing within schools 220 10.4.1 Collective response to predators 220 10.4.2 Mechanisms and feedback in information transfer 222 10.4.3 Information transfer during group foraging and migration 225 10.5 Informational status, leadership and collective decision-making in fish schools 225 10.6 The structure of fish schools and populations 227 10.7 Social networks and individual identities 229 10.8 Community structure in social networks 232 10.9 Conclusions and future directions 233 Acknowledgements 234 References 234 11 Social Learning in Fishes 240 Brown and Laland 11.1 Introduction 240 11.2 Antipredator behaviour 241 11.3 Migration and orientation 244 11.4 Foraging 247 11.5 Mate choice 248 11.6 Aggression 249 11.7 Trade-offs in reliance on social and asocial sources of information 250 11.8 Concluding remarks 252 Acknowledgements 252 References 252 12 Cooperation and Cognition in Fishes 258 Alfieri and Dugatkin 12.1 Introduction 258 12.2 Why study cooperation in fishes? 259 12.3 Cooperation and its categories 261 12.3.1 Category 1 – kin selection 261 12.3.1.1 Cognition and kin selection 261 12.3.1.2 Example of kin selected cooperation: Cooperative breeding 262 12.3.1.3 Example of kin selected cooperation: Conditional territory defence 262 12.3.2 Category 2 – reciprocity 263 12.3.2.1 Cognition and reciprocity 264 12.3.2.2 Example of reciprocity: Egg trading 265 12.3.2.3 Example of reciprocity: Predator inspection 266 12.3.2.4 Example of reciprocity: Interspecific cleaning behaviour 267 12.3.3 Category 3 – by-product mutualism 268 12.3.3.1 Cognition and by-product mutualism 268 12.3.3.2 Example of by-product mutualism: Cooperative foraging 269 12.3.4 Category 4 – trait group selection 270 12.3.4.1 Cognition and trait group selection 270 12.3.4.2 Example of trait group selected cooperation: Predator inspection 270 12.4 Conclusion 271 Acknowledgements 272 References 272 13 Machiavellian Intelligence in Fishes 277 Bshary 13.1 Introduction 277 13.2 Evidence for functional aspects of Machiavellian intelligence 279 13.2.1 Information gathering about relationships between other group members 279 13.2.2 Predator inspection 280 13.2.3 Group-living cichlids 281 13.2.4 Machiavellian intelligence in cleaning mutualisms 283 13.2.4.1 Categorisation and individual recognition of clients 283 13.2.4.2 Building up relationships between cleaners and resident clients 284 13.2.4.3 Use of tactile stimulation by cleaners to manipulate client decisions and reconcile after conflicts 284 13.2.4.4 Audience effects in response to image scoring and tactical deception 285 13.2.4.5 Punishment by males during pair inspections 285 13.3 Evidence for cognitive mechanisms in fishes 286 13.3.1 What cognitive abilities might cleaners need to deal with their clients? 286 13.3.2 Other cognitive mechanisms 287 13.4 Discussion 288 13.4.1 Future avenues I: How Machiavellian is fish behaviour? 289 13.4.2 Future avenues II: Relating Machiavellian-type behaviour to brain size evolution 290 13.4.3 Extending the Machiavellian intelligence hypothesis to general social intelligence 291 Acknowledgements 291 References 291 14 Lateralization of Cognitive Functions in Fish 298 Bisazza and Brown 14.1 Introduction 298 14.2 Lateralized functions in fish 300 14.2.1 Antipredator behavior 300 14.2.1.1 Predator inspection 301 14.2.1.2 Predator evasion 302 14.2.1.3 Fast escape response 303 14.2.2 Mating behavior 304 14.2.3 Aggression 304 14.2.4 Shoaling and social recognition 304 14.2.5 Foraging behavior 306 14.2.6 Exploration and response to novelty 306 14.2.7 Homing and spatial abilities 307 14.2.8 Communication 307 14.3 Individual differences in lateralization 308 14.3.1 Hereditary basis of lateralization 308 14.3.2 Sex differences in lateralization 309 14.3.3 Environmental factors influencing development of lateralization 310 14.3.4 Lateralization and personality 311 14.4 Ecological consequences of lateralization of cognitive functions 312 14.4.1 Selective advantages of cerebral lateralization 312 14.4.2 Costs of cerebral lateralization 314 14.4.3 Maintenance of intraspecific variability in the degree of lateralization 316 14.4.4 Evolutionary significance of population biases in laterality 316 14.5 Summary and future research 317 Acknowledgements 318 References 319 15 Brain and Cognition in Teleost Fish 325 Broglio, Gómez, Durán, Salas and Rodríguez 15.1 Introduction 325 15.2 Classical conditioning 327 15.2.1 Delay motor classical conditioning and teleost fish cerebellum 328 15.2.2 Role of the teleost cerebellum and telencephalic pallium in trace motor classical conditioning 330 15.3 Emotional learning 331 15.3.1 Role of the medial pallium in avoidance conditioning and taste aversion learning 332 15.3.2 Teleost cerebellum and fear conditioning 334 15.4 Spatial cognition 336 15.4.1 Allocentric spatial memory representations in teleost fishes 337 15.4.2 Role of the teleost telencephalon in egocentric and allocentric spatial navigation 340 15.4.3 Map-like memories and hippocampal pallium in teleost fishes 345 15.4.4 Neural mechanisms for egocentric spatial orientation 347 15.5 Concluding remarks 349 Acknowledgements 350 References 350 16 Fish Behaviour, Learning, Aquaculture and Fisheries 359 Fernö, Huse, Jakobsen, Kristiansen and Nilsson 16.1 Fish learning skills in the human world 359 16.2 Fisheries 362 16.2.1 Spatial dynamics 362 16.2.1.1 Learning skills and movement 362 16.2.1.2 Social learning of migration pattern 363 16.2.1.3 Implications of learning for fisheries management 366 16.2.2 Fish capture 367 16.2.2.1 Natural variations in spatial distribution and behaviour 369 16.2.2.2 Avoidance and attraction before fishing 369 16.2.2.3 Before physical contact with the gear 369 16.2.2.4 After physical contact with the gear 371 16.2.2.5 Behaviour after escaping the gear and long-term consequences 372 16.2.3 Abundance estimation 374 16.3 Aquaculture 375 16.3.1 Ontogeny 375 16.3.2 Habituation, conditioning and anticipation 376 16.3.3 Pavlovian learning – delay and trace conditioning 378 16.3.4 Potential use of reward conditioning in aquaculture 379 16.3.5 Operant learning 382 16.3.6 Individual decisions and collective behaviour 383 16.4 Stock enhancement and sea-ranching 384 16.5 Escapees from aquaculture 388 16.6 Capture-based aquaculture 389 16.7 Conclusions and perspectives 389 Acknowledgements 391 References 391 17 Cognition and Welfare 405 Sneddon 17.1 Introduction 405 17.1.1 Fish welfare 406 17.1.2 Preference and avoidance testing 407 17.1.3 Behavioural flexibility and intraspecific variation 408 17.2 What is welfare? 408 17.2.1 Sentience and consciousness 409 17.2.2 Cognition and welfare 410 17.3 What fishes want 410 17.3.1 Preference tests 411 17.3.1.1 Physical habitat 411 17.3.1.2 Breeding 413 17.3.1.3 Diet 413 17.3.1.4 Social interactions 414 17.4 What fishes do not want 416 17.5 Pain and fear in fish 417 17.6 Personality in fish 420 17.7 Wider implications for the use of fish 420 17.7.1 Aquaculture 421 17.7.2 Fisheries 425 17.7.3 Recreational fishing 425 17.7.4 Research 426 17.7.5 Companion fish 427 17.8 Conclusion 427 Acknowledgements 429 References 429 Species List 435 Index 443

Review

“With the inclusion of new aspects and the update of the content of the first edition this book is a must for all researchers in the field of fish behaviour and interaction.” (Bulletin of Fish Biology, 1 October 2011) “Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals.” (Choice, 1 March 2012)

Authorportrait

Culum Brown is at the Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. Kevin Laland is at the Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, UK. Jens Krause is at the Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, and also at Humboldt University, both in Berlin, Germany.

Back cover copy

Reviews of the First Edition "Fish Cognition and Behavior is an essential read for anyone interested in fish welfare, psychology, sensory biology, neurobiology, conservation, and the application of pure research.'' —The Quarterly Review of Biology "Fish Cognition and Behavior … will open the eyes of many readers to the importance of fish…in studying and understanding various aspects of animal cognition." —Animal Behaviour "Insightful and fascinating questions are presented together with useful suggestions for future research directions on fish cognition… sufficiently entertaining to be read cover to cover." —Fish and Fisheries "This is one of the best-edited and most valuable volumes I have encountered for those interested in the behavior of fish." —Reviews in Fish Biology & Fisheries The study of animal cognition has until recently been largely confined to birds and mammals; a historical bias which has led to the belief that learning plays little or no part in the development of behavior in fishes and reptiles. Research in recent decades has begun to redress this misconception and it is now recognized that fishes exhibit a rich array of sophisticated behavior with impressive learning capabilities entirely comparable with those of mammals and other terrestrial animals. Building on the very well-received First Edition, and covering all major areas of fish learning, all chapters in this brand new edition of Fish Cognition and Behavior have been revised and updated by an internationally recognized team of contributing authors, with the addition of three brand new chapters, covering personality traits and behavior, lateralization of cognitive functions in fish, and cognition and welfare. This Second Edition of Fish Cognition and Behavior is essential reading for all fish biologists and ethologists, and contains much information of commercial importance for fisheries managers and aquaculture personnel. Libraries in all universities and research establishments where biological sciences, aquaculture and fisheries are studied and taught will find this book an extremely important addition to their shelves.