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<p>Preface xv</p> <p><b>1 A Comprehensive Analysis of Numerical Techniques for Estimation of Solar PV Parameters Under Dynamic Environmental Condition 1<br /></b><i>Balasubramonian M, Rajeswari Ramachandran, </i><i>Veerapandiyan Veerasamy, Albert Paul Arunkumar C P and Noor Izzri Abdul Wahab</i></p> <p><b>Nomenclature 2</b></p> <p>1.1 Introduction 3</p> <p>1.2 Mathematical Model of Solar PV 5</p> <p>1.2.1 Calculation of Vt, Rse and Rsh 8</p> <p>1.2.2 Effect of Irradiance and Temperature 9</p> <p>1.2.3 Estimation of Maximum Power Point 10</p> <p>1.3 Numerical Techniques for Parameter Estimation 11</p> <p>1.3.1 Gauss-Seidel Technique 12</p> <p>1.3.2 Newton-Raphson (NR) Method 12</p> <p>1.4 Results and Discussion 13</p> <p>1.4.1 Simulation Results 16</p> <p>1.4.2 Experimental Results 19</p> <p>1.4.3 Comparative Analysis 19</p> <p>1.5 Conclusion 24</p> <p>References 24</p> <p><b>2 Energy Storage System in Microgrid 27<br /></b><i>Md Waseem Ahmad and Ravi Raushan</i></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 27</p> <p>2.2 Need of ESS (Energy Storage Systems) 28</p> <p>2.3 Available ESS (Energy Storage Systems) Technologies 30</p> <p>2.3.1 Type of ESS (Energy Storage Systems) 31</p> <p>2.3.2 Comparison of Storage Technologies 36</p> <p>2.4 Power Electronics Converter in Microgrid 36</p> <p>2.4.1 DC-DC Converter 36</p> <p>2.4.2 DC-AC Inverter AC-DC Rectifier 38</p> <p>2.4.3 AC-AC Converter 38</p> <p>2.5 Control of Interfaced Converters 38</p> <p>2.5.1 DC-DC Bidirectional Converter Interfacing DC-Microgrid 38</p> <p>2.5.1.1 Modeling and Control of the Converter 41</p> <p>2.5.1.2 Typical Case Study in MATLAB-Simulink 44</p> <p>2.5.2 DC-AC VSI Interfacing AC-Microgrid 45</p> <p>2.5.2.1 Modelling and Control of the VSI 50</p> <p>2.5.2.3 Typical Case Study in MATLAB-Simulink 53</p> <p>2.6 Conclusion 57</p> <p>References 57</p> <p><b>3 Economic Feasibility Studies of Simple and Discounted Payback Periods for 1 MWp Ground Mounted Solar PV Plant at Tirupati Airport 59<br /></b><i>Mohan Krishna S, Sheila Mahapatra, Febin Daya J L, Thinagaran Perumal, Saurav Raj and Prajof Prabhakaran</i></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 60</p> <p>3.1.1 Background and Motivation 60</p> <p>3.1.2 Literature Review 62</p> <p>3.1.3 Organization of the Paper 63</p> <p>3.2 Application of the Technique 64</p> <p>3.2.1 Economic Evaluation 64</p> <p>3.2.2 Solar PV Plant at Tirupati Airport 65</p> <p>3.2.3 Solar PV Plant – Technical Specifications and Inventories 66</p> <p>3.3 Result Analysis 67</p> <p>3.3.1 Contribution of Solar Energy 67</p> <p>3.3.2 Reduction in CO2 Emissions 68</p> <p>3.3.3 Energy Savings with LEDs 68</p> <p>3.3.4 Panel Efficiency Variation with Temperature 69</p> <p>3.3.5 Estimation of Simple Payback Period (SPP) 69</p> <p>3.3.6 Estimation of DPP 70</p> <p>3.4 Conclusion 71</p> <p>References 71</p> <p><b>4 Impact of Reliability Indices for Planning Charging Station Load in a Distribution Network 75<br /></b><i>Archana A N and Rajeev T.</i></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 76</p> <p>4.2 Background 78</p> <p>4.3 Reliability Analysis of Distribution Network 79</p> <p>4.4 Methodology for Allocating Charging Loads in the Test System 81</p> <p>4.4.1 Mathematical Evaluation of the System Under Study 82</p> <p>4.4.2 Formulation of Test Case Scenarios 84</p> <p>4.5 Results and Discussions 87</p> <p>4.5.1 Reliability Indices for Slow EV Chargers 87</p> <p>4.5.2 Reliability Indices for Fast EV Chargers 88</p> <p>4.5.3 Comparative Results of Slow and Fast EV Chargers in Evaluating Reliability Indices 89</p> <p>4.5.4 Measures to Improve Reliability Indices in the Distribution Network 91</p> <p>4.6 Conclusion 91</p> <p>Nomenclature 92</p> <p>Appendix 92</p> <p>References 97</p> <p><b>5 Investigation on Microgrid Control and Stability 99<br /></b><i>Jithin S and Rajeev T.</i></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 99</p> <p>5.2 Microgrid Control 100</p> <p>5.3 Microgrid Control Hierarchy 101</p> <p>5.3.1 Primary Control 103</p> <p>5.3.2 Secondary Control 106</p> <p>5.3.3 Tertiary Control 107</p> <p>5.3.4 Intelligent Control Methods 108</p> <p>5.4 Control Techniques 108</p> <p>5.4.1 Communication Based Control/Centralized Control 108</p> <p>5.4.2 Conventional Droop Control 110</p> <p>5.4.3 Improved Droop Control Methods 111</p> <p>5.4.4 Summary of Control Techniques 117</p> <p>5.5 Stability of Microgrids 118</p> <p>5.5.1 Stability Classification 119</p> <p>5.5.2 Power Balance Stability 120</p> <p>5.5.3 Control System Stability 120</p> <p>5.6 Stability Analysis Techniques 121</p> <p>5.7 Conclusions 122</p> <p>References 123</p> <p><b>6 Frequency Control in Microgrids Based on Fuzzy Coordinated Electric Vehicle Charging Station 127<br /></b><i>Sachpreet Kaur, Tarlochan Kaur and Rintu Khanna</i></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 128</p> <p>6.2 Microgrid System Framework and Component Description 132</p> <p>6.2.1 Single-Diode PV System Characteristics and its Modelling 132</p> <p>6.2.2 Modelling of an Electric Vehicle Charging Station (EVCS) 133</p> <p>6.2.3 Grid Interfacing Units 135</p> <p>6.3 Designing of the FL Controller for PEVs 135</p> <p>6.4 PEVs Control Strategy 138</p> <p>6.5 Simulation Results and Discussion 139</p> <p>6.5.1 Detailed Analysis of Scenario 1 140</p> <p>6.5.2 Detailed Analysis of Scenario 2 141</p> <p>6.6 Conclusions 143</p> <p>References 143</p> <p><b>7 Role of Renewable Energy Sources and Storage Units in Smart Grids 147<br /></b><i>Swetha Shekarappa G, Manjulata Badi, Saurav Raj and Sheila Mahapatra</i></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 147</p> <p>7.2 Concepts of Renewable Energy 151</p> <p>7.3 Hydro Energy 152</p> <p>7.4 Solar Power 157</p> <p>7.5 Wind Energy 160</p> <p>7.6 Geothermal Energy 163</p> <p>7.7 Energy Storage in Smart Grids 165</p> <p>Conclusion and Future Scope 168</p> <p>Acknowledgement 169</p> <p>References 169</p> <p><b>8 Smart Grid in Indian Scenario 175<br /></b><i>Dr Suresh N S., Padmavathy N S., Dr S Arul Daniel and Dr Ramakrishna Kappagantu</i></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 176</p> <p>8.1.1 Smart Grid Technologies 176</p> <p>8.1.2 Why Smart Grid 177</p> <p>8.1.3 Smart Grid Control and Automation 178</p> <p>8.2 Smart Technologies in Smart Grid Implementation 179</p> <p>8.2.1 Measuring and Sensing Technologies 180</p> <p>8.2.2 Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) 180</p> <p>8.2.3 Demand Side Management and Demand Response (DSM & DR) 180</p> <p>8.2.4 Power Quality Management (PQM) 181</p> <p>8.2.5 Outage Management System (OMS) 181</p> <p>8.2.6 Advanced Power Electronics 182</p> <p>8.2.7 Renewable Energy Integration 183</p> <p>8.2.8 Microgrid 184</p> <p>8.2.9 Wide Area Measurement Systems 184</p> <p>8.2.10 Energy Storage Systems 185</p> <p>8.2.11 Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PEV) 186</p> <p>8.2.12 Integrated Communication Technologies (ICT) 186</p> <p>8.2.13 Cyber Security 187</p> <p>8.3 Implementation of Smart Grid Programs 187</p> <p>8.3.1 Challenges and Issues of SG Implementation 188</p> <p>8.3.2 Smart Grid Implementation in India: Puducherry Pilot Programs 189</p> <p>8.3.3 Power Quality of the Smart Grid 191</p> <p>8.4 Solar PV System Implementation in India 191</p> <p>8.5 Summary 192</p> <p>References 193</p> <p><b>9 An FPGA Based Embedded Sytems for Online Monitoring and Power Management in a Standalone Micro-Grid 195<br /></b><i>B Dastagiri Reddy, K Venkatraman, M.P Selvan and S Moorthi</i></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 196</p> <p>9.2 System Description 197</p> <p>9.3 Test Cases of Mirco-Grid Controller 202</p> <p>9.4 Signal Acquisition and Conditioning System 208</p> <p>9.5 Online Monitoring System 210</p> <p>9.6 Conclusion 211</p> <p>References 212</p> <p><b>10 Impact of Electric Vehicles in Smart Grids and Micro-Grids 215<br /></b><i>Tomina Thomas, DR Prawin Angel Michael and Anoop Joy</i></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 216</p> <p>10.2 Microgrids in Electric Vehicle Technology 217</p> <p>10.2.1 Microgrid 220</p> <p>10.2.2 Microgrid Integration of EV with Distributed Generation 221</p> <p>10.2.3 Electric Vehicle Management and Optimal Power Flow 221</p> <p>10.3 Smart Grids in Electric Vehicle Technology 226</p> <p>10.3.1 Smart Grid 226</p> <p>10.4 Why Do We Need to Smarten Electricity Grids? 227</p> <p>10.4.1 Electric Vehicle Charging Scheduling Through Smart Grids 228</p> <p>10.4.2 Charging Stations Powered by Smart Grid 229</p> <p>10.5 Challenges Faced with the Introduction of EVs 229</p> <p>10.6 Current Trends in EV Technology in India 230</p> <p>10.7 The Relevance of Smart Grids and Micro Grids in EV Technology in India 234</p> <p>10.7.1 Relevance of Microgrids 234</p> <p>10.7.2 The Relevance of Smart Grids 235</p> <p>10.7.3 Issues and Recommendations: Grid Technology and EVs in India 236</p> <p>10.7.4 Future Directions 238</p> <p>10.8 Conclusion 239</p> <p>References 240</p> <p><b>11 Power Electronic Converters and Operational Analysis in Microgrid Environment 241<br /></b><i>Sreekanth Thamballa</i></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 241</p> <p>11.2 DC-DC Converters 244</p> <p>11.2.1 Buck Converter 245</p> <p>11.2.2 Boost Converter 249</p> <p>11.2.3 Buck-Boost Converter 252</p> <p>11.3 AC-DC Converters (Rectifiers) 253</p> <p>11.3.1 Single Phase Diode Bridge Rectifier (SPDBR) 253</p> <p>11.3.2 Single Phase Controlled Bridge Rectifier (SPCBR) 254</p> <p>11.3.3 Three Phase Controlled Rectifier 258</p> <p>11.3.4 Power Factor Correction Circuits (PFCs) 260</p> <p>11.4 DC-AC Converters (Inverters) 260</p> <p>11.4.1 Single Phase Two-Level Inverter (SPI) 261</p> <p>11.4.2 Three Phase Inverter 263</p> <p>11.4.3 Single Stage Inverters 265</p> <p>11.4.4 Multilevel Inverters 266</p> <p>11.5 AC-AC Converters 266</p> <p>11.5.1 Single Phase AC-AC Voltage Controller 267</p> <p>11.5.2 Single Phase Cycloconverter 269</p> <p>11.6 Tools for Simulating Power Electronic Converters 270</p> <p>11.6.1 Matlab 270</p> <p>11.6.2 Pspice 270</p> <p>11.6.3 Plecs 271</p> <p>11.6.4 Saber 271</p> <p>References 271</p> <p><b>12 IoT Based Underground Cable Fault Detection 273<br /></b><i>Dheeban S S, Muthu Selvan N B and Krishnaveni L</i></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 274</p> <p>12.2 Types of Fault in Underground Cables 276</p> <p>12.2.1 Open Circuit Fault 276</p> <p>12.2.2 Short Circuit Fault 276</p> <p>12.2.3 Earth Fault 277</p> <p>12.3 Fault Location Methods 277</p> <p>12.3.1 Online Method 277</p> <p>12.3.2 Offline Method 278</p> <p>12.3.2.1 Murray Loop Test 278</p> <p>12.3.2.2 Varley Loop Test 279</p> <p>12.3.2.3 Cable Thumping 281</p> <p>12.3.2.4 Time Domain Reflectometer 282</p> <p>12.3.2.5 High Voltage RADAR Methods 283</p> <p>12.4 Internet of Things 284</p> <p>12.5 Fault Detection in Cable Through IoT 286</p> <p>12.6 Conclusion 291</p> <p>Annexure 292</p> <p>References 293</p> <p><b>13 A Architectural Approach to Smart Grid Technology 295<br /></b><i>Manjulata Badi, Swetha Shekarappa G, Sheila Mahapatra and Saurav Raj</i></p> <p>13.1 Introduction 296</p> <p>13.2 Background of Power Grid 296</p> <p>13.3 India’s Current Situation 298</p> <p>13.4 Current Structure of Smart Grid 299</p> <p>13.5 The Smart Grid 302</p> <p>13.6 Smart Grid Components 304</p> <p>13.6.1 Smart Meter 304</p> <p>13.6.2 Distribution Automation 305</p> <p>13.6.3 Management of the Request-Response 305</p> <p>13.6.4 Demand Side Management 305</p> <p>13.6.5 Intelligent Equipment 306</p> <p>13.6.6 Transmission Automation 306</p> <p>13.6.7 Vehicle Electric 306</p> <p>13.6.8 Electric Storage 307</p> <p>13.6.9 Sources of Renewable Energy 307</p> <p>13.7 Smart Grid Indian Drivers 307</p> <p>13.8 Smart Grid India’s Latest Initiative 308</p> <p>13.9 Smart Grid Architecture Challenges and New Technologies 309</p> <p>13.9.1 Power System Planning 309</p> <p>13.10 Smart Grid Deployment Sophistication and Regular Organization 310</p> <p>13.10.1 Difficulty and Limitations 310</p> <p>13.10.2 Standard Organizations Related to Smart Grids 311</p> <p>13.11 Intelligent Grid Design Approach 312</p> <p>13.11.1 Smart Grid Concept Steps 312</p> <p>13.11.2 Intelligent Grid Frame Function 313</p> <p>13.12 Graphical Representation Review of Smart Grid Functionality 314</p> <p>13.12.1 Architecture for IEC, Model and Demand System Response 315</p> <p>13.12.2 Intelligent Grid Methods 317</p> <p>13.13 Conclusion and Future Scope 317</p> <p>References 318</p> <p><b>14 Role of Telecommunication Technologies in Microgrids and Smart Grids 325<br /></b><i>Vivek Menon U and Poongundran Selvaprabhu</i></p> <p>14.1 Introduction 326</p> <p>14.2 The Role of Microgrid and Smart Grid Towards Technology Development 327</p> <p>14.2.1 Microgrid 327</p> <p>14.2.1.1 Smart Parking Lot Using a Microgrid Control System 327</p> <p>14.2.1.2 Smart Community Microgrid (SCMG) 329</p> <p>14.2.1.3 Intelligent Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Street Lighting System Using a Micro Distributed Energy Storage System 330</p> <p>14.2.1.4 Residential Microgrid 330</p> <p>14.2.2 Smart Grid 331</p> <p>14.2.2.1 Automated Meter Reading (AMR) and Smart Meter 331</p> <p>14.2.2.2 Vehicle to Grid (V2G) 331</p> <p>14.2.2.3 Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) 333</p> <p>14.2.2.4 Smart Sensors 333</p> <p>14.2.2.5 Sensors and Actuator Network (SANET) 334</p> <p>14.3 Research Challenges and Opportunities in Microgrid and Smart Grid 335</p> <p>14.3.1 Research Challenges in Microgrid 335</p> <p>14.3.2 Research Challenges in Smart-Grid 337</p> <p>14.3.3 Opportunities in Microgrid 340</p> <p>14.3.4 Opportunities in Smart Grid 341</p> <p>14.4 Solutions for Research Challenges and Future Trends 341</p> <p>14.4.1 Solutions 341</p> <p>14.4.2 Future Trends in Microgrid and Smart Grid 344</p> <p>14.5 Role of Effective Communication Strategies in Microgrids and Smart Grids 346</p> <p>14.5.1 IoT in Microgrids and Smart Grids 352</p> <p>14.5.2 Cloud Computing in Microgrids and Smart Grids 354</p> <p>14.6 Smart Grids - Microgrids: A Demanding Use Case for Future 5G Technologies 355</p> <p>14.7 Conclusion 357</p> <p>Abbreviations 358</p> <p>References 360</p> <p>Index 365 </p>

<p><b>P. Prajof, PhD,</b> is an assistant professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering at the National Institute of Technology, Karnataka, Surathkal. After receiving his doctorate from the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai. He has over 10 years of teaching experience and has published a number of scientific and technical papers and presented at several international conferences. <p><b>S. Mohan Krishna, PhD,</b> earned his doctorate in electrical engineering from the Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), India in 2017. He has several research publications in academic journals and conference proceedings to his credit. He serves as the associate editor of a peer-reviewed international scientific journal and is also a reviewer for several other scientific journals. <p><b>J. L. Febin Daya, PhD,</b> is a professor at the School of Electrical Engineering at VIT University, Chennai, India. He received his PhD from Anna University, Tamilnadu, India in 2013 and has published more than 75 papers in various scientific journals and conferences. He serves as editor, associate editor, reviewer, or editorial board member on numerous journals and has served as a committee member or chair on over 15 conferences. <p><b>Umashankar Subramaniam, PhD, </b>is an associate professor in the Renewable Energy Lab at the College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Saudi Arabia. He has over 15 years of teaching, research, and industrial experience and has published more than 250 research papers in national and international journals and conferences. He has authored or co-authored 12 books or chapters and is an editor of a peer-reviewed international scientific journal. He also has several awards, including a fellowship, to his credit. <p><b>P.V. Brijesh </b>is an assistant professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Government Engineering College, Wayanad, India. He has over seven years of teaching experience, after receiving his BTech and post-graduate degrees.

<p><b>Written and edited by a team of experts in the field, this is the most comprehensive and up-to-date study of smart grids and microgrids for engineers, scientists, students, and other professionals.</b> <p>The power supply is one of the most important issues of our time. In every country, all over the world, from refrigerators to coffee makers to heating and cooling, almost everyone in the world needs to have access to power. As the global demand rises, new methods of delivering power, such as smart grids and microgrids, have, out of necessity or choice, been developed and researched. <p>In this book, modern and advanced concepts of both microgrid and smart grid technology are introduced. Beginning from the brief fundamental concepts of microgrids and its various constituents this team of experts discusses different architectures, control issues, communication challenges, measurement, stability, power quality and mitigation, protection, and power electronic aspects of the microgrid system. Through this book, tools and techniques needed to design both microgrids and smart grids are discussed. <p>Recent and developing topics like smart meter impact, remote data monitoring, communication protocols, cybersecurity, artificial intelligence, big data, IoT, and many others are covered. Furthermore, this new volume also covers simulation and stability analysis tools pertaining to microgrids and smart grids. Throughout the book, detailed examples of microgrid and smart grid design and development strategies are provided, based on different constraints and requirements. Case studies, numerical models, and design examples are also included. Whether for the veteran engineer or student, this is a must-have volume for any library. <p><b>Audience: </b>Engineers, scientists, industry professionals, students, and other lay people involved in the business of smart grids and microgrids

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