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Power Electronics for Green Energy Conversion


Power Electronics for Green Energy Conversion


1. Aufl.

von: Mahajan Sagar Bhaskar, Nikita Gupta, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen, Umashankar Subramaniam

191,99 €

Verlag: Wiley
Format: PDF
Veröffentl.: 24.06.2022
ISBN/EAN: 9781119786504
Sprache: englisch
Anzahl Seiten: 640

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Beschreibungen

<b>POWER ELECTRONICS <i>for</i> GREEN ENERGY CONVERSION</b> <p><b>Written and edited by a team of renowned experts, this exciting new volume explores the concepts and practical applications of power electronics for green energy conversion, going into great detail with ample examples, for the engineer, scientist, or student.</b> <p>Power electronics has emerged as one of the most important technologies in the world and will play a big role in the conversion of the present power grid systems into smart grids. Applications like HVDC systems, FACTs devices, uninterruptible power systems, and renewable energy systems totally rely on advances in power electronic devices and control systems. Further, the need for renewable energy continues to grow, and the complete departure of fossil fuels and nuclear energy is not unrealistic thanks to power electronics. Therefore, the increasingly more important role of power electronics in the power sector industry remains paramount. <p>This groundbreaking new volume aims to cover these topics and trends of power electronic converters, bridging the research gap on green energy conversion system architectures, controls, and protection challenges to enable their wide-scale implementation. Covering not only the concepts of all of these topics, the editors and contributors describe real-world implementation of these ideas and how they can be used for practical applications. Whether for the engineer, scientist, researcher, or student, this outstanding contribution to the science is a must-have for any library.
<p>Preface xvii</p> <p><b>1 Green Energy Technology-Based Energy-Efficient Appliances for Buildings 1<br /> </b><i>Avanish Gautam Singh, Rahul Rajeevkumar Urs, Rajeev Kumar Chauhan and Prabhakar Tiwari</i></p> <p>Nomenclature 2</p> <p>Variables 2</p> <p>1.1 Balance of System Appliances Needed for Green Energy Systems 3</p> <p>1.1.1 Grid Interactive Inverters for Buildings with AC Wiring 4</p> <p>1.1.2 Grid Interactive Inverter with No Battery Backup 4</p> <p>1.1.3 Main Grid-Interactive Inverter (Hybrid Inverter) 6</p> <p>1.1.4 DC-DC Converter for DC Building 6</p> <p>1.1.5 Bidirectional Inverter 10</p> <p>1.1.6 Battery Bank 11</p> <p>1.2 Major Green Energy Home Appliances 13</p> <p>1.2.1 dc Air Conditioners 14</p> <p>1.2.2 dc Lighting 15</p> <p>1.2.3 dc Refrigeration 15</p> <p>1.2.4 Emerging Products for Grid Connected Homes and Businesses 17</p> <p>1.2.5 Electrical Vehicle 17</p> <p>1.3 Energy Savings Through Green Appliances 18</p> <p>1.3.1 Appliance Scheduling 20</p> <p>1.3.2 A Case Study of a Mid-Ranged Home with Green Home Appliances Versus Conventional Home Appliances: A Comparison of 1 Day Consumption 23</p> <p>1.4 Conclusion 26</p> <p>References 27</p> <p><b>2 Integrated Electric Power Systems and Their Power Quality Issues 29<br /> </b><i>Akhil Gupta, Kamal Kant Sharma and Gagandeep Kaur</i></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 30</p> <p>2.2 Designing of a Hybrid Energy System 32</p> <p>2.3 Classification of Hybrid Energy Systems 34</p> <p>2.3.1 Hybrid Wind-Solar System 34</p> <p>2.3.2 Hybrid Diesel-Wind System 35</p> <p>2.3.3 Hybrid Wind-Hydro Power System 36</p> <p>2.3.4 Hybrid Fuel Cell-Solar System 37</p> <p>2.3.5 Hybrid Solar Thermal System 37</p> <p>2.4 Power Quality Implications 38</p> <p>2.4.1 Interruption 39</p> <p>2.4.2 Undervoltage or Brownout 40</p> <p>2.4.3 Voltage Sag or Dip 41</p> <p>2.4.4 Noise 42</p> <p>2.4.5 Frequency 43</p> <p>2.4.6 Harmonic 43</p> <p>2.4.7 Notching 44</p> <p>2.4.8 Short-Circuit 45</p> <p>2.4.9 Swell 45</p> <p>2.4.10 Transient or Surges 45</p> <p>2.5 Conclusion 62</p> <p>References 63</p> <p><b>3 Renewable Energy in India and World for Sustainable Development 67<br /> </b><i>Kuldeep Jayaswal, D. K. Palwalia and Aditya Sharma</i></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 67</p> <p>3.2 The Energy Framework 68</p> <p>3.3 Status of Solar PV Energy 73</p> <p>3.4 Boons of Renewable Energy 75</p> <p>3.5 Energy Statistics 76</p> <p>3.5.1 Coal 76</p> <p>3.5.2 Natural Gas 78</p> <p>3.5.3 Biofuels 78</p> <p>3.5.4 Electricity 80</p> <p>3.6 Renewable Energy Resources 82</p> <p>3.7 Conclusion 85</p> <p>Abbreviations 86</p> <p>References 86</p> <p><b>4 Power Electronics: Technology for Wind Turbines 91<br /> </b><i>K.T. Maheswari, P. Prem and Jagabar Sathik</i></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 92</p> <p>4.1.1 Overview of Wind Power Generation 93</p> <p>4.1.1.1 India-Wind Potential 94</p> <p>4.1.2 Advancement of Wind Power Technologies 95</p> <p>4.1.3 Power Electronics Technologies for Wind Turbines 96</p> <p>4.2 Power Converter Topologies for Wind Turbines 98</p> <p>4.2.1 Matrix Converter 99</p> <p>4.2.2 Z Source Matrix Converter 100</p> <p>4.3 Quasi Z Source Direct Matrix Converter 104</p> <p>4.3.1 Principle of Operation 104</p> <p>4.3.2 Modulation Strategy 107</p> <p>4.3.2.1 Closed Loop Control of QZSDMC 107</p> <p>4.3.3 Simulation Results and Discussion 108</p> <p>4.4 Conclusion 111</p> <p>References 111</p> <p><b>5 Investigation of Current Controllers for Grid Interactive Inverters 115<br /> </b><i>Aditi Chatterjee and Kanungo Barada Mohanty</i></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 116</p> <p>5.2 Current Control System for Single-Phase Grid Interactive Inverters 117</p> <p>5.2.1 Hysteresis Current Controller 119</p> <p>5.2.2 Proportional Integral Current Control 121</p> <p>5.2.3 Proportional Resonant Current Control 125</p> <p>5.2.4 Dead Beat Current Control 129</p> <p>5.2.5 Model Predictive Current Control 131</p> <p>5.2.5.1 Analysis of Discretized System Model Dynamics 134</p> <p>5.2.5.2 Cost Function Assessment 135</p> <p>5.3 Simulation Results and Analysis 137</p> <p>5.3.1 Results in Steady-State Operating Mode 138</p> <p>5.3.2 Results in Dynamic Operating Mode 139</p> <p>5.3.3 Comparative Assessment of the Current Controllers 145</p> <p>5.3.4 Hardware Implementation 145</p> <p>5.3.4.1 Hardware Components 147</p> <p>5.3.4.2 Digital Implementation 150</p> <p>5.4 Experimental Results 151</p> <p>5.5 Future Scope 153</p> <p>5.6 Conclusion 154</p> <p>References 155</p> <p><b>6 Multilevel Converter for Static Synchronous Compensators: State-of-the-Art, Applications and Trends 159<br /> </b><i>Dayane do Carmo Mendonça, Renata Oliveira de Sousa, João Victor Matos Farias, Heverton Augusto Pereira, Seleme Isaac Seleme Júnior and Allan Fagner Cupertino</i></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 160</p> <p>6.2 STATCOM Realization 164</p> <p>6.2.1 Two-Level Converters 164</p> <p>6.2.2 Early Multilevel Converters 168</p> <p>6.2.3 Cascaded Multilevel Converters 170</p> <p>6.2.4 Summary of Topologies 174</p> <p>6.3 STATCOM Control Objectives 175</p> <p>6.3.1 Operating Principle 175</p> <p>6.3.2 Control Objectives 176</p> <p>6.3.3 Modulation Schemes 179</p> <p>6.3.3.1 Nlc 181</p> <p>6.3.3.2 Ps-pwm 181</p> <p>6.4 Benchmarking of Cascaded Topologies 187</p> <p>6.4.1 Design Assumptions 187</p> <p>6.4.1.1 Y-chb 190</p> <p>6.4.1.2 ∆-chb 191</p> <p>6.4.1.3 Hb-mmc 193</p> <p>6.4.1.4 Fb-mmc 196</p> <p>6.4.2 Current Stress in Semiconductor Devices 198</p> <p>6.4.3 Current Stress in Submodule Capacitor 201</p> <p>6.4.4 Comparison of Characteristics 205</p> <p>6.5 STATCOM Trends 209</p> <p>6.5.1 Cost Reduction 209</p> <p>6.5.2 Reliability Requirements 212</p> <p>6.5.3 Modern Grid Codes Requirements 215</p> <p>6.5.4 Energy Storage Systems 216</p> <p>6.6 Conclusions and Future Trends 217</p> <p>References 218</p> <p><b>7 Topologies and Comparative Analysis of Reduced Switch Multilevel Inverters for Renewable Energy Applications 221<br /> </b><i>Aishwarya V. and Gnana Sheela K.</i></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 221</p> <p>7.2 Reduced-Switch Multilevel Inverters 224</p> <p>7.3 Comparative Analysis 251</p> <p>7.4 Conclusion 258</p> <p>References 258</p> <p><b>8 A Novel Step-Up Switched-Capacitor-Based Multilevel Inverter Topology Feasible for Green Energy Harvesting 265<br /> </b><i>Erfan Hallaji and Kazem Varesi</i></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 266</p> <p>8.2 Proposed Basic Topology 269</p> <p>8.3 Proposed Extended Topology 270</p> <p>8.3.1 First Algorithm (P 1) 270</p> <p>8.3.2 Second Algorithm (P 2) 271</p> <p>8.4 Operational Mode 272</p> <p>8.4.1 Mode A 275</p> <p>8.4.2 Mode B 275</p> <p>8.4.3 Mode c 275</p> <p>8.4.4 Mode d 276</p> <p>8.4.5 Mode E 276</p> <p>8.4.6 Mode F 277</p> <p>8.4.7 Mode G 277</p> <p>8.4.8 Mode H 277</p> <p>8.4.9 Mode I 278</p> <p>8.4.10 Mode J 278</p> <p>8.4.11 Mode K 279</p> <p>8.4.12 Mode l 279</p> <p>8.4.13 mode m 279</p> <p>8.4.14 Mode N 280</p> <p>8.4.15 Mode O 280</p> <p>8.4.16 Mode P 281</p> <p>8.4.17 Mode Q 281</p> <p>8.5 Standing Voltage 282</p> <p>8.5.1 Standing Voltage (SV) for the First Algorithm (P 1) 283</p> <p>8.5.2 Standing Voltage (SV) for the Second Algorithm (P 2) 283</p> <p>8.6 Proposed Cascaded Topology 283</p> <p>8.6.1 First Algorithm (S 1) 284</p> <p>8.6.2 Second Algorithm (S 2) 284</p> <p>8.6.3 Third Algorithm (S 3) 284</p> <p>8.6.4 Fourth Algorithm (S 4) 285</p> <p>8.6.5 Fifth Algorithm (S 5) 285</p> <p>8.6.6 Sixth Algorithm (S 6) 286</p> <p>8.7 Modulation Method 286</p> <p>8.8 Efficiency and Losses Analysis 287</p> <p>8.8.1 Switching Losses 287</p> <p>8.8.2 Conduction Losses 288</p> <p>8.8.3 Ripple Losses 288</p> <p>8.8.4 Efficiency 288</p> <p>8.9 Capacitor Design 289</p> <p>8.10 Comparison Results 291</p> <p>8.11 Simulation Results 295</p> <p>8.12 Conclusion 299</p> <p>References 299</p> <p><b>9 Classification of Conventional and Modern Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques for Photovoltaic Energy Generation Systems 303<br /> </b><i>Mohammed Salah Bouakkaz, Ahcene Boukadoum, Omar Boudebbouz, Nadir Boutasseta, Issam Attoui and Ahmed Bouraiou</i></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 304</p> <p>9.1.1 Classification of MPPT Techniques 306</p> <p>9.1.2 MPPT Algorithms Based on PV Side Parameters 307</p> <p>9.2 MPPT Algorithms Based on Load Side Parameters 307</p> <p>9.3 Conventional MPPT Algorithms 308</p> <p>9.3.1 Indirect Techniques 308</p> <p>9.3.1.1 MPPT Based on Constant Voltage (CV) 308</p> <p>9.3.1.2 Fractional Voltage (FV) Technique 309</p> <p>9.3.1.3 Fractional Currents (FC) Technique 310</p> <p>9.3.2 Direct Techniques 310</p> <p>9.3.2.1 Hill Climbing (HC) Technique 311</p> <p>9.3.2.2 Perturb & Observe (P&O) Technique 312</p> <p>9.3.2.3 Incremental Conductance (IC) 313</p> <p>9.4 Soft Computing (SC) MPPT Techniques 314</p> <p>9.4.1 MPPT Techniques Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) 314</p> <p>9.4.1.1 Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) Technique 314</p> <p>9.4.1.2 Artificial Neural Network (ANN) 316</p> <p>9.4.1.3 Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (anfis) 316</p> <p>9.4.1.4 The Bayesian Network (BN) 317</p> <p>9.4.2 Bioinspired (BI)-Based MPPT Techniques 317</p> <p>9.4.2.1 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) 317</p> <p>9.4.2.2 Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) 318</p> <p>9.4.2.3 Moth-Flame Optimization (MFO) 322</p> <p>9.5 Hybrid MPPT Techniques 322</p> <p>9.5.1 Conventional with Conventional (CV/CV) 322</p> <p>9.5.1.1 Fractional Current (FC) with Incremental Conductance (IC) 323</p> <p>9.5.2 Soft Computing with Soft Computing (SC/SC) 323</p> <p>9.5.2.1 Fuzzy Logic Control with Genetic Algorithm (FLC/GA) 323</p> <p>9.5.3 Conventional with Soft Computing (CV/SC) 324</p> <p>9.5.3.1 Hill Climbing with Fuzzy Logic Control (hc/flc) 324</p> <p>9.5.4 Other Classifications of Hybrid Techniques 325</p> <p>9.6 Discussion 325</p> <p>9.7 Conclusion 327</p> <p>References 328</p> <p><b>10 A Simulation Analysis of Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques for Battery-Operated PV Systems 335<br /> </b><i>Pankaj Sahu and Rajiv Dey</i></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 336</p> <p>10.2 Background of Conventional MPPT Methods 339</p> <p>10.2.1 Perturb & Observe (P&O) 340</p> <p>10.2.2 Incremental Conductance (IC) 341</p> <p>10.2.3 Fractional Short Circuit Current (FSCC) 342</p> <p>10.2.4 Fractional Open Circuit Voltage (FOCV) 343</p> <p>10.2.5 Ripple Correlation Control (RCC) 344</p> <p>10.3 Simulink Model of PV System with MPPT 348</p> <p>10.4 Results and Discussions 350</p> <p>10.4.1 (a) Simulation Results for P&O Method 351</p> <p>10.4.2 (b) Simulation Results for Incremental Conductance (IC) Method 356</p> <p>10.4.3 (c) Fractional Open Circuit Voltage (FOCV) Method 361</p> <p>10.4.4 (d) Fractional Short Circuit Current (FSCC) Method 366</p> <p>10.4.5 (e) Ripple Correlation Control (RCC) 371</p> <p>10.4.6 (f) Performance Comparison 376</p> <p>10.5 Conclusion 377</p> <p>References 378</p> <p><b>11 Power Electronics: Technology for Grid-Tied Solar Photovoltaic Power Generation Systems 381<br /> </b><i>K. Sateesh Kumar, A. Kirubakaran, N. Subrahmanyam and Umashankar Subramaniam</i></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 382</p> <p>11.2 Grid-Tied SPVPGS Technology 383</p> <p>11.2.1 Module Inverters 384</p> <p>11.2.2 String Inverters 385</p> <p>11.2.3 Multistring Inverters 386</p> <p>11.2.4 Central Inverters 386</p> <p>11.3 Classification of PV Inverter Configurations 386</p> <p>11.3.1 Single-Stage Isolated Inverter Configuration 387</p> <p>11.3.2 Single-Stage Nonisolated Inverter Configuration 387</p> <p>11.3.3 Two-Stage Isolated Inverter Configuration 388</p> <p>11.3.4 Two-Stage Nonisolated Inverter Configuration 389</p> <p>11.4 Analysis of Leakage Current in Nonisolated Inverter Topologies 390</p> <p>11.5 Important Standards Dealing with the Grid-Connected Spvpgs 393</p> <p>11.5.1 dc Current Injection and Leakage Current 393</p> <p>11.5.2 Individual Harmonic Distortion and Total Harmonic Distortion 395</p> <p>11.5.3 Voltage and Frequency Requirements 395</p> <p>11.5.4 Reactive Power Capability 395</p> <p>11.5.5 Anti-Islanding Detection 395</p> <p>11.6 Various Topologies of Grid-Tied SPVPGS 396</p> <p>11.6.1 AC Module Topologies 396</p> <p>11.6.2 String Inverter Topologies 399</p> <p>11.6.3 Multistring Inverter Topologies 405</p> <p>11.6.4 Central Inverter Topologies 407</p> <p>11.7 Scope for Future Research 415</p> <p>11.8 Conclusions 415</p> <p>References 416</p> <p><b>12 Hybrid Solar-Wind System Modeling and Control 419<br /> </b><i>Issam Attoui, Naceredine Labed, Salim Makhloufi, Mohammed Salah Bouakkaz, Ahmed Bouraiou, Nadir Boutasseta, Nadir Fergani and Brahim Oudjani</i></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 420</p> <p>12.2 Description of the Proposed System 424</p> <p>12.3 Model of System 425</p> <p>12.3.1 Model of Wind Turbine 425</p> <p>12.3.2 Dynamic Model of the DFIG 426</p> <p>12.3.3 Mathematic Model of Filter 428</p> <p>12.3.4 Medium-Term Energy Storage 429</p> <p>12.3.5 Short-Term Energy Storage 429</p> <p>12.3.6 Wind Speed Model 430</p> <p>12.3.7 Photovoltaic Array Model 430</p> <p>12.3.8 Boost Converter Model 432</p> <p>12.4 System Control 433</p> <p>12.4.1 Grid Side Converter GSC Control 434</p> <p>12.4.2 Rotor Side Converter RSC Control 434</p> <p>12.4.3 MPPT Control Algorithm for Wind Turbine 435</p> <p>12.4.4 Two-Level Energy Storage System and Control Strategy 435</p> <p>12.4.5 PSO-Based GMPPT for PV System 435</p> <p>12.5 Results and Interpretation 438</p> <p>12.6 Conclusion 445</p> <p>References 445</p> <p><b>13 Static/Dynamic Economic-Environmental Dispatch Problem Using Cuckoo Search Algorithm 453<br /> </b><i>Larouci Benyekhlef, Benasla Lahouari and Sitayeb Abdelkader</i></p> <p>13.1 Introduction 454</p> <p>13.2 Problem Formulation 455</p> <p>13.2.1 Static Economic Dispatch 455</p> <p>13.2.2 Dynamic Economic Dispatch (DED) 456</p> <p>13.3 Calculation of CO<sub>2</sub>, Ch<sub>4</sub>, and N<sub>2</sub>O Emitted During the Combustion 457</p> <p>13.3.1 Calculation of CO<sub>2</sub> 457</p> <p>13.3.2 Calculating CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O Emissions 458</p> <p>13.4 The Cuckoo Search Algorithms 459</p> <p>13.5 Application 460</p> <p>13.5.1 Case I: The Static Economic Dispatch 463</p> <p>13.5.2 Case II: The Dynamic Economic Dispatch 465</p> <p>13.6 Conclusions 470</p> <p>References 471</p> <p><b>14 Power Electronics Converters for EVs and Wireless Chargers: An Overview on Existent Technology and Recent Advances 475<br /> </b><i>Sahand Ghaseminejad Liasi, Faezeh Kardan and Mohammad Tavakoli Bina</i></p> <p>14.1 Introduction 476</p> <p>14.2 Hybrid Power System for EV Technology 477</p> <p>14.3 DC/AC Converters to Drive the EV 478</p> <p>14.4 DC/DC Converters for EVs 479</p> <p>14.4.1 Isolated and Nonisolated DC/DC Converters for EV Application 479</p> <p>14.4.2 Multi-Input DC/DC Converters in Hybrid EVs 480</p> <p>14.5 WBG Devices for EV Technology 481</p> <p>14.6 High-Power and High-Density DC/DC Converters for Hybrid and EV Applications 483</p> <p>14.7 dc Fast Chargers and Challenges 484</p> <p>14.7.1 Fast-Charging Station Architectures 484</p> <p>14.7.2 Impacts of Fast Chargers on Power Grid 488</p> <p>14.7.3 Fast-Charging Stations Connected to MV Grid and Challenges 489</p> <p>14.7.3.1 SST-Based EV Fast-Charging Station 490</p> <p>14.8 Wireless Charging 491</p> <p>14.8.1 Short History of Wireless Charging 492</p> <p>14.8.2 Proficiencies 493</p> <p>14.8.3 Deficiencies 493</p> <p>14.9 Standards 494</p> <p>14.9.1 Sae J 1772 494</p> <p>14.9.1.1 Revisions of SAE J 1772 495</p> <p>14.9.2 Iec 62196 495</p> <p>14.9.3 Sae J 2954 497</p> <p>14.10 WPT Technology in Practice 497</p> <p>14.11 Converters 499</p> <p>14.12 Resonant Network Topologies 501</p> <p>14.13 Appropriate DC/DC Converters 501</p> <p>14.14 Single-Ended Wireless EV Charger 502</p> <p>14.15 WPT and EV Motor Drive Using Single Inverter 505</p> <p>14.15.1 Problem Definition 507</p> <p>14.15.2 Wave Shaping Analysis 507</p> <p>14.15.3 Convertor System 510</p> <p>14.15.4 WPT System and Motor Drive Integration 512</p> <p>14.16 Conclusion 513</p> <p>References 513</p> <p><b>15 Recent Advances in Fast-Charging Methods for Electric Vehicles 519<br /> </b><i>R. Chandrasekaran, M. Sathishkumar Reddy, B. Raja and K. Selvajyothi</i></p> <p>15.1 Introduction 519</p> <p>15.2 Levels of Charging 520</p> <p>15.2.1 Level 1 Charging 520</p> <p>15.2.2 Level 2 Charging 520</p> <p>15.2.3 Level 3 Charging 522</p> <p>15.3 EV Charging Standards 523</p> <p>15.4 Battery Charging Methods 524</p> <p>15.5 Constant Voltage Charging 525</p> <p>15.6 Constant Current Charging 526</p> <p>16.7 Constant Current-Constant Voltage (CC-CV) Charging 527</p> <p>15.8 Multicurrent Level Charging 528</p> <p>15.9 Pulse Charging 529</p> <p>15.10 Converters and Its Applications 530</p> <p>15.10.1 Buck Converter 532</p> <p>15.10.2 Boost Converter 533</p> <p>15.10.3 Interleaved Buck Converter 534</p> <p>15.10.4 Interleaved Boost Converter 535</p> <p>15.11 Design of DC-DC Converters 536</p> <p>15.12 Results and Discussions 538</p> <p>15.13 Conclusion 542</p> <p>References 543</p> <p><b>16 Recent Advances in Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle Charging 545<br /> </b><i>Sivagami K., Janamejaya Channegowda and Damodharan P.</i></p> <p>16.1 Need for Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) in Electric Vehicles (EV) 546</p> <p>16.2 WPT Theory 546</p> <p>16.3 Operating Principle of IPT 550</p> <p>16.3.1 Ampere’s Law 551</p> <p>16.3.2 Faraday’s Law 551</p> <p>16.4 Types of Wires 552</p> <p>16.4.1 Litz Wire 552</p> <p>16.4.2 Litz Magneto-Plate Wire (LMPW) 552</p> <p>16.4.3 Tubular Conductor 552</p> <p>16.4.4 REBCO Wire 553</p> <p>16.4.5 Copper Clad Aluminium Wire 553</p> <p>16.5 Ferrite Shapes 553</p> <p>16.6 Couplers 554</p> <p>16.7 Types of Charging 556</p> <p>16.7.1 Static Charging 556</p> <p>16.7.2 Dynamic Charging 558</p> <p>16.7.3 Quasi-Dynamic Charging 559</p> <p>16.8 Compensation Techniques 560</p> <p>16.9 Power Converters in WPT Systems 564</p> <p>16.9.1 Primary Side Converter 565</p> <p>16.9.1.1 Unidirectional Charger 565</p> <p>16.9.1.2 Bidirectional Charger 566</p> <p>16.9.2 Secondary Side Converter 567</p> <p>16.9.3 Recent Novel Converter 567</p> <p>16.10 Standards 567</p> <p>16.11 Conclusion 570</p> <p>References 570</p> <p><b>17 Flux Link Control Modulation Technique for Improving Power Transfer Characteristics of Bidirectional DC/DC Converter Used in FCEVS 573<br /> </b><i>Bandi Mallikarjuna Reddy, Naveenkumar Marati, Kathirvel Karuppazhagi and Balraj Vaithilingam</i></p> <p>17.1 Introduction 574</p> <p>17.2 GDAB-IBDC Converter 575</p> <p>17.2.1 Analysis and Modeling of GDAB-IBDC 576</p> <p>17.3 FLC Modulation Technique 580</p> <p>17.3.1 Modes of Operation of GDAB-IBDC Converter 582</p> <p>17.3.2 Analytical Modeling of SPS and FLC Modulation 583</p> <p>17.4 Dead Band Analysis of GDAB-IBDC Converter 589</p> <p>17.5 Simulation and Results 591</p> <p>17.6 Conclusion 598</p> <p>References 598</p> <p>Index 601          </p>
<p><b>Mahajan Sagar Bhaskar, PhD,</b> is with the Renewable Energy Lab, in the Department of Communications and Networks Engineering at the College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. After receiving his PhD in electrical and electronic engineering from the University of Johannesburg, South Africa in 2019, he was a post-doctoral researcher in the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Esbjerg, Denmark. He has several years of research experience from several universities, and he has authored over 100 scientific papers in the area of DC/AC power, receiving several awards, as well. He is a member of a number of scientific societies and is a reviewer for several technical journals and conferences, including IEEE and IET. </p> <p><b>Nikita Gupta, PhD,</b> is a professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, University Institute of Technology, Himachal Pradesh University, India. She received her BTech degree in electrical and electronics engineering from the National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, India in 2011 and MTech degree in power systems from Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India in 2014. She earned her PhD from the Department of Electrical Engineering at Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India, in 2018. Her research interests include power system analysis, power quality, power electronics applications in renewable energy, and microgrids. <p><b>Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, PhD,</b> is a faculty member with the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Esbjerg, Denmark and works with CTIF Global Capsule (CGC), Department of Business Development and Technology, Aarhus University, Denmark. He received his PhD in electrical engineering from the University of Bologna, Italy. He has almost ten years of teaching, research and industrial experience and is an associate editor on a number of international scientific refereed journals. He has published more than 300 research papers and has won numerous awards for his research and teaching. <p><b>Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen</b> currently works at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University and is head of the Esbjerg Energy Section. He helped establish the Center for Bioenergy and Green Engineering in 2009 and served as the head of the research group. He has served as technical advisor for many companies in this industry, and he has executed many large-scale European Union and United Nation projects. He has authored more than 300 scientific papers and has participated in over 500 various international conferences. <p><b>Umashankar Subramaniam, PhD,</b> is at Renewable Energy Lab, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Saudi Arabia and has over 15 years of teaching, research and industrial R&D experience. He has published more than 250 research papers in scientific and technical refereed journals and conferences. He has also authored, co-authored, or contributed to 12 books, including books for Scrivener Publishing. He is an editor of a highly-respected technical journal, and he has won several awards in the field.
<p><b>Written and edited by a team of renowned experts, this exciting new volume explores the concepts and practical applications of power electronics for green energy conversion, going into great detail with ample examples, for the engineer, scientist, or student.</b></p> <p>Power electronics has emerged as one of the most important technologies in the world and will play a big role in the conversion of the present power grid systems into smart grids. Applications like HVDC systems, FACTs devices, uninterruptible power systems, and renewable energy systems totally rely on advances in power electronic devices and control systems. Further, the need for renewable energy continues to grow, and the complete departure of fossil fuels and nuclear energy is not unrealistic thanks to power electronics. Therefore, the increasingly more important role of power electronics in the power sector industry remains paramount. <p>This groundbreaking new volume aims to cover these topics and trends of power electronic converters, bridging the research gap on green energy conversion system architectures, controls, and protection challenges to enable their wide-scale implementation. Covering not only the concepts of all of these topics, the editors and contributors describe real-world implementation of these ideas and how they can be used for practical applications. Whether for the engineer, scientist, researcher, or student, this outstanding contribution to the science is a must-have for any library.

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