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<p>Preface xiii</p> <p><b>1 Evolution of Blockchain Technologies and its Fundamental Characteristics 1<br /></b><i>Aradhna Saini, R. Gopal, S. Suganthi and T. Poongodi</i></p> <p>1.1 An Overview of Blockchain Technology 2</p> <p>1.1.1 Evolution of Blockchain Technology 2</p> <p>1.1.2 Significant Characteristics of Blockchain Technology 3</p> <p>1.2 Blockchain Architecture and Its Components 5</p> <p>1.3 Comparative Analysis of Blockchain Categories 8</p> <p>1.3.1 Permissionless or Public Blockchain 9</p> <p>1.3.2 Permissioned or Private Blockchain 11</p> <p>1.3.3 Consortium Blockchain 13</p> <p>1.3.4 Hybrid Blockchain 15</p> <p>1.4 Blockchain Uses Cases in Healthcare 15</p> <p>1.5 Research Opportunities and Challenges of Blockchain Technology in Healthcare 20</p> <p>1.6 Conclusion 21</p> <p>References 21</p> <p><b>2 Geospatial Blockchain: Promises, Challenges, and Scenarios in Healthcare 25<br /></b><i>Janarthanan S., S. Vijayalakshmi, Savita and T. Ganesh Kumar</i></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 26</p> <p>2.1.1 Basics of Blockchain 26</p> <p>2.1.2 Promises and Challenges in Blockchain 27</p> <p>2.1.3 Comparative Study 28</p> <p>2.2 Geospatial Blockchain Analysis Based on Healthcare Industry 29</p> <p>2.2.1 Remote Monitoring and Geospatial Healthcare System 30</p> <p>2.3 Smart Internet of Things Devices and Systems 32</p> <p>2.3.1 Main Challenges and Importance in Smart Convention 33</p> <p>2.3.2 Recent Innovations in Healthcare 33</p> <p>2.4 Implementation Strategies and Methodologies 34</p> <p>2.4.1 Promises and Challenges in Implementation 35</p> <p>2.5 Information Security and Privacy Protection in Geospatial Blockchain Healthcare Systems 37</p> <p>2.5.1 Security and Privacy Protection Framework 37</p> <p>2.5.2 Data Access Control System 37</p> <p>2.6 Challenges in Present and Past and Future Directions 40</p> <p>2.6.1 Present Challenges in Healthcare 40</p> <p>2.6.2 Past Challenges in Healthcare 41</p> <p>2.6.3 Future Challenges in Healthcare 42</p> <p>2.7 Conclusion 45</p> <p>References 45</p> <p><b>3 Architectural Framework of Blockchain Technology in Healthcare 49<br /></b><i>Kiran Singh, Nilanjana Pradhan and Shrddha Sagar</i></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 50</p> <p>3.2 Healthcare 51</p> <p>3.2.1 Electronic Healthcare 52</p> <p>3.2.2 Smart Healthcare 53</p> <p>3.3 Blockchain Technology 54</p> <p>3.4 Architecture of Smart Healthcare 55</p> <p>3.5 Blockchain in Electronic Healthcare 57</p> <p>3.6 Architecture for Blockchain 59</p> <p>3.7 Distributed System 60</p> <p>3.8 Security and Privacy 61</p> <p>3.9 Applications of Healthcare Management in Blockchain 64</p> <p>3.9.1 The Use of the Blockchain for EMR Data Storage 64</p> <p>3.9.2 Blockchains and Data Security are Related 66</p> <p>3.9.3 Blockchain for Personal Health Information 66</p> <p>3.9.4 Blockchain is a Strong Technology at the Point of Treatment Genomic Analytics 67</p> <p>3.10 Applications of IoT in Blockchain 67</p> <p>3.11 Challenges 68</p> <p>3.12 Conclusion 68</p> <p>References 69</p> <p><b>4 Smart Contract and Distributed Ledger for Healthcare Informatics 73<br /></b><i>Yogesh Sharma and B. Balamurugan</i></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 74</p> <p>4.1.1 History of Healthcare Informatics 75</p> <p>4.2 Introduction of Blockchain Technology 76</p> <p>4.2.1 A Blockchain Process 77</p> <p>4.3 Types of Blockchains 78</p> <p>4.3.1 Public Blockchain 79</p> <p>4.3.2 Private Blockchain 79</p> <p>4.3.3 Consortium Blockchain 80</p> <p>4.4 Blockchain in Healthcare 80</p> <p>4.5 Distributed Ledger Technology 82</p> <p>4.6 Evolution of Distributed Ledger Technology 82</p> <p>4.7 Smart Contract 83</p> <p>4.7.1 Limitations of Smart Contract 85</p> <p>4.7.2 Smart Contract in Healthcare Informatics 85</p> <p>4.8 Distributed Ledger in Healthcare Informatics as Blockchain 86</p> <p>4.9 Distributed Ledger Technology in Healthcare Payments 88</p> <p>4.10 Conclusion 89</p> <p>References 90</p> <p><b>5 Consensus Algorithm for Healthcare Using Blockchain 93<br /></b><i>Faizan Salim, John A., Rajesh E. and A. Suresh Kumar</i></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 94</p> <p>5.2 Types of Blockchain 95</p> <p>5.3 Blockchain Database 98</p> <p>5.4 Consensus Algorithm 98</p> <p>5.5 Healthcare System 100</p> <p>5.5.1 Healthcare and Blockchain 101</p> <p>5.5.2 Benefits of Blockchain in Healthcare 101</p> <p>5.6 Algorithms 103</p> <p>5.6.1 Smart Contract 104</p> <p>5.6.2 Algorithm for Fault Tolerance Using Blockchain 104</p> <p>5.6.3 Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance Algorithm 106</p> <p>5.6.4 Algorithm for Distributed Healthcare Using Blockchain 108</p> <p>5.7 Security for Healthcare System Using Blockchain 109</p> <p>5.7.1 Framework for Security Using Blockchain 110</p> <p>5.8 Issues and Challenges in Healthcare Using Blockchain 112</p> <p>5.9 Future Scope 114</p> <p>5.10 Conclusion 115</p> <p>References 115</p> <p><b>6 Industry 4.0 and Smart Healthcare: An Application Perspective 117<br /></b><i>R. Saminathan, S. Saravanan and P. Anbalagan</i></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 118</p> <p>6.2 Evolution of Industry 4.0 119</p> <p>6.3 Vision and Challenges of Industry 4.0 120</p> <p>6.4 Technologies Used in Fourth Industrial Revolution 121</p> <p>6.5 Blockchain in Industry 4.0 127</p> <p>6.6 Smart Healthcare Design Using Healthcare 4.0 Processes 129</p> <p>6.7 Blockchain Tele-Surgery Framework for Healthcare 4.0 131</p> <p>6.8 Digital Twin Technology in Healthcare Industry 133</p> <p>6.9 Conclusion 134</p> <p>References 134</p> <p><b>7 Blockchain Powered EHR in Pharmaceutical Industry 137<br /></b><i>Piyush Sexena, Prashant Singh, John A. and Rajesh E.</i></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 138</p> <p>7.2 Traditional Healthcare System vs Blockchain EHR 140</p> <p>7.3 Working of Blockchain in EHR 141</p> <p>7.4 System Design and Architecture of EHR 143</p> <p>7.5 Blockchain Methodologies for EHR 146</p> <p>7.6 Benefits of Using Blockchain in EHR 149</p> <p>7.7 Challenges Faced by Blockchain in HER 151</p> <p>7.8 Future Scope 154</p> <p>7.9 Conclusion 155</p> <p>References 156</p> <p><b>8 Convergence of IoT and Blockchain in Healthcare 159<br /></b><i>Swaroop S. Sonone, Kapil Parihar, Mahipal Singh Sankhla, Rajeev Kumar and Rohit Kumar Verma</i></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 160</p> <p>8.2 Overview of Convergence 161</p> <p>8.3 Healthcare 162</p> <p>8.4 IoTs and Blockchain Technology 163</p> <p>8.5 IoT Technologies for Healthcare 163</p> <p>8.6 Blockchain in Healthcare 165</p> <p>8.7 Integration for Next-Generation Healthcare 167</p> <p>8.8 Basic Structure of Convergence 170</p> <p>8.9 Challenges 172</p> <p>8.10 Conclusion 174</p> <p>References 175</p> <p><b>9 Disease Prediction Using Machine Learning for Healthcare 181<br /></b><i>S. Vijayalakshmi and Ashutosh Upadhyay</i></p> <p>9.1 Introduction to Disease Prediction 182</p> <p>9.1.1 Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare 182</p> <p>9.1.2 Data Collection and Information Processing 183</p> <p>9.1.3 Human Living Standard and Possible Diseases 185</p> <p>9.1.4 Importance of Data in Disease Prediction 185</p> <p>9.2 Data Analytics for Disease Prediction 186</p> <p>9.3 Segmentation and Features of Medical Images 186</p> <p>9.4 Prediction Model for Healthcare 188</p> <p>9.5 Introduction to ML 191</p> <p>9.5.1 K-Nearest Neighbor, Artificial Neural Network, CNN, Decision Tree, and Random Forest 195</p> <p>9.6 Prediction Model Study of Different Disease 198</p> <p>9.7 Decision Support System 199</p> <p>9.8 Preventive Measures Based on Predicted Results 199</p> <p>9.9 Conclusions and Future Scope 200</p> <p>References 200</p> <p><b>10 Managing Healthcare Data Using Machine Learning and Blockchain Technology 203<br /></b><i>BKSP Kumar Raju Alluri</i></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 203</p> <p>10.2 Current Situation of Healthcare 204</p> <p>10.3 Introduction to Blockchain for Healthcare 206</p> <p>10.4 Introduction to ML for Healthcare 211</p> <p>10.4.1 Open Issues in Machine Learning for Healthcare 213</p> <p>10.5 Using ML and Blockchain for Healthcare Management 214</p> <p>10.5.1 Bucket 1: Theory Centric 215</p> <p>10.5.2 Bucket 2: Result Oriented 219</p> <p>10.5.3 Outcomes of the Study 222</p> <p>10.5.4 Why are Most of the Current Blockchain + Healthcare Papers Theory-Based? 227</p> <p>10.6 Conclusion 228</p> <p>References 228</p> <p><b>11 Advancement of Deep Learning and Blockchain Technology in Health Informatics 235<br /></b><i>Anubhav Singh, Mahipal Singh Sankhla, Kapil Parihar and Rajeev Kumar</i></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 236</p> <p>11.2 Associated Works 238</p> <p>11.2.1 Preliminaries 240</p> <p>11.3 Internet of Things 240</p> <p>11.4 Big Data 241</p> <p>11.5 Deep Learning 241</p> <p>11.5.1 Common Deep Learners 242</p> <p>11.5.1.1 Convolutional Neural Network 242</p> <p>11.5.1.2 Recurrent Neural Networks 242</p> <p>11.5.1.3 Deep Autoencoders 243</p> <p>11.5.1.4 Deep Boltzmann Machine 243</p> <p>11.6 Restricted Boltzmann Machine 243</p> <p>11.7 Profound Conviction Organization 244</p> <p>11.8 Application and Challenges of Deep Learners 244</p> <p>11.8.1 Predictive Healthcare 244</p> <p>11.8.2 Medical Decision Support 245</p> <p>11.8.3 Personalized Treatments 245</p> <p>11.8.4 Difficulties 246</p> <p>11.8.5 Blockchain Technology 247</p> <p>11.8.6 Types of Blockchain 247</p> <p>11.8.7 Challenges of Blockchain in Healthcare 248</p> <p>11.8.8 Interoperability 248</p> <p>11.8.9 Management, Privacy, and Anonymity of Data 248</p> <p>11.8.10 Quality of Service 249</p> <p>11.8.11 Heterogeneous Gadgets and Traffic 249</p> <p>11.8.12 Inertness 249</p> <p>11.8.13 Asset Imperatives and Energy Proficiency 249</p> <p>11.8.14 Storage Capacity and Scalability 250</p> <p>11.8.15 Security 250</p> <p>11.8.16 Data Mining 250</p> <p>11.8.17 System Model 251</p> <p>11.8.18 Attack Model 251</p> <p>11.9 Open Research Issues 252</p> <p>11.10 Conclusion 252</p> <p>References 253</p> <p><b>12 Research Challenges and Future Directions in Applying Blockchain Technology in the Healthcare Domain 257<br /></b><i>Sneha Chakraverty and Sakshi Bansal</i></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 258</p> <p>12.2 Healthcare 259</p> <p>12.2.1 Stakeholders of Indian Healthcare Ecosystem 259</p> <p>12.2.2 Major Data Related Challenges in Indian Healthcare System 260</p> <p>12.3 Need of Blockchain in Healthcare Domain 261</p> <p>12.4 Application of Blockchain in Healthcare Domain 262</p> <p>12.5 Methodology 263</p> <p>12.5.1 Review of Literature 264</p> <p>12.5.2 Interviews 264</p> <p>12.6 Challenges 265</p> <p>12.6.1 How to Overcome This Problem 267</p> <p>12.7 Future Directions 268</p> <p>12.8 Conclusion 269</p> <p>References 269</p> <p>Appendix 272</p> <p>Appendix 12.1 272</p> <p>Interview Form 272</p> <p>Appendix 12.2: Response 1 273</p> <p>Interview Form 273</p> <p>Appendix 12.3: Response 2 276</p> <p>Interview Form 276</p> <p>Appendix 12.4: Response 3 278</p> <p>Interview Form 278</p> <p>Appendix 12.5: Response 4 280</p> <p>Interview Form 280</p> <p>Index 285</p>

<p><b> T. Poongodi, PhD,</b> is an associate professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at Galgotias University, Delhi – NCR, India. She has more than 15 years of experience working in teaching and research.</p> <p><b> D. Sumathi, PhD,</b> is an associate professor at VIT-AP University, Andhra Pradesh. She has an overall experience of 21 years out of which six years in industry, 15 years in the teaching field. Her research interests include cloud computing, network security, data mining, natural language processing, and theoretical foundations of computer science. <p><b> B. Balamurugan, PhD,</b> is a professor in the School of Computing Sciences and Engineering at Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India. His contributions focus on engineering education, blockchain, and data sciences. He has published more than 30 books on various technologies and more than 150 research articles in SCI journals, conferences, and book chapters. <p><b> K. S. Savita, PhD,</b> is on the academic staff in the Department of Computer and Information Sciences (CISD), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), Malaysia since 2006. She is accredited by the Malaysia Board of Technologies as Professional Technologist (Ts.) in Information and Computing Technology.

<p><b>The book gives a detailed description of the integration of blockchain technology for Electronic Health Records and provides the research challenges to consider in various disciplines such as supply chain, drug discovery, and data management. </b></p> <p>The aim of the book is to investigate the concepts of blockchain technology and its association with the recent development and advancements in the medical field. Moreover, it focuses on the integration of workflow strategies like NLP, and AI which could be adopted for boosting the clinical documentation and electronic healthcare records (EHR) usage by bringing down the physician EHR data entry. Also, the book covers the usage of smart contracts for securing patient records. <i>Digitization of Healthcare Data Using Blockchain</i> presents the practical implementations that deal with developing a web framework for building highly usable healthcare applications, a simple blockchain-powered EHR system. <p><b> Audience</b> <p>Researchers in information technology, artificial intelligence, electronics engineering, medical informatics, as well as policymakers and healthcare providers and management systems.

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