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<p>Preface xxvii</p> <p><b>Part 1: Circular Economy 1</b></p> <p>1 Standards as Enablers for a Circular Economy 3<br /><i>K.C. Morris, Vincenzo Ferrero, Buddhika Hapuwatte, Noah Last and Nehika Mathur</i></p> <p>2 Circularity Index: Performance Assessment of a Low-Carbon and Circular Economy 17<br /><i>Luis Gabriel Carmona, Kai Whiting and Jonathan Cullen</i></p> <p>3 Biodegradable Polymers For Circular Economy Transitions—Challenges and Opportunities 29<br /><i>Koushik Ghosh and Brad H. Jones</i></p> <p>4 Evaluating Nationwide Supply Chain for Circularity of PET and Olefin Plastics 43<br /><i>Tasmin Hossain, Damon S. Hartley, Utkarsh S. Chaudhari, David R. Shonnard, Anne T. Johnson and Yingqian Lin</i></p> <p>5 NextCycle: Building Robust Circular Economies Through Partnership and Innovation 55<br /><i>Juri Freeman</i></p> <p>6 My So-Called Trash: Evaluating the Recovery Potential of Textiles in New York City Residential Refuse 63<br /><i>Sarah Coulter, Constanza Gomez, Agustina Mir and Janel Twogood</i></p> <p>7 When is it Profitable to Make a Product Sustainable? Insights from a Decision-Support Tool 75<br /><i>Karan Bhuwalka, Jessica Sonner, Lisa Lin, Mirjam Ambrosius and A. E. Hosoi</i></p> <p>8 Clean Energy Technologies, Critical Materials, and the Potential for Remanufacture 95<br /><i>T.E. Graedel</i></p> <p><b>Part 2: Enabling a Circular Economy Through AI & Machine Learning 101</b></p> <p>9 Towards Eliminating Recycling Confusion: Mixed Plastics and Electronics Case Study 103<br /><i>Amin Sarafraz, Nicholas Alvarez, Jonas Toussaint, Felipe Rangel, Lamar Giggetts and Shawn Wilborne</i></p> <p>10 Identification and Separation of E-Waste Components Using Modified Image Recognition Model Based on Advanced Deep Learning Tools 115<br /><i>Rahulkumar Sunil Singh, Subbu Venkata Satyasri Harsha Pathapati, Michael L. Free and Prashant K Sarswat</i></p> <p>11 Enhanced Processing of Aluminum Scrap at End-of-Life via Artificial Intelligence & Smart Sensing 129<br /><i>Sean McCoy Langan, Emily Molstad, Ben Longo, Caleb Ralphs, Robert De Saro, Diran Apelian and Sean Kelly</i></p> <p>12 Deep Learning for Defect Detection in Inspection 143<br /><i>Mohammad Mohammadzadeh, Pallavi Dubey, Elif Elcin Gunay, John K. Jackman, Gül E. Okudan Kremer and Paul A. Kremer</i></p> <p><b>Part 3: Design for Circularity 157</b></p> <p>13 Calculator for Sustainable Tradeoff Optimization in Multi-Generational Product Family Development Considering Re-X Performances 159<br /><i>Michael Saidani, Xinyang Liu, Dylan Huey, Harrison Kim, Pingfeng Wang, Atefeh Anisi, Gul Kremer, Andrew Greenlee and Troy Shannon</i></p> <p>14 A Practical Methodology for Developing and Prioritizing Remanufacturing Design Rules 171<br /><i>Brian Hilton</i></p> <p>15 Recyclability Feedback for Part Assemblies in Computer-Aided Design Software 183<br /><i>Bert Bras and Richard Lootens</i></p> <p><b>Part 4: Systems Analysis 197</b></p> <p>16 Preliminary Work Towards A Cross Lifecycle Design Tool for Increased High-Quality Metal Recycling 199<br /><i>Daniel R. Cooper, Aya Hamid, Seyed M. Heidari, Alissa Tsai and Yongxian Zhu</i></p> <p>17 Assessing the Status Quo of U.S. Steel Circularity and Decarbonization Options 211<br /><i>Barbara K. Reck, Yongxian Zhu, Shahana Althaf and Daniel R. Cooper</i></p> <p>18 Fiber and Fabric-Integrated Tracing Technologies for Textile Sorting and Recycling: A Review 223<br /><i>Brian Iezzi, Max Shtein, Tairan Wang and Mordechai Rothschild</i></p> <p>19 A Systems Approach to Addressing Industrial Products Circularity Challenges 239<br /><i>Manish Gupta and Umeshwar Dayal</i></p> <p>20 Environmental and Economic Analyses of Chemical Recycling via Dissolution of Waste Polyethylene Terephthalate 255<br /><i>Utkarsh S. Chaudhari, Daniel G. Kulas, Alejandra Peralta, Robert M. Handler, Anne T. Johnson, Barbara K. Reck, Vicki S. Thompson, Damon S. Hartley, Tasmin Hossain, David W. Watkins and David R. Shonnard</i></p> <p>21 Techno-Economic Analysis of a Material Recovery Facility Employing Robotic Sorting Technology 269<br /><i>S.M. Mizanur Rahman and Barbara K. Reck</i></p> <p>22 Key Strategies in Industry for Circular Economy: Analysis of Remanufacturing and Beneficial Reuse 279<br /><i>Subodh Chaudhari, Sachin Nimbalkar, Bruce Lung, Marco Gonzalez, Bert Hill and Bryant Esch</i></p> <p>23 Spatio-Temporal Life Cycle Assessment of NMC111 Hydrometallurgical Recycling in the US 297<br /><i>Francis Hanna, Luyao Yuan, Calvin Somers and Annick Anctil</i></p> <p><b>Part 5: Mechanical Recycling 309</b></p> <p>24 Diverting Mixed Polyolefins from Municipal Solid Waste to Feedstocks for Automotive and Construction Applications 311<br /><i>Tanyaradzwa S. Muzata, Alexandra Alford, Laurent Matuana, Ramani Narayan, Lawrence Drzal, Kari Bliss and Muhammad Rabnawaz</i></p> <p>25 Ultrahigh-Speed Extrusion of Recycled Film-Grade LDPE and Injection Molding Characterization 321<br /><i>Peng Gao, Joshua Krantz, Olivia Ferki, Zarek Nieduzak, Sarah Perry, Davide Masato and Margaret J. Sobkowicz</i></p> <p>26 Composites from Post-Consumer Polypropylene Carpet and HDPE Retail Bags 333<br /><i>Anuj Maheshwari, Mohamadreza Youssefi Azarfam, Siddhesh Chaudhari, Clinton Switzer, Jay C. Hanan, Sudheer Bandla, Ranji Vaidyanathan and Frank D. Blum</i></p> <p>27 Upcycling of Aerospace Aluminum Scrap 343<br /><i>Mohamed Aboukhatwa and David Weiss</i></p> <p>28 Stabilization of Waste Plastics with Lightly Pyrolyzed Crumb Rubber in Asphalt 355<br /><i>Yuetan Ma, Hongyu Zhou, Pawel Polaczyk and Baoshan Huang</i></p> <p>29 Analysis and Design for Sustainable Circularity of Barrier Films Used in Sheet Molding Composites Production 365<br /><i>Farshid Nazemi, Bhavik Bakshi, Jose Castro, Rachmat Mulyana, Rebecca Hanes, Saikrishna Mukkamala, Kevin Dooley, George Basile, George Stephanopoulos, Andrea Nahas, Aleen Kujur and Todd Hyche</i></p> <p>30 An Update on PVC Plastic Circularity and Emerging Advanced Recovery Technologies for End-of-Life PVC Materials 379<br /><i>Domenic DeCaria</i></p> <p>31 Dynamic Crosslinking for EVA Recycling 395<br /><i>Kimberly Miller McLoughlin, Alireza Bandegi, Jayme Kennedy, Amin Jamei Oskouei, Sarah Mitchell, Michelle K. Sing, Thomas Gray and Ica Manas-Zloczower</i></p> <p><b>Part 6: Chemical Recycling 407</b></p> <p>32 Performing Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) Glycolysis in a Torque Rheometer Using Decreasing Temperatures 409<br /><i>Jonathan Hatt, Karl Englund and Hui Li</i></p> <p>33 Sustainable Petrochemical Alternatives From Plastic Upcycling 421<br /><i>Ryan A. Hackler and Robert M. Kennedy</i></p> <p>34 PE Upcycling Using Ozone and Acid Treatments 433<br /><i>Michael S. Behrendt, Brandon D. Howard, Scott Calabrese-Barton, John R. Dorgan, Samantha Au Gee and Amit Gokale</i></p> <p>35 Enzyme-Based Biotechnologies for Removing Stickies and Regaining Fiber Quality in Paper Recycling 449<br /><i>Yun Wang, Cornellius Marcello, Neha Sawant, Swati Sood, Qaseem Haider, Abdus Salam and Kecheng Li</i></p> <p>36 Removal of Iron and Manganese Impurities from Secondary Aluminum Melts Using Microstructural Engineering Techniques 463<br /><i>M.K. Sinha, B. Mishra, J. Hiscocks, B. Davi, S.K. Das, T. Grosko and J. Pickens</i></p> <p>37 A Novel Solvent-Based Recycling Technology: From Theory to Pilot Plant 477<br /><i>Ezra Bar-Ziv, Shreyas Kolapkar, George W. Huber and Reid C. Van Lehn</i></p> <p>38 Valorization of Plastic Waste via Advanced Separation and Processing 495<br /><i>Paschalis Alexandridis, Karthik Dantu, Christian Ferger, Ali Ghasemi, Gabrielle Kerr, Vaishali Maheshkar, Javid Rzayev, Nicholas Stavinski, Thomas Thundat, Marina Tsianou, Luis Velarde and Yaoli Zhao</i></p> <p><b>Part 7: Innovations in Remanufacturing 507</b></p> <p>39 Image-Based Machine Learning in Automotive Used Parts Identification for Remanufacturing 509<br /><i>Abu Islam, Suvrat Jain, Nenad G. Nenadic, Michael G.Thurston, Justin Greenberg and Brad Moss</i></p> <p>40 Image-Based Methods for Inspection of Printed Circuit Boards 527<br /><i>Nicholas Gardner, Cooper Linsky, Everardo FriasRios and Nenad Nenadic</i></p> <p>41 Effects of Ultrasonic Impact Treatment on the Fatigue Performance of the High Strength Alloy Steel 541<br /><i>Joha Shamsujjoha, Shirley Garcia Ruano, Mark Walluk, Michael Thurston and M. Ravi Shankar</i></p> <p>42 Mechanical Properties of High Carbon Steel Coatings on Gray Cast Iron Formed by Twin Wire ARC 555<br /><i>K. DePalma, M. Walluk and L. P. Martin</i></p> <p>43 Towards Development of Additive Manufacturing Material and Process Technologies to Improve the Re-Manufacturing Efficiency of Commercial Vehicle Tires 573<br /><i>Yiqun Fu, Tadek Kosmal, Ren Bean, Robert Radulescu, Timothy E. Long and Christopher B. Williams</i></p> <p><b>Part 8: Tire Recycling and Remanufacturing 585</b></p> <p>44 Crumb Rubber From End-of-Life Tires to Reduce the Environmental Impact and Material Intensity of Road Pavements 587<br /><i>Angela Farina, Annick Anctil and M. Emin Kutay</i></p> <p>45 Tire Life Assessment for Increasing Re-Manufacturing of Commercial Vehicle Tires 599<br /><i>Vispi Karkaria, Jie Chen, Chase Siuta, Damien Lim, Robert Radelescu and Wei Chen</i></p> <p>46 Recycling Waste Tire Rubber in Asphalt Pavement Design and Construction 613<br /><i>Dongzhao Jin and Zhanping You</i></p> <p>47 Chemical Pre-Treatment of Tire Rubbers for Froth Flotation Separation of Butyl and Non-Butyl Rubbers 625<br /><i>Haruka Pinegar and Jeffrey Spangenberger</i></p> <p>48 Development of Manufacturing Technologies to Increase Scrap Steel Recycling Into New Tires 639<br /><i>Seetharaman Sridhar, Subramaniam Rajan, Robert Radulescu and Narayanan Neithalath</i></p> <p><b>Part 9: E-Scrap Recycling 651</b></p> <p>49 Selective Leaching and Electrochemical Purification for the Recovery of Tantalum from Tantalum Capacitors 653<br /><i>R. Adcock, T. Chen, N. Click, M.-F. Tseng and M. Tao</i></p> <p>50 Recovery of Lead in Silicon Solar Modules 665<br /><i>Natalie Click, Randy Adcock and Meng Tao</i></p> <p>51 Thermolysis Processing of Waste Printed Circuit Boards: Char-Metals Mixture Characterization for Recovery of Base and Precious Metals 677<br /><i>Mohammad Rezaee, Joelson P. M. Alves, Sarma V. Pisupati, Charles Ludwig, Henry Brandhorst and Ernest Zavoral</i></p> <p>52 Circular Economy and the Digital Divide: Assessing Opportunity for Value Retention Processes in the Consumer Electronics Sector 697<br /><i>Kyle Parnell, Constanza Berrón, Chelsea Gulliver, Michael Thurston and Nabil Nasr</i></p> <p><b>Part 10: Pathways to Net Zero Emissions 713</b></p> <p>53 Emission Reduction for an Imflux Constant Pressure Injection Molding Process 715<br /><i>Birchmeier, Brandon, Lawless III, William F. and Santini, Kelly</i></p> <p>54 Circular Economy Contributions to Decarbonizing the US Steel Sector 725<br /><i>Julien Walzberg and Alberta Carpenter</i></p> <p>55 Environmentally Extended Input-Output (EEIO) Modeling for Industrial Decarbonization Opportunity Assessment: A Circular Economy Case Study 739<br /><i>Samuel Gause, Heather Liddell, Caroline Dollinger, Jordan Steen and Joe Cresko</i></p> <p>56 Pathways to Net Zero Emissions in Manufacturing and Materials Production- HVAC OEMs Perspective 755<br /><i>Deba Maitra, Swathy Ramaswamy, Cal Krause and Tiffany Waymer</i></p> <p>Acknowledgements 764</p> <p>References 764</p> <p>Index 767</p>

<p><b>Nabil Nasr </b>is the CEO of the REMADE Institute, Associate Provost for Academic Affairs and Director of the Golisano Institute of Sustainability at the Rochester Institute of Technology, New York, USA. Dr. Nasr launched RIT’s Center for Remanufacturing and Resource Recovery (C3R®). His research focuses on sustainable manufacturing, circular economy, remanufacturing, life-cycle engineering, clean production, and sustainable product development. He is a member of the International Resource Panel of the U.N. Environment Programme (UNEP), and serves on the board of trustees for the Ellen MacArthur Foundation. He has served as a US expert and expert delegate in international forums such as the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation, United Nations, World Trade Organization, and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

<p> <b>The book comprises 56 peer-reviewed chapters comprehensively covering in-depth areas of circular economy design, planning, business models, and enabling technologies. </b> <p>Some of the greatest opportunities for innovation in the circular economy are in remanufacturing, refurbishment, reuse, and recycling. Critical to its growth, however, are developments in product design approaches and the manufacturing business model that are often met with challenges in the current, largely linear economies of today’s global manufacturing chains. <p>The conference hosted by the REMADE Institute in Rochester, NY, brought together U.S. and international researchers, industry engineers, technologists, and policymakers, to discuss the myriad intertwining issues relating to the circular economy. <p>This book consists of 56 chapters in 10 distinct parts covering broad areas of research and applications in the circular economy area. The first four parts explore the system level work related to circular economy approaches, models and advancements including the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning to guide implementation, as well as design for circularity approaches. Mechanical and chemical recycling technologies follow, highlighting some of the most advanced research in those areas. Next, innovation in remanufacturing is addressed with descriptions of some of the most advanced work in this field. This is followed by tire remanufacturing and recycling, highlighting innovative technologies in addressing the volume of end-of-use tires. Pathways to net-zero emissions in manufacturing of materials concludes the book, with a focus on industrial decarbonization. <p><b>Audience </b> <p>This book has a wide audience in academic institutes, business professionals and engineers in a variety of manufacturing industries. It will also appeal to economists and policymakers working on the circular economy, clean tech investors, industrial decision-makers, and environmental professionals.

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