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<p>List of Contributors xiii</p> <p>About the Editor xv</p> <p>Preface xvii</p> <p>Abbreviations xix</p> <p><b>Part I Climate Change and The Built Environment: Foundations and Implications 1</b></p> <p><b>1 Understanding Climate Change Fundamentals: Exploring the Forces Shaping Our Planet’s Future 3</b></p> <p>Introduction 3</p> <p>Recent Climate Change is Anthropogenic 5</p> <p>Spatial Distribution of Global Warming 6</p> <p>Modes of Climate Variability 6</p> <p>Find, Read, and Process Climatic Data 8</p> <p>Climate Models (GCMs and RCMs) 8</p> <p>Pathways and Scenarios 10</p> <p>Observations and Reanalysis 10</p> <p>Visualizing and Processing Climatic Data 12</p> <p>Conclusion 15</p> <p>References 15</p> <p><b>2 Advancing Urban Resilience and Sustainability Through the WRF-Urban Model: Bridging Numerical Modeling and Real-World Applications 17</b></p> <p>Introduction 17</p> <p>Nexus Between Urbanization and Climate Change 18</p> <p>Urban Modeling Through WRF-Urban Model 19</p> <p>Overview of the WRF-Urban Model 20</p> <p>Applications of the WRF-Urban Model 20</p> <p>Relevant Case Studies 21</p> <p>Case Study 1: Urban Climate Modeling in Singapore Using WRF-Urban 21</p> <p>Case Study 2: Summertime Air Conditioning Electric Loads Modeling in Beijing, China, Using WRF-Urban 21</p> <p>Case Study 3: Coastal-Urban Meteorology Study in the Metropolitan Region of Vitória, Brazil, Using the WRF-Urban Model 22</p> <p>Limitations of the WRF-Urban Model 22</p> <p>Ways Forward for Improvement 23</p> <p>Conclusions 24</p> <p>References 25</p> <p><b>3 Assessing and Projecting Climatic Changes in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region: Insights from Regional Climate Model (RCM) Simulations and Future Projections 29</b></p> <p>Introduction 29</p> <p>Methodology 31</p> <p>GCMs vs. RCMs in Simulating MENA Temperature and Precipitation 32</p> <p>RCMs Performance in Simulating MENA Climatic Changes 34</p> <p>Projected Future Changes Over MENA-CORDEX 35</p> <p>Conclusion 36</p> <p>References 38</p> <p><b>4 Building for Climate Change: Examining the Environmental Impacts of the Built Environment 39</b></p> <p>Introduction 39</p> <p>Embodied Carbon Emission in Building Environment 40</p> <p>Embodied Carbon Emission for Selected Building Materials 40</p> <p>Embodied Carbon Emission of Limestone Quarrying 41</p> <p>Embodied Carbon Emission from Cement and Concrete Manufacturing 42</p> <p>Embodied Carbon from Asphalt Production and Construction 44</p> <p>Embodied Carbon Emission of Steel Production 45</p> <p>Embodied Carbon Mitigation Strategies 46</p> <p>MS1: Using Materials with a Lower Embodied Carbon 46</p> <p>Precast Hollow-Core Slabs 48</p> <p>Steel Framework System 48</p> <p>Use of Unfired Brick 48</p> <p>Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene 49</p> <p>MS2: Reducing, Reusing, and Recovering— Heavy Building Materials 49</p> <p>MS3: Improvement in Design Phase and Efficient Construction 49</p> <p>MS4: Carbon Sequestration 51</p> <p>MS5: Extending the Building’s Life 51</p> <p>Operation Carbon Emissions in Building Environment 51</p> <p>Operation Carbon Mitigation Strategies 52</p> <p>Efficient HVAC Systems in Buildings 53</p> <p>Renewable Resources Integration 53</p> <p>Strategy for Water Use 54</p> <p>Use of Lighting 54</p> <p>Conclusion 55</p> <p>References 56</p> <p><b>5 Unveiling the Nexus: Human Developments and Their Influence on Climate Change 61</b></p> <p>Introduction 61</p> <p>Life Cycle Assessment for Environmental Impact 63</p> <p>ReCiPe Impact Category: Climate Change 64</p> <p>Energy Sector Impact on Climate Change 65</p> <p>Case Study 1: Electricity Generation in Turkey 65</p> <p>Case Study 2: Coal Power Plant with Carbon Capture Technology in Czech Republic 67</p> <p>Case Study 3: Solar Power with Energy Storage 68</p> <p>Emissions Savings from Energy Sector 69</p> <p>Energy Efficiency Increase 70</p> <p>Wind and Solar Plant Installation 71</p> <p>Keep Running the Nuclear Plants 72</p> <p>Freshwater Sector Impact on Climate Change 72</p> <p>Case Study 1: Water Supply in Singapore 72</p> <p>Case Study 2: Seawater Desalination in South Africa 73</p> <p>Case Study 3: Multistage Flash Desalination in Qatar 73</p> <p>Emission Savings from Water Sector 74</p> <p>Groundwater Management 74</p> <p>Energy Management in Water System 75</p> <p>Smart Wastewater Treatment Technology 75</p> <p>Concluding Remarks 75</p> <p>References 76</p> <p><b>Part II Quantifying Resilience and Its Qualities 79</b></p> <p><b>6 Assessing Resilience in Urban Critical Infrastructures: Interdependencies and Considerations 81</b></p> <p>Introduction 81</p> <p>Individual Network Resilience 83</p> <p>Transportation Network Resilience 84</p> <p>Electrical Network Resilience 84</p> <p>Water Network Resilience 85</p> <p>Case Study About Individual System Resilience: Transportation Resilience During Mega Sport Events 86</p> <p>Infrastructures Interdependencies and Resilience 88</p> <p>Case Study About Interdependent Systems Resilience 90</p> <p>Conclusion 92</p> <p>References 93</p> <p><b>7 Assessing Infrastructure Resilience: Approaches and Considerations 97</b></p> <p>Introduction 97</p> <p>Complex Networks 98</p> <p>Types of Graphs 98</p> <p>Directed and Undirected Graphs 99</p> <p>Weighted and Unweighted Graphs 99</p> <p>Main Applications in Resilience Assessment 100</p> <p>Betweenness Centrality 100</p> <p>Graph Percolation 101</p> <p>Strengths and Limitations of Complex Networks 101</p> <p>Simulation Approaches 101</p> <p>System Simulation 102</p> <p>Agent-Based Modeling 103</p> <p>GIS-Based Approaches 103</p> <p>Strengths and Limitations of Simulation Approaches 103</p> <p>Other Approaches 104</p> <p>Statistical Approaches 104</p> <p>Optimization Approaches 104</p> <p>Conclusion 105</p> <p>References 105</p> <p><b>8 Enhancing Buildings Resilience: A Comprehensive Perspective on Earthquake Resilient Design 111</b></p> <p>Introduction 111</p> <p>Structural Resilience Representation 112</p> <p>Performance-Based Design (PBD) 114</p> <p>Supporting Systems 115</p> <p>Supporting Systems Within the Building 116</p> <p>Beyond the Building Limits 116</p> <p>Conclusion 117</p> <p>References 118</p> <p><b>9 Enhancing Built Environment Resilience: Exploring Themes and Dimensions 121</b></p> <p>Introduction 121</p> <p>Uncertainty 122</p> <p>Risk Identification and Assessment 123</p> <p>Resilience Capacities 123</p> <p>Resilience Components 124</p> <p>Types of Resilience 124</p> <p>Ecological and Engineering Resilience 125</p> <p>Community and Social Resilience 127</p> <p>Specified and General Resilience 128</p> <p>Critical Infrastructure Resilience 128</p> <p>Technical Systems, Products, and Production Resilience 129</p> <p>Resilience Dimensions and Capitals 129</p> <p>Resilience Measuring 130</p> <p>Conclusion 133</p> <p>References 134</p> <p><b>10 Unveiling Urban Resilience: Exploring the Qualities and Interconnections of Urban Systems 139</b></p> <p>Introduction 139</p> <p>Urban Resilience to Climate Change 140</p> <p>Climate Change Impacts on Built Environment Systems 140</p> <p>Temperature Rise 144</p> <p>Sea Level Rise (SLR) 144</p> <p>Interacting Stresses 144</p> <p>Major Uncertainties and Interrelations 146</p> <p>Resilience Qualities 146</p> <p>Reflectivity 146</p> <p>Robustness 147</p> <p>Redundancy 147</p> <p>Flexibility 147</p> <p>Resourcefulness 148</p> <p>Rapidity of Recovery 148</p> <p>Inclusivity 148</p> <p>Integration 148</p> <p>Interrelation of Resilience Qualities 149</p> <p>Conclusion 149</p> <p>References 150</p> <p><b>11 Quantifying Urban Resilience: Methods and Approaches for Comprehensive Assessment 155</b></p> <p>Introduction 155</p> <p>Urban Resilience 156</p> <p>Resilience Strategies 156</p> <p>Urban and Community Resilience Assessment 157</p> <p>Resilience Assessment Approaches 159</p> <p>Qualitative Resilience Assessment 160</p> <p>Conceptual Frameworks 161</p> <p>Semiquantitative Indices 163</p> <p>Quantitative Resilience Assessment 163</p> <p>General Resilience Approaches (Measures) 164</p> <p>Deterministic Performance-based Approach 165</p> <p>Probabilistic Performance-based Approach 165</p> <p>Structural-based Models 165</p> <p>Optimization Models 165</p> <p>Simulation Models 165</p> <p>Fuzzy Logic Models 166</p> <p>Frameworks and Tools for Measuring Resilience 166</p> <p>Conclusion 177</p> <p>References 177</p> <p><b>Part III Resilient Urban Systems: Navigating Climate Change and Enhancing Sustainability 183</b></p> <p><b>12 Building Climate Resilience Through Urban Planning: Strategies, Challenges, and Opportunities 185</b></p> <p>Introduction 185</p> <p>Understanding Climate Change Impacts on Urban Areas 186</p> <p>Urban Planning Strategies for Mitigating Climate Change Impacts 188</p> <p>Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) 188</p> <p>Fifteen Minutes City (FMC) 190</p> <p>Compact Cities 190</p> <p>Sustainable Land Use and Development Policies 191</p> <p>Low-Impact Development (LID) 191</p> <p>Sponge Cities 192</p> <p>Green Infrastructure and Urban Greening Initiatives for Cool Cities 193</p> <p>Waste Management and Recycling Systems, Public Participation, and Education 194</p> <p>Risk Assessment and Adaptation in Urban Planning 195</p> <p>Case Studies of Successful Climate-Responsive Urban Planning 200</p> <p>Challenges and Opportunities 202</p> <p>Major Key Points 203</p> <p>Conclusion 204</p> <p>References 204</p> <p><b>13 Integrating Green–Blue–Gray Infrastructure for Sustainable Urban Flood Risk Management: Enhancing Resilience and Advantages 207</b></p> <p>Introduction 207</p> <p>Green Infrastructure (GI) 208</p> <p>Gray Infrastructure (GRAI) 209</p> <p>Green–Blue–Gray Infrastructure Combination 209</p> <p>Benefits of Combining Green–Blue–Gray Infrastructure (GBGI) Systems 209</p> <p>Green–Blue–Gray Infrastructure (GBGI) for Flood Risk Management 210</p> <p>Environmental Impacts of Floods and Green Climate Change Adaptation 210</p> <p>Regional Progress in GBGI Nexus Research 211</p> <p>Flood Risk Management Resilience 212</p> <p>Conclusion 221</p> <p>References 221</p> <p><b>14 Enhancing Energy System Resilience: Navigating Climate Change and Security Challenges 227</b></p> <p>Introduction 227</p> <p>Adapting the Theory of Resilience to Energy Systems 229</p> <p>Why Incorporate Resilience into Energy Systems? 234</p> <p>What are the Threats to the Energy System? 235</p> <p>Domains of Resilience Approaches to Energy Systems 237</p> <p>Resilience Enhancement Approaches for Energy Systems 240</p> <p>System Hardening 240</p> <p>Distributed Generation 240</p> <p>Energy Storage 241</p> <p>Smart Grid Technology 241</p> <p>Enhancing Energy Efficiency 242</p> <p>Make Climate Resilience a Central Part of Energy System Planning 242</p> <p>Conclusion 243</p> <p>References 245</p> <p><b>15 Building Resilient Health Policies: Incorporating Climate Change Impacts for Sustainable Adaptation 251</b></p> <p>Introduction 251</p> <p>Climate Change Impacts on Public Health 253</p> <p>Infectious Diseases 254</p> <p>Air Pollution 255</p> <p>Extreme Events 256</p> <p>Considerations in Health Policy Development 256</p> <p>Reducing Carbon Emissions 256</p> <p>Medical Interventions 257</p> <p>Healthy Lifestyle 257</p> <p>Monitoring 257</p> <p>Proactive Approaches 258</p> <p>Strengthening Institutions 258</p> <p>Conclusion 259</p> <p>References 259</p> <p><b>16 Enhancing Resilience: Surveillance Strategies for Monitoring the Spread of Vector-Borne Diseases 263</b></p> <p>Introduction 263</p> <p>Vector-Borne Diseases 265</p> <p>Environmental Factors and Vector-Borne Diseases 265</p> <p>Climate Change Impacts on Vector-Borne Diseases 266</p> <p>Surveillance Strategies 266</p> <p>Monitoring of Human Cases 268</p> <p>Identification of Pathogen Species 269</p> <p>Distribution and Behavior of Vectors 269</p> <p>Climatic and Environmental Changes 270</p> <p>Control Measures 270</p> <p>Policy Development 270</p> <p>Conclusion 271</p> <p>References 271</p> <p>Glossary 277</p> <p>Index 281</p>

<p><b>Sami G. Al-Ghamdi</b> is Professor of Sustainable Built Environment and Climate Change Resilient Infrastructure at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia. He holds a PhD in Civil and Environmental Engineering from the University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, and is a LEED-accredited professional who specializes in green building design and construction.

<p><b>Build and manage the sustainable cities of the future with this comprehensive guide</b> <p>Climate change is among the biggest challenges facing today’s cities, which are in turn a major factor in driving or mitigating climate change. It is no surprise then that urban planning authorities are under mounting pressure to create cityscapes suited to the 21^st century. <p><i>Sustainable Cities in a Changing Climate </i>offers a systematic overview of the environmental and sustainability challenges facing urban planners and policymakers, and how to meet those challenges. Beginning with an analysis of how climate change impacts built environments, it proceeds to offer quantitative analysis and practical solutions for strengthening urban resilience. <p><i>Sustainable Cities in a Changing Climate </i>readers will also find: <ul><li> A future-oriented approach that accounts for both known and unknown threats</li> <li> Detailed discussion of threats including environmental changes, global pandemics, natural disasters, and more</li> <li> Case studies from around the globe, including biofuel generation in China and the 2022 World Cup in Qatar</li></ul> <p><i>Sustainable Cities in a Changing Climate </i>is indispensable for environmental engineers, urban planners and policymakers, and advanced students in environmental planning and architecture.

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