Details

Cell Biology

A Short Course
Short Course 4. Aufl.

von: Stephen R. Bolsover, Andrea Townsend-Nicholson, Greg FitzHarris, Elizabeth A. Shephard, Jeremy S. Hyams, Sandip Patel
71,99 €
Verlag:	Wiley-Blackwell
Format:	EPUB
Veröffentl.:	07.02.2022
ISBN/EAN:	9781119757788
Sprache:	englisch
Anzahl Seiten:	336

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Beschreibungen

Titelbeschreibung

An accessible and straightforward intro to cell biology In the newly revised Fourth Edition of Cell Biology: A Short Course, a distinguished team of researchers delivers a concise and accessible introduction to modern cell biology, integrating knowledge from genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, physiology, and microscopy. The book places a strong emphasis on drawing connections between basic science and medicine. Telling the story of cells as the units of life in a colorful and student-friendly manner, Cell Biology: A Short Course takes an “essentials only” approach. It conveys critical points without overburdening the reader with extraneous or secondary information. Clear diagrams and examples from current research accompany special boxed sections that focus on the importance of cell biology in medicine and industry. A new feature, “BrainBoxes” describes some of the key people who created the current understanding of Cell Biology. The book has been thoroughly revised and updated since the last edition and includes: <ul> <li>Thorough introduction to cells and tissues, membranes, organelles, and the structure of DNA and genetic code</li> <li>Explorations of DNA as a data storage medium, transcription and the control of gene expression, and recombinant DNA and genetic engineering</li> <li>Discussion of the manufacture of proteins, protein structure, and intracellular protein trafficking</li> <li>Description of ions and voltages, intracellular and extracellular signaling</li> <li>Introduction to the cytoskeleton and cell movement</li> <li>Discussion of cell division and apoptosis</li> </ul> Perfect for undergraduate students seeking an accessible, one-stop reference on cell biology, Cell Biology: A Short Course is also an ideal reference for pre-med students.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Preface, xi Acknowledgments, xiii About the companion website, xv Section 1: The Structure of the Cell, 1 1 A Look at Cells and Tissues, 3 Only Two Types of Cell, 3 Cell Division, 4 Viruses, 4 Origin of Eukaryotic Cells, 6 Cell Specialization in Animals, 8 Stem Cells and Tissue Replacement, 10 The Cell Wall, 11 Microscopes Reveal Cell Structure, 11 The Modern Light Microscope, 11 The Transmission Electron Microscope, 12 The Scanning Electron Microscope, 14 Fluorescence Microscopy, 14 Increasing the Resolution of Fluorescence Microscopes, 15 Fluorescent Proteins, 15 2 Membranes and Organelles, 21 Basic Properties of Cell Membranes, 21 Organelles Bounded by Double-Membrane Envelopes, 22 The Nucleus, 22 Mitochondria, 24 Organelles Bounded by Single Membranes, 24 Peroxisomes, 25 Endoplasmic Reticulum, 25 Golgi Apparatus, 25 Lysosomes, 25 The Connected Cell, 26 Organelle Junctions, 26 Cell Junctions, 26 Section 2: The Molecular Biology Of The Cell, 33 3 DNA Structure And The Genetic Code, 35 The Structure of DNA, 35 The DNA Molecule Is a Double Helix, 37 Hydrogen Bonds Form Between Base Pairs, 37 DNA Strands Are Antiparallel, 37 The Two DNA Strands Are Complementary, 39 DNA as the Genetic Material, 39 Packaging of DNA Molecules into Chromosomes, 39 Eukaryotic Chromosomes and Chromatin Structure, 39 Prokaryotic Chromosomes, 40 Plasmids, 41 Viruses, 42 The Genetic Code, 42 Amino Acids and Proteins, 42 Reading the Genetic Code, 42 Amino Acid Names Are Abbreviated, 44 The Code Is Degenerate but Unambiguous, 44 Start and Stop Codons and the Reading Frame, 45 The Code Is Nearly Universal, 45 Missense Mutations, 46 4 DNA As A Data Storage Medium, 51 DNA Replication, 51 The DNA Replication Fork, 51 Proteins Open up the DNA Double Helix During Replication, 51 DnaA Protein, 52 DnaB and DnaC Proteins, 52 Single-Stranded DNA-Binding Proteins, 52 Biochemistry of DNA Replication, 52 DNA Synthesis Requires an RNA Primer, 55 RNA Primers Are Removed, 55 The Self-Correcting DNA Polymerase, 55 Mismatch Repair Backs Up the Proofreading Mechanism, 55 DNA Repair after Replication, 56 Spontaneous and Chemically Induced Base Changes, 56 Repair Processes, 57 Gene Structure and Organization in Eukaryotes, 59 Introns and Exons – Additional Complexity in Eukaryotic Genes, 59 The Major Classes of Eukaryotic DNA, 60 Gene Nomenclature, 61 5 Transcription and the Control of Gene Expression, 67 Structure of RNA, 67 RNA Polymerase, 67 Gene Notation, 68 Bacterial RNA Synthesis, 69 Control of Bacterial Gene Expression, 71 Lac, an Inducible Operon, 71 Trp, a Repressible Operon, 74 Eukaryotic RNA Synthesis, 75 Messenger RNA Processing in Eukaryotes, 76 Control of Eukaryotic Gene Expression, 77 Glucocorticoids Cross the Plasma Membrane to Activate Transcription, 79 Noncoding RNAs and the Control of Eukaryotic Gene Expression, 80 Micro RNAs, 80 Long Noncoding RNAs, 81 Circular RNAs, 81 6 Manufacturing Protein, 85 Attachment of an Amino Acid to Its tRNA, 85 Transfer RNA, the Anticodon, and Wobble, 85 The Ribosome, 89 Bacterial Protein Synthesis, 89 Ribosome-Binding Site, 89 Chain Initiation, 90 Initiation Factor 2 Is a GTPase, 90 The 70S Initiation Complex, 91 Elongation of the Protein Chain in Bacteria, 92 The Polyribosome, 94 Termination of Protein Synthesis, 94 The Ribosome Is Recycled, 95 Eukaryotic Protein Synthesis Is a Little More Complex, 95 Antibiotics and Protein Synthesis, 97 Protein Destruction, 98 7 Protein Structure, 103 Naming Proteins, 103 Polymers of Amino Acids, 104 The Amino Acid Building Blocks, 104 The Unique Properties of Each Amino Acid, 107 Other Amino Acids Are Found in Nature, 109 The Three-Dimensional Structures of Proteins, 109 Hydrogen Bonds, 109 Electrostatic Interactions, 109 Van der Waals Forces, 109 Hydrophobic Interactions, 109 Disulfide Bonds, 109 Levels of Complexity, 110 The Primary Structure, 110 The Secondary Structure, 111 Tertiary Structure: Domains and Motifs, 114 Quaternary Structure: Assemblies of Protein Subunits, 118 Prosthetic Groups, 118 The Primary Structure Contains all the Information Necessary to Specify Higher-Level Structures, 119 Protein–Protein Interactions Underlie all of Cell Biology, 119 8 Recombinant DNA Technology and Genetic Engineering, 123 DNA Cloning, 123 Creating the Clone, 124 Introduction of Foreign DNA Molecules into Bacteria, 124 Genomic DNA Clones, 126 Uses of DNA Clones, 128 Southern Blotting, 129 In-Situ Hybridization, 130 Northern Blotting, 130 Production of Mammalian Proteins in Bacteria and Eukaryotic Cells, 130 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 132 DNA Sequencing, 133 “Omics”, 135 Transcriptomics, 135 Microarrays, 135 RNA-Seq, 136 ChIP-Seq and Epigenomics, 136 Other “Omics”, 137 Identifying the Gene Responsible for a Disease, 137 Reverse Genetics, 137 Transgenic and Knockout Mice, 137 RNA Interference (RNAi), 139 CRISPR/Cas9, 139 Ethics of DNA Testing for Inherited Disease, 140 Section 3: Cell Communication, 145 9 Carriers, Channels, And Voltages, 147 Carriers, 147 The Glucose Carrier, 149 The Sodium/Calcium Exchanger, 150 The Sodium/Potassium ATPase, 150 The Calcium ATPase, 151 The Potassium Gradient and the Resting Voltage, 152 Potassium Channels Make the Plasma Membrane Permeable to Potassium Ions, 152 Concentration Gradients and Electrical Voltage Can Balance, 154 The Action Potential, 156 The Pain Receptor Neuron, 156 The Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel, 158 The Sodium Action Potential, 158 The Strength of a Signal Is Coded by Action Potential Frequency, 159 Myelination and Rapid Action Potential Transmission, 161 10 Signalling Through Ions, 165 Calcium as a Signaling Ion, 165 Calcium Can Enter Cells from the Extracellular Medium, 165 Calcium Can Be Released from Organelles, 166 Processes Activated by Cytosolic Calcium Are Extremely Diverse, 167 Return of Calcium to Resting Levels, 169 Propagating the Signal, 170 Transmitters Are Released at Synapses, 170 Ligand-Gated Ion Channels Respond to Transmitters, 170 Rapid Communication: From Neurons to Their Targets, 171 Inhibitory Transmission, 172 Signaling at the Neuromuscular Junction, 175 11 Signalling Through Enzymes, 179 G Protein-Coupled Receptors and Second Messengers, 179 G Protein-Coupled Receptors Are an Abundant Class of Cell Surface Receptors, 179 Inositol Trisphosphate Controls Secretion in the Exocrine Pancreas, 179 Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Helps Us Smell, 181 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases and the Map Kinase Cascade, 183 Growth Factors Can Trigger a Calcium Signal, 185 Akt and the Glucose Carrier: How Insulin Works, 185 Cytokine Receptors, 187 Signaling Through Proteolysis, 188 Wnt Proteins Signal Through Receptors that Prevent Proteolysis of Beta Catenin, 188 Low Oxygen Levels Are Sensed by Preventing Proteolysis of Hypoxia-Inducing Factor, 189 Intracellular Receptors, 190 Guanylate Cyclase Is a Receptor for Nitric Oxide, 190 Many Steroid Hormone Receptors Are Transcription Factors, 190 Crosstalk – Signaling Pathways or Signaling Webs?, 190 Signaling in the Control of Muscle Blood Supply, 192 The Blood Supply Is Under Local Control, 193 The Blood Supply Is Under Nervous System Control, 193 The Blood Supply Is Under Hormonal Control, 194 New Blood Vessels in Growing Muscle, 194 Section 4: The Mechanics Of The Cell, 199 12 Intracellular Trafficking, 201 Principles of Protein Transport, 201 Proteins Enter Organelles in Different Ways, 201 Vesicles Shuttle Proteins Around the Cell Through Fission and Fusion, 202 The Destination of a Protein Is Determined by Sorting Signals, 204 GTPases Are Master Regulators of Traffic, 205 Trafficking to the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Plasma Membrane, 205 Synthesis on the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, 205 Glycosylation: The Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi System, 206 Coatomer-Coated Vesicles, 207 Trans Golgi Network and Protein Secretion, 208 Trafficking to the Lysosome, 209 Endocytosis Is a Gateway into the Cell, 209 Clathrin-Coated Vesicles, 209 Delivery of Enzymes to Lysosomes, 209 Lysosomes Degrade Proteins from both Outside and Inside of the Cell: Autophagy, 210 Trafficking to and from the Nucleus, 210 The Nuclear Pore Complex, 211 Gated Transport Through the Nuclear Pore, 212 GTPases in Nuclear Transport, 212 Trafficking to Other Organelles, 212 Transport to Mitochondria, 212 Transport to Peroxisomes, 215 13 CELLULAR SCAFFOLDING, 219 Microtubules, 219 Functions of Microtubules, 222 Intracellular Transport and Cellular Architecture, 222 Cell Movement by Cilia and Flagella, 223 Microfilaments, 225 Functions of Microfilaments, 226 Muscle Contraction, 226 Microfilament-Based Cell Migration, 227 Intermediate Filaments, 228 Functions of Intermediate Filaments, 229 Anchoring Cell Junctions, 229 The Nuclear Lamina, 230 14 Controlling Cell Number, 233 M-phase, 235 Mitosis, 235 Cytokinesis, 236 Control of the Cell Cycle, 238 The Cell Cycle Is Driven by Kinase Activities, 238 Checkpoints Tell the Cell Cycle When to Stop and When to Go, 239 The Mitotic Checkpoint Determines When the Cell Cycle Ends, 241 Cell Cycle Control and Cancer, 241 Meiosis and Fertilization, 242 Meiosis, 242 Crossing Over and Linkage, 245 Cell Death, 246 Cell Stress Activates the Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway, 246 Communication with the External Environment Can Activate the Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway, 247 Default Death: Apoptosis as a Result of Absence of Growth Factors, 248 Section 5 Case Study, 253 15 Case Study: Cystic Fibrosis, 255 Cystic Fibrosis Is a Severe Genetic Disease, 255 The Fundamental Lesion in Cystic Fibrosis Lies in Chloride Transport, 256 Cloning the CFTR Gene, 256 The CFTR Gene Codes for a Chloride Ion Channel, 257 Replacing or Repairing the Gene, 259 Tailoring Treatment to the Patient’s Lesion, 260 New Treatments for CF, 261 Diagnostic Tests for CF, 261 Prenatal implantation diagnosis for CF, 262 Conclusion, 262 Answers to Review Questions, 265 Glossary, 273 Index, 307

Autorenportrait

Stephen Bolsover is Professor Emeritus of Cell Physiology at University College London (UCL). His research focussed on the role of calcium as an intracellular messenger. Andrea Townsend-Nicholson is Professor of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology at UCL. She is particularly interested in integrating high performance computing and experimental methodologies for the study of G protein-coupled receptors. She served as the Head of Teaching for Molecular Biosciences at UCL from 2010-2019. Greg FitzHarris was previously a student and then lecturer at UCL, and is now Professor and Head of the Department of Pathology and Cell Biology at Université de Montréal. Elizabeth Shephard is a Professorial Research Associate at UCL. She has a particular interest in rare genetic disorders and is a scientific advisor for the patient advocacy group, MEBO Research. She has served terms as Vice-Dean Education, Faculty Life Sciences, UCL. Jeremy Hyams was Professor of Cell Biology at UCL. He left in 2003 to become head of the Institute of Molecular Biosciences at Massey University, New Zealand. He retired in 2008. Sandip Patel is Professor of Cell Signalling and Deputy Head of the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology at UCL. He has been teaching cell biology to variety of students for more years than he cares to remember but finds time to run a research lab.

Back cover copy

An accessible and straightforward introduction to cell biology In the newly revised Fourth Edition of Cell Biology: A Short Course, a distinguished team of researchers delivers a concise and accessible introduction to modern cell biology, integrating knowledge from genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, physiology, and microscopy. The book places a strong emphasis on drawing connections between basic science and medicine. Telling the story of cells as the units of life in a colorful and student-friendly manner, Cell Biology: A Short Course takes an “essentials only” approach. It conveys critical points without overburdening the reader with extraneous or secondary information. Clear diagrams and examples from current research accompany special boxed sections that focus on the importance of cell biology in medicine and industry. A new feature, “BrainBoxes”, describes some of the key people who created the current understanding of cell biology. The book has been thoroughly revised and updated since the last edition and includes: <ul><li>Thorough introduction to cells and tissues, membranes, organelles, and the structure of DNA and the genetic code</li> <li>Explorations of DNA as a data storage medium, transcription and the control of gene expression, and recombinant DNA and genetic engineering</li> <li>Discussion of the manufacture of proteins, protein structure, and intracellular protein trafficking</li> <li>Description of ions and voltages, intracellular and extracellular signaling</li> <li>Introduction to the cytoskeleton and cell movement</li> <li>Discussion of cell division and apoptosis</li></ul> Perfect for undergraduate students seeking an accessible, one-stop reference on cell biology, Cell Biology: A Short Course is also an ideal reference for pre-med students.