Details

<p>Introduction xiv</p> <p>About the Companion Website xvii</p> <p><b>A </b><b>1</b></p> <p>Abacavir 1</p> <p>Acetazolamide 3</p> <p>Acetylcysteine 4</p> <p>Acetylsalicylic Acid 4</p> <p>Acyclovir 5</p> <p>Albendazole 6</p> <p>Allopurinol 7</p> <p>Amidotriazoate 8</p> <p>Amikacin 9</p> <p>Amiloride 11</p> <p>4-Aminosalicylic Acid 12</p> <p>Amiodarone 13</p> <p>Amitriptyline 15</p> <p>Amlodipine 16</p> <p>Amodiaquine 17</p> <p>Amoxicillin 18</p> <p>Ampicillin 20</p> <p>Anastrozole 21</p> <p>Artemether 23</p> <p>Artesunate 24</p> <p>Ascorbic Acid 26</p> <p>Atazanavir 27</p> <p>Atracurium Besylate 29</p> <p>Atropine 32</p> <p>Azathioprine 34</p> <p>Azithromycin 35</p> <p>Aztreonam 37</p> <p><b>B </b><b>40</b></p> <p>Beclomethasone Dipropionate 40</p> <p>Bedaquiline 45</p> <p>Bendamustine 47</p> <p>Benznidazole 49</p> <p>Benzoyl Peroxide 50</p> <p>Benzyl Benzoate 51</p> <p>Betamethasone 52</p> <p>Bicalutamide 56</p> <p>Biperiden 57</p> <p>Bisoprolol 58</p> <p>Budesonide 59</p> <p>Bupivacaine 62</p> <p><b>C </b><b>63</b></p> <p>Caffeine 63</p> <p>Calcium Folinate/Folinic Acid 64</p> <p>Capecitabine 65</p> <p>Carbamazepine 67</p> <p>Cefalexin 68</p> <p>Cefazolin 69</p> <p>Cefepime 71</p> <p>Cefixime 73</p> <p>Cefotaxime 75</p> <p>Ceftaroline 77</p> <p>Ceftazidime 81</p> <p>Ceftriaxone 84</p> <p>Chlorambucil 86</p> <p>Chloramphenicol 87</p> <p>Chlorhexidine 89</p> <p>Chloroquine 90</p> <p>Chloroxylenol 91</p> <p>Chlorpromazine 92</p> <p>Ciprofloxacin 93</p> <p>Cisplatin, Carboplatin, Oxaliplatin 94</p> <p>Clarithromycin 97</p> <p>Clindamycin 99</p> <p>Clofazimine 100</p> <p>Clomifene 101</p> <p>Clomipramine 102</p> <p>Clopidogrel 103</p> <p>Cloxacillin 105</p> <p>Clotrimazole 106</p> <p>Clozapine 107</p> <p>Codeine 108</p> <p>Colecalciferol 109</p> <p>Cyclizine 112</p> <p>Cyclophosphamide 113</p> <p>Cycloserine 114</p> <p>Cytarabine 114</p> <p><b>D </b><b>116</b></p> <p>Dacarbazine 116</p> <p>Daclatasvir 117</p> <p>Dapsone 119</p> <p>Darunavir 120</p> <p>Dasabuvir 122</p> <p>Dasatinib 124</p> <p>Delamanid 126</p> <p>Desmopressin 129</p> <p>Dexamethasone 131</p> <p>Diazepam 136</p> <p>Diethylcarbamazine 137</p> <p>Dihydroartemisinin 139</p> <p>Diloxanide Furoate 140</p> <p>Dimercaprol 141</p> <p>Docetaxel 141</p> <p>Docusate Sodium 145</p> <p>Dolutegravir 145</p> <p>Dopamine 147</p> <p>Doxycycline 148</p> <p><b>E </b><b>150</b></p> <p>Efavirenz 150</p> <p>Eflornithine 152</p> <p>Emtricitabine 153</p> <p>Enalapril 155</p> <p>Entecavir 158</p> <p>Ephedrine 160</p> <p>Epinephrine 160</p> <p>Ergocalciferol 162</p> <p>Ergometrine 163</p> <p>Estradiol Cypionate 164</p> <p>Ethambutol 166</p> <p>Ethinylestradiol 166</p> <p>Ethionamide 167</p> <p>Ethosuximide 169</p> <p>Etonogestrel 169</p> <p>Etoposide 173</p> <p><b>F </b><b>175</b></p> <p>Fentanyl 175</p> <p>Fluconazole 176</p> <p>Flucytosine 177</p> <p>Fludarabine Phosphate 177</p> <p>Fludrocortisone Acetate 179</p> <p>Fluorouracil 180</p> <p>Fluoxetine 181</p> <p>Fluphenazine 182</p> <p>Folic Acid 184</p> <p>Fomepizole 185</p> <p>Formoterol 186</p> <p>Fosfomycin 189</p> <p>Furosemide 191</p> <p><b>G </b><b>192</b></p> <p>Gemcitabine 192</p> <p>Gliclazide 194</p> <p>Glutaral 195</p> <p>Glyceryl Trinitrate 196</p> <p><b>H </b><b>197</b></p> <p>Haloperidol 197</p> <p>Halothane 199</p> <p>Hydralazine 199</p> <p>Hydrochlorothiazide 200</p> <p>Hydrocortisone 200</p> <p>Hydroxycarbamide 203</p> <p>Hydroxychloroquine 204</p> <p>Hyoscine Butylbromide 205</p> <p><b>I </b><b>207</b></p> <p>Ibuprofen 207</p> <p>Ifosfamide 208</p> <p>Imatinib 209</p> <p>Iohexol 210</p> <p>Ipratropium Bromide 212</p> <p>Irinotecan 214</p> <p>Isoflurane 217</p> <p>Isoniazid 218</p> <p>Isosorbide Dinitrate 219</p> <p>Itraconazole 219</p> <p>Ivermectin 223</p> <p><b>K </b><b>226</b></p> <p>Ketamine 226</p> <p><b>L </b><b>227</b></p> <p>Lactulose 227</p> <p>Lamivudine 228</p> <p>Lamotrigine 229</p> <p>Latanoprost 230</p> <p>Ledipasvir 235</p> <p>Leuprorelin 239</p> <p>Levamisole 241</p> <p>Levofloxacin 242</p> <p>Levonorgestrel 244</p> <p>Levothyroxine 247</p> <p>Lidocaine 248</p> <p>Linezolid 249</p> <p>Loperamide 251</p> <p>Lopinavir 252</p> <p>Loratidine 255</p> <p>Lorazepam 257</p> <p>Losartan Potassium 259</p> <p>Lumefantrine 261</p> <p><b>M </b><b>263</b></p> <p>Mannitol 263</p> <p>Mebendazole 264</p> <p>Medroxyprogesterone Acetate 265</p> <p>Mefloquine 269</p> <p>Meglumine Iotroxate 270</p> <p>Melarsoprol 271</p> <p>Mercaptopurine 272</p> <p>Meropenem 274</p> <p>Mesna 278</p> <p>Metformin 279</p> <p>Methadone 279</p> <p>Methotrexate 280</p> <p>Methyldopa 282</p> <p>Methylprednisolone 283</p> <p>Methylthioninium Chloride 288</p> <p>Metoclopramide 289</p> <p>Metronidazole 290</p> <p>Miconazole 291</p> <p>Midazolam 292</p> <p>Mifepristone 295</p> <p>Miltefosine 298</p> <p>Misoprostol 299</p> <p>Moxifloxacin 302</p> <p><b>N </b><b>305</b></p> <p>Naloxone 305</p> <p>Neostigmine Methylsulfate 306</p> <p>Nevirapine 307</p> <p>Niclosamide 309</p> <p>Nicotinamide 309</p> <p>Nifedipine 310</p> <p>Nifurtimox 310</p> <p>Nilotinib 311</p> <p>Nitrofurantoin 313</p> <p>Norethisterone and Norethisterone Enanate 314</p> <p><b>O </b><b>317</b></p> <p>Ofloxacin 317</p> <p>Ombitasvir 319</p> <p>Omeprazole 320</p> <p>Ondansetron 322</p> <p>Oseltamivir 323</p> <p>Oxamniquine 325</p> <p>Oxytocin 327</p> <p><b>P </b><b>330</b></p> <p>Paclitaxel 330</p> <p>Paracetamol 333</p> <p>Paritaprevir 334</p> <p>Penicillamine 339</p> <p>Pentamidine 340</p> <p>Permethrin 341</p> <p>Phenobarbital 342</p> <p>Phenytoin 343</p> <p>Piperacillin 344</p> <p>Piperaquine 346</p> <p>Praziquantel 347</p> <p>Prednisolone 349</p> <p>Primaquine 350</p> <p>Procarbazine 352</p> <p>Progesterone 353</p> <p>Proguanil 356</p> <p>Propofol 356</p> <p>Propranolol 357</p> <p>Propylthiouracil 358</p> <p>Prostaglandin E1 359</p> <p>Prostaglandin E2 362</p> <p>Pyrantel 366</p> <p>Pyrazinamide 367</p> <p>Pyridoxine 367</p> <p>Pyridostigmine Bromide 369</p> <p>Pyrimethamine 369</p> <p>Pyronaridine 370</p> <p><b>R </b><b>373</b></p> <p>Raltegravir 373</p> <p>Ranitidine 376</p> <p>Retinoic Acid (All-<i>trans</i>) 377</p> <p>Retinol (Vitamin A1) 378</p> <p>Ribavirin 380</p> <p>Rifabutin 382</p> <p>Rifampicin 384</p> <p>Rifapentine 386</p> <p>Risperidone 389</p> <p>Ritonavir 390</p> <p><b>S </b><b>395</b></p> <p>Salbutamol 395</p> <p>Simeprevir 397</p> <p>Simvastatin 402</p> <p>Sodium Calcium Edetate 404</p> <p>Sofosbuvir 405</p> <p>Spironolactone 408</p> <p>Succimer 410</p> <p>Sulfadiazine and Silver Sulfadiazine 411</p> <p>Sulfadoxine 412</p> <p>Sulfamethoxazole 413</p> <p>Sulfasalazine 415</p> <p>Suramin 416</p> <p>Suxamethonium Chloride 418</p> <p><b>T </b><b>419</b></p> <p>Tamoxifen 419</p> <p>Tazobactam 421</p> <p>Tenofovir Disoproxil 423</p> <p>Terbinafine 424</p> <p>Testosterone 425</p> <p>Tetracaine 427</p> <p>Tetracycline 428</p> <p>Thiamine 428</p> <p>Tigecycline 430</p> <p>Timolol 434</p> <p>Tranexamic Acid 435</p> <p>Triclabendazole 436</p> <p>Trimethoprim 437</p> <p>Tropicamide 438</p> <p><b>U </b><b>440</b></p> <p>Ulipristal Acetate 440</p> <p><b>V </b><b>445</b></p> <p>Valganciclovir 445</p> <p>Valproic Acid 447</p> <p>Vecuronium Bromide 448</p> <p>Velpatasvir 452</p> <p>Verapamil 459</p> <p>Vincristine 460</p> <p>Vinorelbine 461</p> <p>Voriconazole 463</p> <p><b>W </b><b>466</b></p> <p>Warfarin 466</p> <p><b>X </b><b>467</b></p> <p>Xylometazoline 467</p> <p><b>Z </b><b>469</b></p> <p>Zidovudine 469</p> <p>Zoledronic Acid 471</p> <p>A Demonstration: Amiodarone 472</p> <p>Index 478</p>

<p><b>Peter J. Harrington, PhD,</b> is the owner and primary consultant for Better Pharma Processes LLC, Boulder, Colorado, USA. Dr. Harrington is a pharmaceutical process design and development expert with more than twenty years’ experience in timely process innovation for major pharmaceuticals. His publications include a book on pharmaceutical process chemistry for synthesis and several articles on organic and medicinal chemistry.</p>

<p><b>A comprehensive, hands-on workbook covering the structures and manufacture of essential medicines</b></p> <p><i>Routes to Essential Medicines: A Workbook for Organic Synthesis</i> familiarizes students with the structures and strategies for synthesis of hundreds of essential medicines and their component commodity chemicals. Helping readers develop the skills needed for pharmaceutical development, this workbook includes all the medicines on the 2017 World Health Organization (WHO) Model List of Essential Medicines that involve synthetic organic chemistry in the manufacturing process. <p>Alphabetically organized by INN (International Non-Proprietary Name), each entry for a particular essential medicine includes the structure of the target molecule, the indications for the drug taken from the WHO Model List, and the manufacturing route with the shortest sequence from starting materials to target molecule. The workbook provides a strategy for readers to search for the reagents, solvents, conditions, and mechanism for each reaction and to evaluate the overall route. Encompassing a diverse range of pharmaceutical compounds, this comprehensive workbook: <ul><li>Highlights the synthetic organic chemistry in the manufacturing routes of approximately 300 essential medicines </li> <li>Helps readers gain a better understanding of the manufacture of specialty chemical starting materials</li> <li>Enables readers to build an up-to-date listing of key journal and information sites, and an extensive library of reagents, solvents, and conditions for numerous organic reactions</li> <li>Features numerous exercises that mirror real-world problems, and sections that task students to propose and evaluate alternative routes, reactions, or reagents</li> <li>Includes several appendices containing a retrosynthetic analysis for each specialty chemical, and listings of the biochemicals and petrochemicals used in the workbook</li></ul> <p>Designed to facilitate active engagement, <i>Routes to Essential Medicines: A Workbook for Organic Synthesis</i> is an ideal practical resource for students in organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry courses, as well as a useful reference for chemists, scientists, and researchers in both academia and industry studying the medicinal, process, and manufacturing of essential medicines.

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