Details

Blood Traces

Interpretation of Deposition and Distribution
1. Aufl.

von: Peter R. De Forest, Peter A. Pizzola, Brooke W. Kammrath
108,99 €
Verlag:	Wiley
Format:	PDF
Veröffentl.:	04.08.2021
ISBN/EAN:	9781119764700
Sprache:	englisch
Anzahl Seiten:	384

In den Warenkorb

Als Gutschein

DRM-geschütztes eBook, Sie benötigen z.B. Adobe Digital Editions und eine Adobe ID zum Lesen.

Beschreibungen

Titelbeschreibung

A guide to the scientific interpretation of blood traces Blood Traces provides an authoritative resource that reviews many of the aspects of the interpretation of blood traces that have not been treated with the thoroughness they deserve. With strict adherence to the scientific method, the authors — noted experts on the topic — address the complexities encountered when interpreting blood trace configurations. The book provides an understanding of the scientific basis for the use of blood trace deposits, i.e. bloodstain patterns, at crime scenes to better reconstruct a criminal event. The authors define eight overarching principles for the comprehensive analysis and interpretation of blood trace configurations. Three of these principles are: blood traces may reveal a great deal of useful information; extensive blood traces, although present, may not always yield information relevant to questions that may arise in a given case; and a collection of a few seemingly related dried blood droplet deposits is not necessarily an interpretable “pattern”. This important resource: <ul> <li>Provides the fundamental principles for the scientific examination and understanding of blood trace deposits and configurations </li> <li>Dispels commonly accepted misinformation about blood traces. </li> <li>Contains a variety of illustrative case examples which will aid in demonstrating the concepts discussed </li> </ul> Written for forensic scientists, crime scene investigators, members of the legal community, and students in these fields, Blood Traces presents the fundamental principles for the scientific examination of blood trace deposits and configurations.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

DEDICATION v EPIGRAPH vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ix FOREWORD xvii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xix PREFACE TO BLOOD TRACES: INTERPRETATION OF DEPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION xxi 1 Physical Evidence Record 1 1.1 Generation of Physical Evidence Record 1 1.1.1 Scene as a Recording Medium 1 1.1.2 Creation of Blood Traces 5 1.2 Capturing the Physical Evidence Record: Crime Scene Analysis 5 1.2.1 The Stages of Crime Scene Investigation 6 1.2.1.1 Scene Protection and Security 6 1.2.1.2 Evidence Recognition 8 1.2.1.3 Evidence Documentation 10 1.2.1.4 Evidence Recovery, Packaging, and Transportation 14 1.3 Reconstruction of Past Incidents from the Physical Evidence Record 17 1.3.1 Definition 17 1.3.2 Art or Science, or Both? 17 1.3.3 Importance of the Scientific Method 18 1.3.4 Reconstruction vs. Reenactment 18 1.3.5 Holistic Philosophy: Blood Trace Configuration Interpretation Is Only One Aspect of Reconstruction 19 References 20 2 Historical Perspective 21 2.1 Edgar Allen Poe and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle: History in Fiction 21 2.2 Hans Gross 22 2.3 History of Research in Blood Traces 22 2.4 Detective Charlie Chan: History in Film 23 2.5 Paul Kirk 23 2.6 Herbert MacDonell 25 2.7 Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Committees and Organizations 26 References 26 3 Characteristics of Liquids Including Blood 29 3.1 Physical Properties and Fluid Mechanics of Liquids 29 3.1.1 Surface Tension and Weber Number 29 3.1.2 Density 31 3.1.3 Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids 31 3.1.4 Viscosity and Poiseuille’s Equation 32 3.1.5 Flow Stability, Reynolds Number, and Rayleigh Number 33 3.1.6 Viscoelasticity 34 3.1.7 Caveats 34 3.2 Physical Characteristics of Blood 35 3.2.1 Definition and Description of Blood 35 3.2.2 Factors that Influence Droplet Deposit Periphery 37 3.2.3 Factors that Influence Droplet and Deposit Size 38 3.2.4 Sedimentation and Hematocrit 40 3.3 Optical Properties of Blood Deposits 40 3.4 Physiological Characteristics of Blood 41 3.4.1 Hemostasis and Clotting 41 3.4.1.1 Postmortem Clotting 42 3.4.1.2 Lack of Clotting 42 3.5 Use of Blood Substitutes in Training and Simulations 43 References 44 4 Detection, Visual Enhancement, Identification, and Source Attribution of Blood Deposits and Configurations 47 4.1 Optical Visualization of Blood Trace Deposits 48 4.2 Catalytic Tests 52 4.3 Protein Stains 53 4.4 Blood Typing and DNA Technology 53 4.5 A Limitation of Laboratory SOPs 54 4.6 Ongoing and Future Research 55 4.7 Conclusion 58 References 58 5 Terminology, Typology, and Taxonomy 61 5.1 History of Terminologies Applied to Blood Trace Configurations 61 5.2 A Typology for Blood Trace Deposits 63 5.2.1 Contact Transfers 64 5.2.1.1 Figure(s): Static Contact Transfers 66 5.2.2 Noncontact Deposit Configurations 69 5.2.3 Arc (“Cast-off”) Deposit Configurations 69 5.2.4 Arterial Deposit Configurations 70 5.2.5 Droplet Trail Deposit Configurations 71 5.2.6 Airborne Droplets in Respiratory Airstreams 72 5.2.7 Radial (“Impact”) Spatter (Include Close-Up) 73 5.2.8 Secondary Spatter 74 5.2.8.1 Dropping Height Experiments 75 5.2.8.2 Dropping Volume Experiments 76 5.2.8.3 Various Substrates 77 5.2.8.4 Secondary Spatter Discussion 77 5.2.9 Spatter Associated with Gunshot Wounds 78 5.2.9.1 Patterns from Perforating (Through-and-through) Wounds 78 5.2.9.2 Backspatter from Entrance Wounds with No Exit (Penetrating Wounds) 80 5.2.9.3 Blood Traces from Blowback 80 5.2.10 Other Configurations 82 5.2.10.1 Flow Configurations 82 5.2.10.2 Pooling Configurations 82 5.2.10.2.1 Clotting, Serum Separation and its Significance 82 5.2.10.3 Diluted Blood Deposits 83 5.2.10.4 Significance of Voids 86 5.2.11 Post-Incident Events (“Artifacts”) 87 5.2.11.1 Human Attempts at Clean-Up 87 5.2.11.1.1 Inhibiting and Obscuring Cleaning Agents 87 5.2.11.1.2 Luminol and Investigative Leads 88 5.2.11.2 Animals and Insects 88 5.2.11.3 Unavoidable Environmental Events (i.e., Rain, Wind…) 90 References 92 6 Blood Droplet Dynamics and Deposit Formation 95 6.1 Blood Droplet Motion and Velocity Vectors 95 6.2 Angle of Impact 96 6.3 Blood Droplet Trajectory and Resulting Impact Geometry 98 6.4 Region of Convergence and Region of Origin 101 6.5 Equivalence of Relativistic Motion 104 6.6 Impact Mechanism and Blood Trace Deposit Formation 110 6.6.1 Impacts of Falling Droplets with Sessile Blood 114 6.7 Conclusion 116 References 116 7 Blood Trace Interpretation and Crime Scene/Incident Reconstruction 119 7.1 Principles of Blood Trace Reconstruction 119 7.2 Utility 126 7.2.1 Associative 126 7.2.2 Action 126 7.2.3 Positional 128 7.2.4 Directional 129 7.2.5 Temporal 129 7.2.6 Pattern Directed Sampling 130 7.3 Limitations, Problems, and Common Acceptance of the Status Quo 130 7.3.1 Lack of Teamwork and Potential Synergism Between Criminal and Scientist Investigator 130 7.3.1.1 Lack of Appreciation for the Contributions of the Scientist (or Undervaluing of the Scientist) 131 7.3.2 Potential Failures of the Scientist Investigator 132 7.3.2.1 Investigator Inexperience 132 7.3.2.2 Neglect of Scientific Principles 132 7.3.2.2.1 Misunderstanding and/or Misuse of the Scientific Method 132 7.3.2.2.2 Over-Interpretation 136 7.3.2.2.3 Opinion of a Scientist vs. Scientific Opinion 139 7.3.2.3 Deficiency in Scientific Integrity 139 7.3.2.4 Cognitive Biases 140 7.3.3 Pre- and Post-Event Artifacts 140 7.3.4 Risks Engendered by Limited or Erroneous Information 141 7.3.5 Problems with “Patterns” 142 7.3.5.1 General Problems 142 7.3.5.2 Patterns Involving a Limited Number or Detail of Traces 143 7.3.5.3 Chronological Sequencing 144 7.3.5.4 Effects Caused by Interaction of Blood and Target Surface 144 7.3.5.5 Configurations Observed after Application of Blood Presumptive and Enhancement Reagents 147 7.3.6 Problems with the Interpretation of Specific Blood Trace Configurations 148 7.3.6.1 False Expectation of Airborne Blood Droplets from the First Wounding 148 7.3.6.2 Limitations in Determining the Origin with the Radial Spatter Configurations 149 7.3.6.3 Measurement Uncertainty and Significant Figures 150 7.3.6.4 “Height of Fall” Estimations 151 7.3.6.5 Crude Age Estimations of Dried Blood Traces Based on Appearance 152 7.3.7 Experimental Design 152 7.4 Blood Trace Configuration Analysis as Part of a Holistic Approach to Reconstruction 154 References 155 8 Science and Pseudoscience 157 8.1 Science 157 8.1.1 The Need for a Generalist-Scientist in Crime Scene Investigation 157 8.2 Pseudoscience 158 8.2.1 The Pernicious Consequences with Respect to Reconstructions 158 8.2.2 Pseudoscience Characteristics 158 8.2.2.1 Isolation 159 8.2.2.2 Nonfalsifiability 159 8.2.2.3 Misuse of Data 160 8.2.2.4 Lack of Replicability 160 8.2.2.5 Claims of Unusually High Precision, Sensitivity of Detection, or Accuracy of Measurement 160 8.2.3 Hallmarks of a Pseudoscientist 160 8.2.3.1 Impenetrability 161 8.2.3.2 Ulterior Motives (Financial Gain/Recognition) 161 8.2.3.3 Lack of Formal Science Education 162 8.2.3.4 Unwillingness to Self-Correct 162 8.3 Bad Science 163 8.4 Conclusions 164 References 164 9 Modes of Practice and Practitioner Preparation and Qualification 167 9.1 Existing Modes of Crime Scene Investigation Practice 167 9.1.1 The Folly of Casting Technicians into the Roles of Scientists 169 9.2 Preparations and Qualifications of Practitioners 170 9.2.1 Education and Training 172 9.2.2 Experience 173 9.2.3 Mentoring 174 9.2.4 Professional Development 174 9.2.5 Peer or Technical Review 174 9.2.6 Certification & Qualification Standards 176 References 177 10 Interesting and Illustrative Cases 179 10.1 The Sam Sheppard Case 180 10.1.1 Case Scenario/Background Information 180 10.1.2 The Physical Evidence and Its Interpretation 180 10.1.3 Conclusions 182 10.1.4 Lessons 184 10.2 Knife in the Gift Bag 185 10.2.1 Case Scenario/Background Information 185 10.2.2 The Physical Evidence and Its Interpretation 185 10.2.3 Conclusions 186 10.2.4 Lessons 186 10.3 The Farhan Nassar Case 186 10.3.1 Case Scenario/Background Information 186 10.3.2 The Physical Evidence and Its Interpretation 187 10.3.3 Conclusions 190 10.3.4 Lessons 191 10.4 Passive Documentation 191 10.4.1 Case Scenario/Background Information 191 10.4.2 The Physical Evidence and Its Interpretation 192 10.4.3 Conclusions 193 10.4.4 Lessons 193 10.5 The British Island Holiday Case 194 10.5.1 Case Scenario/Background Information 194 10.5.2 The Physical Evidence and Its Interpretation 195 10.5.3 Conclusions 198 10.5.4 Lessons 198 10.6 Absence of Evidence is Not Evidence of Absence 199 10.6.1 Case Scenario/Background Information 199 10.6.2 The Physical Evidence and Its Interpretation 200 10.6.3 Conclusions 201 10.6.4 Lessons 201 10.7 Triple Homicide 202 10.7.1 Case Scenario/Background Information 202 10.7.2 The Physical Evidence and Its Interpretation 202 10.7.3 Conclusions 204 10.7.4 Lessons 204 10.8 The O.J. Simpson Case 205 10.8.1 Case Scenario/Background Information 205 10.8.2 The Physical Evidence and Its Interpretation 207 10.8.2.1 Trails of Blood Droplets and Footwear 207 10.8.2.2 The Blood on and in the Bronco 213 10.8.2.3 The Socks and EDTA Testing 214 10.8.2.4 The Envelope 218 10.8.2.5 The Hat and Gloves 220 10.8.3 Conclusions 221 10.8.4 Lessons 223 10.9 A Vertical Crime Scene 223 10.9.1 Case Scenario/Background Information 223 10.9.2 The Physical Evidence and Its Interpretation 224 10.9.3 Conclusions 228 10.9.4 Lessons 229 10.10 Tissue Spatter from a Large Caliber Gunshot 229 10.10.1 Case Scenario/Background Information 229 10.10.2 The Physical Evidence and Its Interpretation 229 10.10.3 Conclusions 230 10.10.4 Lessons 230 10.11 Shooting of a Driver 230 10.11.1 Case Scenario/Background Information 230 10.11.2 The Physical Evidence and Its Interpretation 231 10.11.3 Conclusions 233 10.11.4 Lessons 233 10.12 A Contested Fratricide 235 10.12.1 Case Scenario/Background Information 235 10.12.2 The Physical Evidence and Its Interpretation 236 10.12.3 Conclusions 238 10.12.4 Lessons 238 References 240 11 “Bad” Cases – Misleading or Incompetent Interpretations 241 11.1 David Camm 242 11.1.1 Case Scenario/Background Information 242 11.1.2 The Physical Evidence and Its Interpretation 242 11.1.3 Conclusions 250 11.1.4 Lessons 251 11.2 Dew Theory 252 11.2.1 Case Scenario/Background Information 252 11.2.2 The Physical Evidence and Its Interpretation 252 11.2.3 Conclusions 253 11.2.4 Lessons 254 11.3 Murder of an Off-Duty Police Officer 254 11.3.1 Case Scenario/Background Information 254 11.3.2 The Physical Evidence and Its Interpretation 255 11.3.3 Conclusions 261 11.3.4 Lessons 261 11.4 The Imagined Mist Pattern 262 11.4.1 Case Scenario/Background Information 262 11.4.2 The Physical Evidence and Its Interpretation 262 11.4.3 Conclusions 263 11.4.4 Lessons 263 11.5 Concealed Blood Traces 264 11.5.1 Case Scenario/Background Information 264 11.5.2 The Physical Evidence and Its Interpretation 264 11.5.3 Conclusions 265 11.5.4 Lessons 265 11.6 A Stomping Homicide – Misuse of Enhancement Reagents 266 11.6.1 Case Scenario/Background Information 266 11.6.2 The Physical Evidence and Its Interpretation 266 11.6.3 Conclusions 268 11.6.4 Lessons 268 References 268 12 More Broadly Assessed Cases: Going Beyond the Request 269 12.1 Gunshot to the Forehead and the Runaway Car 270 12.1.1 Case Scenario/Background Information 270 12.1.2 The Physical Evidence and Its Interpretation 270 12.1.3 Conclusions 271 12.1.4 Lessons 271 12.2 The Obscured Bloody Imprint 273 12.2.1 Case Scenario/Background Information 273 12.2.2 The Physical Evidence and Its Interpretation 274 12.2.3 Conclusions 278 12.2.4 Lessons 278 12.3 The Murder of a Deputy: Shooting in a Hospital Room 279 12.3.1 Case Scenario/Background Information 279 12.3.2 The Physical Evidence and Its Interpretation 280 12.3.3 Conclusions 281 12.3.4 Lessons 281 13 Widely Held Misconceptions 283 13.1 Blood Traces Produced by Gunshot Wounds 283 13.1.1 Introduction to Firearms and Wounding 283 13.1.2 Microvascularization and Experimental Laboratory Models 285 13.1.3 Proposed Models and Their Failure to Consider Microvascular Structures 288 13.2 The “Normal Drop” Claim 295 13.3 MacDonell Priority Claims Relative to the Seminal 1939 Balthazard et al. Paper 296 13.4 The Claimed Equivalence of Deposits Diameters and Drop Diameters 296 13.5 Ambiguous Trace Configurations 297 13.5.1 Configuration Issues 297 13.5.2 Fabric Issues 298 13.6 Issues with Interpretation of Asymmetrical Blood Projections from Impacts 302 References 302 14 Resources 305 14.1 Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Groups 305 14.1.1 SWGSTAIN 306 14.1.2 NIST OSAC Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Subcommittee 308 14.1.3 Organizations 309 14.2 Publications and Other Information Sources 310 14.2.1 Journals 310 14.2.2 Newsletters 311 14.2.3 Books 311 14.2.4 Internet Resources 311 14.3 Training and Education 311 14.3.1 Continuing Education 312 14.4 Proficiency Tests 312 References 312 15 Concluding Remarks and Looking to the Future 315 15.1 Importance of Science on the Front End 315 15.2 The Integration of Physical Evidence with Police Investigations 316 15.3 Troubling Developments and Perceptions 317 15.4 Testing Facilities & the Creeping Inversion 318 15.5 The Pernicious Effects and Fallout from Bloodstain Workshops 319 15.6 Future Directions 320 References 323 BIBLIOGRAPHY 325 APPENDIX1: FUNDAMENTALS REVISITED 341

Autorenportrait

Peter R. De Forest is Professor Emeritus of Criminalistics at the John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York. He has served as a scientific consultant on physical evidence issues for over sixty years.Peter A. Pizzola is the former Laboratory Director and Assistant Commissioner of the New York City Police Crime Laboratory, former manager of the NYC Office of the Chief Medical Examiner Special Investigations Unit and Commanding Officer (retired) of the Yonkers Police Forensic Lab/Crime Scene Unit.Brooke W. Kammrath is an Associate Professor of Forensic Science at the University of New Haven and Assistant Director of the Henry C. Lee Institute of Forensic Science. She also serves as a scientific consultant and expert witness for both criminal and civil cases.

Back cover copy

A guide to the scientific interpretation of blood tracesBlood Traces provides an authoritative resource that reviews many of the aspects of the interpretation of blood traces that have not been treated with the thoroughness they deserve. With strict adherence to the scientific method, the authors — noted experts on the topic — address the complexities encountered when interpreting blood trace configurations. The book provides an understanding of the scientific basis for the use of blood trace deposits, i.e. bloodstain patterns, at crime scenes to better reconstruct a criminal event.The authors define eight overarching principles for the comprehensive analysis and interpretation of blood trace configurations. Three of these principles are: blood traces may reveal a great deal of useful information; extensive blood traces, although present, may not always yield information relevant to questions that may arise in a given case; and a collection of a few seemingly related dried blood droplet deposits is not necessarily an interpretable “pattern”. This important resource:<ul><li>Provides the fundamental principles for the scientific examination and understanding of blood trace deposits and configurations</li><li>Dispels commonly accepted misinformation about blood traces.</li><li>Contains a variety of illustrative case examples which will aid in demonstrating the concepts discussed</li></ul>Written for forensic scientists, crime scene investigators, members of the legal community, and students in these fields, Blood Traces presents the fundamental principles for the scientific examination of blood trace deposits and configurations.Extract from the Foreword by Distinguished Professor Claude Roux“By reading this book, if you are a student or a trainee, you have the assurance to start your journey in forensic science on the right path. If you are a practitioner, scientist or lawyer, you can benefit from a fresh perspective having its roots in forensic science foundations; it is never too late to learn. If you are a researcher, you will be inspired and develop impactful and relevant research in the future. And honestly, merely finding a forensic science book about blood without focusing on DNA should encourage you to read it straight away...”