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Statistics All-in-One For Dummies


Statistics All-in-One For Dummies


1. Aufl.

von: Deborah J. Rumsey

25,99 €

Verlag: Wiley
Format: EPUB
Veröffentl.: 07.10.2022
ISBN/EAN: 9781119902584
Sprache: englisch
Anzahl Seiten: 560

DRM-geschütztes eBook, Sie benötigen z.B. Adobe Digital Editions und eine Adobe ID zum Lesen.

Beschreibungen

<p><b>The odds-on best way to master stats.</b> <p><i>Statistics All-in-One For Dummies</i> is packed with lessons, examples, and practice problems to help you slay your stats course. Develop confidence and understanding in statistics with easy-to-understand (even fun) explanations of key concepts. Plus, you’ll get access to online chapter quizzes and other resources that will turn you into a stats master. This book teaches you how to interpret graphs, determine probability, critique data, and so much more. Written by an expert author and serious statistics nerd, <i>Statistics AIO For Dummies</i> explains everything in terms anyone can understand. <ul> <li>Get a grasp of basic statistics concepts required in every statistics course</li> <li>Clear up the process of interpreting graphs, understanding polls, and analyzing data</li> <li>Master correlation, regression, and other data analysis tools</li> <li>Score higher on stats tests and get a better grade in your high school or college class</li></ul><p><i>Statistics All-in-One For Dummies</i> follows the curriculum of intro college statistics courses (including AP Stats!) so you can learn everything you need to know to get the grade you need—the Dummies way.
<p><b>Introduction 1</b></p> <p>About This Book 1</p> <p>Foolish Assumptions 2</p> <p>Icons Used in This Book 3</p> <p>Beyond the Book 3</p> <p>Where to Go from Here 4</p> <p><b>Unit 1: Getting Started with Statistics 5</b></p> <p><b>Chapter 1: The Statistics of Everyday Life 7</b></p> <p>Statistics and the Media: More Questions than Answers? 8</p> <p>Probing popcorn problems 8</p> <p>Venturing into viruses 8</p> <p>Comprehending crashes 9</p> <p>Mulling malpractice 9</p> <p>Belaboring the loss of land 10</p> <p>Scrutinizing schools 10</p> <p>Scanning sports 10</p> <p>Banking on business news 11</p> <p>Touring the travel news 12</p> <p>Surveying sexual stats 12</p> <p>Breaking down weather reports 13</p> <p>Using Statistics at Work 13</p> <p>Delivering babies — and information 13</p> <p>Posing for pictures 14</p> <p>Poking through pizza data 14</p> <p>Statistics in the office 14</p> <p><b>Chapter 2: Taking Control: So Many Numbers, So Little Time 15</b></p> <p>Detecting Errors, Exaggerations, and Just Plain Lies 16</p> <p>Checking the math 16</p> <p>Uncovering misleading statistics 17</p> <p>Looking for lies in all the right places 22</p> <p>Feeling the Impact of Misleading Statistics 23</p> <p><b>Chapter 3: Tools of the Trade 25</b></p> <p>Thriving in a Statistical World 25</p> <p>Statistics: More than Just Numbers 26</p> <p>Designing Appropriate Studies 28</p> <p>Surveys (Polls) 28</p> <p>Experiments 29</p> <p>Collecting Quality Data 30</p> <p>Sample, random, or otherwise 30</p> <p>Bias 32</p> <p>Grabbing Some Basic Statistical Jargon 33</p> <p>Data 33</p> <p>Data set 34</p> <p>Variable 34</p> <p>Population 34</p> <p>Statistic 35</p> <p>Parameter 35</p> <p>Mean (Average) 36</p> <p>Median 36</p> <p>Standard deviation 36</p> <p>Percentile 37</p> <p>Standard score 37</p> <p>Distribution and normal distribution 38</p> <p>Central Limit Theorem 38</p> <p><i>z</i>-values 39</p> <p>Margin of error 39</p> <p>Confidence interval 40</p> <p>Hypothesis testing 41</p> <p><i>p</i>-values 42</p> <p>Statistical significance 42</p> <p>Correlation, regression, and two-way tables 43</p> <p>Drawing Credible Conclusions 44</p> <p>Reeling in overstated results 44</p> <p>Questioning claims of cause and effect 44</p> <p>Becoming a Sleuth, Not a Skeptic 45</p> <p><b>Unit 2: Number-Crunching Basics 47</b></p> <p><b>Chapter 4: Crunching Categorical Data 49</b></p> <p>Summing Up Data with Descriptive Statistics 49</p> <p>Crunching Categorical Data: Tables and Percents 50</p> <p>Counting on the frequency 50</p> <p>Relating with percentages 52</p> <p>Two-way tables: Summarizing multiple measures 54</p> <p>Interpreting counts and percents with caution 55</p> <p>Practice Questions Answers and Explanations 57</p> <p>Whaddya Know? Chapter 4 Quiz 60</p> <p>Answers to Chapter 4 Quiz 62</p> <p><b>Chapter 5: Means, Medians, and More 65</b></p> <p>Measuring the Center with Mean and Median 65</p> <p>Averaging out to the mean 66</p> <p>Splitting your data down the median 68</p> <p>Comparing means and medians: Histograms 70</p> <p>Accounting for Variation 74</p> <p>Reporting the standard deviation 75</p> <p>Being out of range 78</p> <p>Examining the Empirical Rule (68-95-99.7) 79</p> <p>Measuring Relative Standing with Percentiles 83</p> <p>Calculating percentiles 83</p> <p>Interpreting percentiles 85</p> <p>Gathering a five-number summary 88</p> <p>Exploring interquartile range 89</p> <p>Practice Questions Answers and Explanations 90</p> <p>Whaddya Know? Chapter 5 Quiz 97</p> <p>Answers to Chapter 5 Quiz 98</p> <p><b>Chapter 6: Getting the Picture: Graphing Categorical Data 99</b></p> <p>Take Another Little Piece of My Pie Chart 100</p> <p>Tallying personal expenses 100</p> <p>Bringing in a lotto revenue 101</p> <p>Ordering takeout 102</p> <p>Projecting age trends 103</p> <p>Raising the Bar on Bar Graphs 108</p> <p>Tracking transportation expenses 108</p> <p>Making a lotto profit 110</p> <p>Tipping the scales on a bar graph 110</p> <p>Pondering pet peeves 111</p> <p>Practice Questions Answers and Explanations 117</p> <p>Whaddya Know? Chapter 6 Quiz 123</p> <p>Answers to Chapter 6 Quiz 124</p> <p><b>Chapter 7: Going by the Numbers: Graphing Numerical Data 125</b></p> <p>Handling Histograms 126</p> <p>Making a histogram 126</p> <p>Interpreting a histogram 130</p> <p>Putting numbers with pictures 137</p> <p>Detecting misleading histograms 139</p> <p>Examining Boxplots 143</p> <p>Making a boxplot 143</p> <p>Interpreting a boxplot 146</p> <p>Tackling Time Charts 152</p> <p>Interpreting time charts 152</p> <p>Understanding variability: Time charts versus histograms 153</p> <p>Spotting misleading time charts 153</p> <p>Practice Questions Answers and Explanations 159</p> <p>Whaddya Know? Chapter 7 Quiz 165</p> <p>Answers to Chapter 7 Quiz 166</p> <p><b>Unit 3: Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem 167</b></p> <p><b>Chapter 8: Coming to Terms with Probability 169</b></p> <p>A Set Notation Overview 169</p> <p>Noting outcomes: Sample spaces 170</p> <p>Noting subsets of sample spaces: Events 171</p> <p>Noting a void in the set: Empty sets 172</p> <p>Putting sets together: Unions, intersections, and complements 172</p> <p>Probabilities of Events Involving A and/or B 173</p> <p>Probability notation 174</p> <p>Marginal probabilities 175</p> <p>Union probabilities 175</p> <p>Intersection ( joint) probabilities 175</p> <p>Complement probabilities 176</p> <p>Conditional probabilities 176</p> <p>Understanding and Applying the Rules of Probability 178</p> <p>The complement rule (for opposites, not for flattering a date) 178</p> <p>The multiplication rule (for intersections, not for rabbits) 179</p> <p>The addition rule (for unions of the nonmarital nature) 180</p> <p>Recognizing Independence in Multiple Events 182</p> <p>Checking independence for two events with the definition 182</p> <p>Using the multiplication rule for independent events 183</p> <p>Including Mutually Exclusive Events 184</p> <p>Recognizing mutually exclusive events 184</p> <p>Simplifying the addition rule with mutually exclusive events 185</p> <p>Distinguishing Independent from Mutually Exclusive Events 186</p> <p>Comparing and contrasting independence and exclusivity 186</p> <p>Checking for independence or exclusivity in a 52-card deck 187</p> <p>Avoiding Probability Misconceptions 189</p> <p>Predictions Using Probability 190</p> <p>Practice Questions Answers and Explanations 192</p> <p>Whaddya Know? Chapter 8 Quiz 196</p> <p>Answers to Chapter 8 Quiz 197</p> <p><b>Chapter 9: Random Variables and the Binomial Distribution 199</b></p> <p>Defining a Random Variable 200</p> <p>Discrete versus continuous 200</p> <p>Probability distributions 202</p> <p>The mean and variance of a discrete random variable 202</p> <p>Identifying a Binomial 203</p> <p>Checking binomial conditions step by step 204</p> <p>No fixed number of trials 204</p> <p>More than success or failure 205</p> <p>Trials are not independent 205</p> <p>Probability of success (<i>p</i>) changes 205</p> <p>Finding Binomial Probabilities Using a Formula 207</p> <p>Finding Probabilities Using the Binomial Table 210</p> <p>Finding probabilities for specific values of <i>X</i> 210</p> <p>Finding probabilities for <i>X </i>greater-than, less-than, or between two values 211</p> <p>Checking Out the Mean and Standard Deviation of the Binomial 212</p> <p>Practice Questions Answers and Explanations 214</p> <p>Whaddya Know? Chapter 9 Quiz 216</p> <p>Answers to Chapter 9 Quiz 217</p> <p><b>Chapter 10: The Normal Distribution 219</b></p> <p>Exploring the Basics of the Normal Distribution 219</p> <p>Meeting the Standard Normal (<i>Z</i>-) Distribution 223</p> <p>Checking out <i>Z</i> 223</p> <p>Standardizing from <i>X </i>to <i>Z</i> 223</p> <p>Finding probabilities for <i>Z </i>with the <i>Z</i>-table 225</p> <p>Finding Probabilities for a Normal Distribution 227</p> <p>Knowing Where You Stand with Percentiles 230</p> <p>Finding <i>X </i>When You Know the Percent 232</p> <p>Figuring out a percentile for a normal distribution 232</p> <p>Translating tricky wording in percentile problems 234</p> <p>Normal Approximation to the Binomial 236</p> <p>Practice Questions Answers and Explanations 239</p> <p>Whaddya Know? Chapter 10 Quiz 248</p> <p>Answers to Chapter 10 Quiz 249</p> <p><b>Chapter 11: The <i>t</i>-Distribution 251</b></p> <p>Basics of the <i>t</i>-Distribution 251</p> <p>Comparing the <i>t</i>- and <i>Z</i>-distributions 251</p> <p>Discovering the effect of variability on <i>t</i>-distributions 252</p> <p>Using the <i>t</i>-Table 253</p> <p>Finding probabilities with the <i>t</i>-table 253</p> <p>Figuring percentiles for the <i>t</i>-distribution 256</p> <p>Picking out <i>t</i>*-values for confidence intervals 257</p> <p>Studying Behavior Using the <i>t</i>-Table 258</p> <p>Practice Questions Answers and Explanations 259</p> <p>Whaddya Know? Chapter 11 Quiz 260</p> <p>Answers to Chapter 11 Quiz 261</p> <p><b>Chapter 12: Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem 263</b></p> <p>Defining a Sampling Distribution 264</p> <p>The Mean of a Sampling Distribution 265</p> <p>Measuring Standard Error 266</p> <p>Sample size and standard error 266</p> <p>Population standard deviation and standard error 267</p> <p>Looking at the Shape of a Sampling Distribution 269</p> <p>Case 1: The distribution of <i>X </i>is normal 269</p> <p>Case 2: The distribution of <i>X </i>is not normal — Enter the Central Limit Theorem 269</p> <p>Finding Probabilities for the Sample Mean 273</p> <p>The Sampling Distribution of the Sample Proportion 275</p> <p>Finding Probabilities for the Sample Proportion 278</p> <p>Practice Questions Answers and Explanations 280</p> <p>Whaddya Know? Chapter 12 Quiz 283</p> <p>Answers to Chapter 12 Quiz 284</p> <p><b>Unit 4: Guesstimating and Hypothesizing with Confidence 285</b></p> <p><b>Chapter 13: Leaving Room for a Margin of Error 287</b></p> <p>Seeing the Importance of that Plus or Minus 287</p> <p>Finding the Margin of Error: A General Formula 289</p> <p>Measuring sample variability 289</p> <p>Calculating margin of error for a sample proportion 291</p> <p>Reporting results 293</p> <p>Calculating margin of error for a sample mean 293</p> <p>Being confident you’re right 294</p> <p>Determining the Impact of Sample Size 296</p> <p>Sample size and margin of error 296</p> <p>Bigger isn’t always (that much) better! 297</p> <p>Keeping margin of error in perspective 297</p> <p>Practice Questions Answers and Explanations 300</p> <p>Whaddya Know? Chapter 13 Quiz 303</p> <p>Answers to Chapter 13 Quiz 304</p> <p><b>Chapter 14: Confidence Intervals: Making Your Best Guesstimate 305</b></p> <p>Not All Estimates Are Created Equal 306</p> <p>Linking a Statistic to a Parameter 306</p> <p>Getting with the Jargon 307</p> <p>Interpreting Results with Confidence 308</p> <p>Zooming In on Width 310</p> <p>Choosing a Confidence Level 310</p> <p>Factoring In the Sample Size 312</p> <p>Counting On Population Variability 313</p> <p>Calculating a Confidence Interval for a Population Mean 315</p> <p>Case 1: Population standard deviation is known 315</p> <p>Case 2: Population standard deviation is unknown and/or n is small 316</p> <p>Figuring Out What Sample Size You Need 318</p> <p>Determining the Confidence Interval for One Population Proportion 319</p> <p>Creating a Confidence Interval for the Difference of Two Means 322</p> <p>Case 1: Population standard deviations are known 322</p> <p>Case 2: Population standard deviations are unknown and/or sample sizes are small 323</p> <p>Estimating the Difference of Two Proportions 326</p> <p>Spotting Misleading Confidence Intervals 329</p> <p>Practice Questions Answers and Explanations 330</p> <p>Whaddya Know? Chapter 14 Quiz 337</p> <p>Answers to Chapter 14 Quiz 339</p> <p><b>Chapter 15: Claims, Tests, and Conclusions 341</b></p> <p>Setting Up the Hypotheses 342</p> <p>Defining the null 342</p> <p>What’s the alternative? 343</p> <p>Gathering Good Evidence (Data) 343</p> <p>Compiling the Evidence: The Test Statistic 344</p> <p>Gathering sample statistics 344</p> <p>Measuring variability using standard errors 344</p> <p>Understanding standard scores 345</p> <p>Calculating and interpreting the test statistic 345</p> <p>Weighing the Evidence and Making Decisions: <i>p</i>-Values 346</p> <p>Connecting test statistics and <i>p</i>-values 346</p> <p>Defining a <i>p</i>-value 347</p> <p>Calculating a <i>p</i>-value 347</p> <p>Making Conclusions 349</p> <p>Setting boundaries for rejecting <i>H0 </i>350</p> <p>Testing varicose veins 350</p> <p>Assessing the Chance of a Wrong Decision 352</p> <p>Making a false alarm: Type I errors 353</p> <p>Missing out on a detection: Type II errors 353</p> <p>Practice Questions Answers and Explanations 356</p> <p>Whaddya Know? Chapter 15 Quiz 359</p> <p>Answers to Chapter 15 Quiz 360</p> <p><b>Chapter 16: Commonly Used Hypothesis Tests: Formulas and Examples 361</b></p> <p>Testing One Population Mean 362</p> <p>Handling Small Samples and Unknown Standard Deviations: The <i>t</i>-Test 363</p> <p>Putting the <i>t</i>-test to work 364</p> <p>Relating <i>t </i>to <i>Z</i> 365</p> <p>Handling negative <i>t</i>-values 365</p> <p>Examining the not-equal-to alternative 365</p> <p>Drawing conclusions using the critical value 366</p> <p>Testing One Population Proportion 368</p> <p>Comparing Two (Independent) Population Averages 371</p> <p>Case 1: Difference of two population means when population standard deviations are known 371</p> <p>Case 2: Difference of two population means when population standard deviations are unknown 374</p> <p>Testing for an Average Difference (The Paired <i>t</i>-Test) 375</p> <p>Comparing Two Population Proportions 378</p> <p>Practice Questions Answers and Explanations 382</p> <p>Whaddya Know? Chapter 16 Quiz 387</p> <p>Answers to Chapter 16 Quiz 388</p> <p><b>Unit 5: Statistical Studies and the Hunt for a Meaningful Relationship 389</b></p> <p><b>Chapter 17: Polls, Polls, and More Polls 391</b></p> <p>Recognizing the Impact of Polls 392</p> <p>Getting to the source 392</p> <p>Surveying what’s hot 393</p> <p>Impacting lives 394</p> <p>Behind the Scenes: The Ins and Outs of Surveys 395</p> <p>Planning and designing a survey 396</p> <p>Selecting the sample 399</p> <p>Carrying out a survey 402</p> <p>Interpreting results and finding problems 405</p> <p>Practice Questions Answers and Explanations 408</p> <p>Whaddya Know? Chapter 17 Quiz 411</p> <p>Answers to Chapter 17 Quiz 412</p> <p><b>Chapter 18: Experiments and Observational Studies: Medical Breakthroughs or Misleading Results? 413</b></p> <p>Boiling Down the Basics of Studies 414</p> <p>Looking at the lingo of studies 414</p> <p>Observing observational studies 415</p> <p>Examining experiments 415</p> <p>Designing a Good Experiment 417</p> <p>Designing the experiment to make comparisons 417</p> <p>Selecting the sample size 419</p> <p>Choosing the subjects 421</p> <p>Making random assignments 421</p> <p>Controlling for confounding variables 422</p> <p>Respecting ethical issues 423</p> <p>Collecting good data 424</p> <p>Analyzing the data properly 425</p> <p>Interpreting Experiment Results 428</p> <p>Making appropriate conclusions 428</p> <p>Making informed decisions 429</p> <p>Practice Questions Answers and Explanations 431</p> <p>Whaddya Know? Chapter 18 Quiz 433</p> <p>Answers to Chapter 18 Quiz 434</p> <p><b>Chapter 19: Looking for Links: Correlation and Regression 435</b></p> <p>Picturing a Relationship with a Scatterplot 436</p> <p>Making a scatterplot 436</p> <p>Interpreting a scatterplot 437</p> <p>Quantifying Linear Relationships Using the Correlation 440</p> <p>Calculating the correlation 440</p> <p>Interpreting the correlation 441</p> <p>Examining properties of the correlation 443</p> <p>Working with Linear Regression 445</p> <p>Figuring out which variable is <i>X </i>and which is <i>Y</i> 445</p> <p>Checking the conditions 446</p> <p>Calculating the regression line 446</p> <p>Interpreting the regression line 449</p> <p>Putting it all together: The regression line for the crickets 451</p> <p>Making Proper Predictions 453</p> <p>Checking the conditions 453</p> <p>Staying in-bounds 454</p> <p>Regression Analysis: Understanding the Output 456</p> <p>Residing with Residuals 457</p> <p>Explaining the Relationship: Correlation versus Cause and Effect 458</p> <p>Practice Questions Answers and Explanations 460</p> <p>Whaddya Know? Chapter 19 Quiz 465</p> <p>Answers to Chapter 19 Quiz 466</p> <p><b>Chapter 20: Two-Way Tables and Independence 467</b></p> <p>Organizing a Two-Way Table 468</p> <p>Setting up the cells 469</p> <p>Figuring the totals 469</p> <p>Interpreting Two-Way Tables 472</p> <p>Singling out variables with marginal distributions 472</p> <p>Examining all groups — a joint distribution 476</p> <p>Comparing groups with conditional distributions 478</p> <p>Checking Independence and Describing Dependence 483</p> <p>Checking for independence 484</p> <p>Describing a dependent relationship 486</p> <p>Cautiously Interpreting Results 489</p> <p>Checking for legitimate cause and effect 489</p> <p>Projecting from sample to population 490</p> <p>Making prudent predictions 491</p> <p>Resisting the urge to jump to conclusions 491</p> <p>Practice Questions Answers and Explanations 492</p> <p>Whaddya Know? Chapter 20 Quiz 498</p> <p>Answers to Chapter 20 Quiz 500</p> <p><b>Appendix: Tables for Reference 503</b></p> <p>The <i>Z</i>-Table 503</p> <p>The <i>t</i>-Table 506</p> <p>The Binomial Table 508</p> <p>Index 513</p>
<p><b>Deborah Rumsey, PhD, </b>is a Professor of Statistics and Statistics Education Specialist at The Ohio State University. She is the author of <i>Statistics For Dummies, Statistics Workbook For Dummies, Statistics II For Dummies, </i>and<i> Probability For Dummies</i>.
<p><b>Become a stats master, the easy way</b> <p>Mean, median, mode, and mayhem. Well, it doesn’t <i>have </i>to be mayhem, thanks to this guide. <i>Statistics All-in-One For Dummies </i>is your best bet for learning all the concepts you’ll need to make it through your entry-level college (or high school) statistics class. You’ll work through lessons and examples, practice your knowledge, and test yourself with in-book and online quizzes. Grasp the basics, master distributions and the central limit theorem, become more confident in confidence intervals, and improve your grade in statistics. <p><b>FREE 1-year access to additional chapter quizzes online!</b> <p><b>5 Complete Units Inside...</b> <ul><li>Getting Started with Statistics <li>Number-Crunching Basics</li> <li>Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem</li> <li>Guesstimating and Hypothesizing with Confidence</li> <li>Statistical Studies and the Hunt for a Meaningful Relationship</li></ul>

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