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Burnt Human Remains


Burnt Human Remains

Recovery, Analysis, and Interpretation
Forensic Science in Focus 1. Aufl.

von: Sarah Ellingham, Joe Adserias-Garriga, Sara C. Zapico, Douglas H. Ubelaker

147,99 €

Verlag: Wiley
Format: EPUB
Veröffentl.: 31.05.2023
ISBN/EAN: 9781119682745
Sprache: englisch
Anzahl Seiten: 480

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Beschreibungen

<b>BURNT HUMAN REMAINS</b> <p><b>An all-encompassing reference and guide designed for professionals involved in the forensic analysis of burnt remains</b> <p><i>Burnt Human Remains: Recovery, Analysis and Interpretation </i>presents an in-depth multidisciplinary approach to the detection, recovery, analysis, and identification of thermally altered remains. Bridging the gap between research and practice, this invaluable one-stop reference<b> </b>provides detailed coverage of analytical techniques in forensic medicine and pathology, forensic anthropology, forensic odontology, and forensic chemistry and forensic biology. Contributions from a panel of expert authors review the newest findings in forensics research and discuss their applicability to forensic case work. <p>Opening with a historical overview of the discipline, the book covers the search and recovery aspects of burnt human remains, medico-legal investigations, determination of the post mortem interval of burnt remains, structural changes of burnt bone and teeth, DNA extraction from burnt remains, and much more. Throughout the text, the authors emphasize the importance of understanding the changes undergone by bodies when subjected to fire for establishing identity, reconstructing the events leading up to incineration, and determining the cause and manner of death. <ul><li>Provides a systemic framework that integrates established forensic methods and state-of-the-art analytical approaches</li> <li>Describes different forensic analyses from the macroscopical, microscopical, biochemical, and molecular level</li> <li>Features international case studies of challenging individual cases as well as natural or man-made mass fatalities requiring the identification of incinerated remains </li> <li>Demonstrates how changes to the macro- and microstructure of burnt remains can reveal information about incineration conditions</li> <li>Discusses organizations and programs focused on developing standards and best practice for the recovery and analysis burnt remains</li></ul> <p><i>Burnt Human Remains: Recovery, Analysis and Interpretation </i>is an indispensable resource for all practitioners engaged in the interpretation of burned human tissue, including pathologists, forensic chemists, forensic biologists, forensic anthropologists, forensic odontologists, and archaeologists.
<p>About the Editors xiii</p> <p>List of Contributors xv</p> <p>Preface xxvii</p> <p>Series Preface xxix</p> <p><b>1 History of the Study of Burnt Remains 1<br /></b><i>Douglas H. Ubelaker and Austin A. Shamlou</i></p> <p>1.1 Early Developments Prior to 1980 1</p> <p>1.2 Post-1980 Advanced Experimentation and Casework 3</p> <p>1.3 The 1990s: New Methods and Case Applications 4</p> <p>1.4 Summary and Conclusions 6</p> <p>References 7</p> <p><b>Part 1 Search and Recovery of Burnt Human Remains from the Fire Scene</b></p> <p><b>2 Fire Environments and Characteristic Burn Patterns of Human Remains from Four Common Types of Fatal Fire Scenes 13<br /></b><i>Elayne Pope</i></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 13</p> <p>2.2 Experimental Research of Fire and Human Bodies 14</p> <p>2.3 How the Human Body Burns 14</p> <p>2.4 Variables of Fire Environments 17</p> <p>2.5 Structure Fires 18</p> <p>2.6 Burning Directly on the Floor 19</p> <p>2.7 The Body on Furnishings: Couches and Chairs 19</p> <p>2.8 The Body on Furnishings: Bed 21</p> <p>2.9 Loss of the Floor 22</p> <p>2.10 Collapse into a Lower Level 23</p> <p>2.11 Vehicle Fires 24</p> <p>2.12 Driver and Passenger Space 25</p> <p>2.13 Rear Passenger Space with Bench Seats 26</p> <p>2.14 Trunk Environment 26</p> <p>2.15 Confined Space Fires 28</p> <p>2.16 Outdoor Space Fires 29</p> <p>2.17 Ignitable Liquids on Bodies 29</p> <p>2.18 Burning Outdoor Debris Piles 30</p> <p>2.19 Post-Fire Fragmentation of Burnt Bones 31</p> <p>2.20 Suppression 32</p> <p>2.21 Recovery and Transport from Fatal Fire Scenes 33</p> <p>2.22 Conclusions 35</p> <p>References 35</p> <p><b>3 Recovery and Interpretation of Human Remains from Fatal Fire Scenes</b> <b>37<br /></b><i>Alexandra R. Klales; Allison Nesbitt; Dennis C. Dirkmaat and Luis L. Cabo</i></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 37</p> <p>3.2 Summary of Fires in the USA 39</p> <p>3.3 Statement of the Problem 39</p> <p>3.4 Current Fatal Fire Victim Recovery Protocols 42</p> <p>3.5 NIJ Protocols 43</p> <p>3.6 Special Circumstances 51</p> <p>3.7 Conclusions 55</p> <p>References 55</p> <p><b>4 Considerations to Maximize Recovery of Post-mortem Dental Information to Facilitate Identification of Severely Incinerated Human Remains 59<br /></b><i>John Berketa and Denice Higgins</i></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 59</p> <p>4.2 Identification 59</p> <p>4.3 Documentation 60</p> <p>4.4 Preparation 61</p> <p>4.5 Prepacked Scene Equipment 61</p> <p>4.6 Scene Arrival 63</p> <p>4.7 Safety Issues 63</p> <p>4.8 Overall Scene Evaluation 65</p> <p>4.9 Considerations Regarding DNA Evidence 66</p> <p>4.10 Considerations Regarding Dental Evidence 67</p> <p>4.11 Moving the Victim 69</p> <p>4.12 Conclusions 71</p> <p>References 71</p> <p><b>Part 2 Examination and Identification of Burnt Human Remains</b></p> <p><b>5 Methods for Analyzing Burnt Human Remains 75<br /></b><i>Amanda N. Williams</i></p> <p>5.1 Anthropological Methods for Classifying Burnt Remains 76</p> <p>5.2 Medicolegal Classification Methods 78</p> <p>5.3 Need for New Model within the Forensic Sciences 79</p> <p>5.4 A New Classification System 80</p> <p>5.5 Best Practices in Applying this New Model 83</p> <p>5.6 Case Study #1 83</p> <p>5.7 Case Study #2 86</p> <p>5.8 Case Study #3 88</p> <p>5.9 Case Study #4 90</p> <p>5.10 Case Study #5 92</p> <p>5.11 Broader Implications 95</p> <p>5.12 Conclusions 95</p> <p>Acknowledgments 96</p> <p>References 96</p> <p><b>6 Burnt Human Remains and Forensic Medicine 99<br /></b><i>Sarah Ellingham; Joe Adserias-Garriga and Peter Ellis</i></p> <p>6.1 Fire Death Statistics 99</p> <p>6.2 Statistics of Manner of Fire-Related Deaths 100</p> <p>6.2.1 Prevalence of Self-Immolation 100</p> <p>6.2.2 Prevalence of Criminal Immolation 101</p> <p>6.3 Fire Damage to the Body 102</p> <p>6.4 Classification of the Degree of Fire Damage 103</p> <p>6.5 Medicolegal Determination of Cause of Death 105</p> <p>6.6 Medicolegal Determination of Manner of Death 106</p> <p>6.7 The Use of Post-Mortem Imaging for the Analysis of Burn Victims 108</p> <p>6.8 Conclusion 110</p> <p>Acknowledgments 110</p> <p>References 110</p> <p><b>7 Skeletal Alteration of Burnt Remains through Fire Exposure 113<br /></b><i>Joe Adserias-Garriga</i></p> <p>7.1 Assessment of the Severity of the Thermal Damage in the Forensic Context 114</p> <p>7.2 Soft Tissue Alterations by Fire Exposure 115</p> <p>7.3 Bone Alteration by Fire Exposure 116</p> <p>7.4 Teeth Alteration by Fire Exposure 120</p> <p>7.5 Signature Changes in Skeletal Elements after Cremation 122</p> <p>7.6 Conclusions 129</p> <p>References 130</p> <p><b>8 Challenges of Biological Profile Estimation from Burnt Remains 133<br /></b><i>Tim J.U. Thompson</i></p> <p>8.1 Why Does Burning Affect Methods of Identification? 134</p> <p>8.2 How Does the Context of Burning Impede the Creation of Biological Profiles? 135</p> <p>8.3 Challenges of Biological Profile Estimation of Burnt Remains 137</p> <p>8.3.1 Morphological Methods 137</p> <p>8.3.2 Metric Methods 139</p> <p>8.3.3 Other Approaches to Biological Profile Estimation 140</p> <p>8.4 Conclusions 142</p> <p>References 142</p> <p><b>9 Victim Identification: The Role of Incinerated Dental Materials 147<br /></b><i>Peter J. Bush; Mary A. Bush and Raymond Miller</i></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 147</p> <p>9.2 Microstructural Changes in Teeth after Incineration 148</p> <p>9.3 Structural Changes Due to Restorative Procedures 149</p> <p>9.4 Case Reports 151</p> <p>9.4.1 Case Report 1: Airline Crash 151</p> <p>9.4.2 Case Report 2: Double Homicide 161</p> <p>9.5 Conclusions 165</p> <p>References 166</p> <p><b>10 Techniques for the Differentiation of Blunt Force Sharp Force and Gunshot Traumas from Heat Fractures in Burnt Remains 167<br /></b><i>Hanna Friedlander; Megan Moore and Pamela Mayne Correia</i></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 167</p> <p>10.2 Bone Fracture Biomechanics: Fresh Bone 168</p> <p>10.3 Bone Fracture Biomechanics: Stages of Thermal Damage 170</p> <p>10.4 Heat Fractures 171</p> <p>10.5 Blunt Force Trauma in Burnt Remains 172</p> <p>10.6 Sharp Force Trauma in Burnt Remains 175</p> <p>10.7 Gunshot Trauma in Burnt Remains 177</p> <p>10.8 Case Study: 3D Modelling of Traumatic and Heat Fractures in Cranial and Irregular Bone 179</p> <p>10.9 Discussion 182</p> <p>10.10 Conclusions 184</p> <p>Acknowledgments 185</p> <p>Permissions 185</p> <p>References 185</p> <p><b>Part 3 Analytical Approaches to the Analysis of Burnt Bone</b></p> <p><b>11 Biochemical Alterations of Bone Subjected to Fire 193<br /></b><i>Sarah Ellingham and Sara C. Zapico</i></p> <p>11.1 The Biological and Chemical Makeup of Fresh Bone 193</p> <p>11.1.1 Introduction 193</p> <p>11.2 Bone Transformation When Subjected to Heat 195</p> <p>11.3 Analytical Approaches to Observing Bone Transformation 196</p> <p>11.3.1 Colorimetry 196</p> <p>11.3.2 SEM-EDX 196</p> <p>11.3.3 Fourier Transform Infrared-Spectroscopy 198</p> <p>11.3.4 Raman Spectroscopy 200</p> <p>11.3.5 X-Ray Diffraction 201</p> <p>11.3.6 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) 202</p> <p>11.3.7 Amino Acid Racemization 202</p> <p>11.4 DNA 204</p> <p>11.5 Changes to the Bone at Different Temperatures 205</p> <p>11.5.1 100°C Exposure 205</p> <p>11.5.2 200°C Exposure 206</p> <p>11.5.3 300°C Exposure 206</p> <p>11.5.4 400°C Exposure 207</p> <p>11.5.5 500°C Exposure 207</p> <p>11.5.6 600°C Exposure 207</p> <p>11.5.7 700°C Exposure 207</p> <p>11.5.8 800°C Exposure 208</p> <p>11.5.9 900°C Exposure 208</p> <p>11.5.10 1000°C Exposure 208</p> <p>11<i>.</i>6 Conclusion 208</p> <p>Acknowledgment 209</p> <p>References 209</p> <p><b>12 DNA Profiling from Burnt Remains 213<br /></b><i>Sara C. Zapico and Rebecca Stone-Gordon</i></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 213</p> <p>12.2 Research Studies on Burnt Remains 214</p> <p>12.3 Forensic Cases 218</p> <p>12.4 Alternative Approaches and New Technologies 221</p> <p>12.4.1 Assessment of DNA Damage 221</p> <p>12.4.2 Alternatives for DNA Extraction 222</p> <p>12.4.3 New Technologies 223</p> <p>12.5 Conclusions 225</p> <p>References 226</p> <p><b>13 Applying Colorimetry to the Study of Low Temperature Thermal </b><b>Changes in Bone 229<br /></b><i>Christopher W. Schmidt and Alexandria McDaniel</i></p> <p>13.1 Introduction 229</p> <p>13.2 Colorimetry 230</p> <p>13.3 Challenges of Colorimetry 232</p> <p>13.4 Case Study 233</p> <p>13.5 Conclusion 236</p> <p>References 236</p> <p><b>14 The Use of Histology to Distinguish Animal from Human Burnt Bone with Reference to Some Limitations 241<br /></b><i>Pamela Mayne Correia; Kalyna Horocholyn and Kassandra Pointer</i></p> <p>14.1 Introduction 241</p> <p>14.2 Bone Tissue 242</p> <p>14.2.1 Primary Bone Tissue 243</p> <p>14.2.2 Secondary Bone 252</p> <p>14.3 Vertebrate Histology 254</p> <p>14.4 Burnt Bone Histology 256</p> <p>14.5 Case Study for Comparison of Histology of Cremated Bone 259</p> <p>14.5.1 Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis for Case Study 259</p> <p>14.6 Discussion 264</p> <p>14.7 Conclusion 266</p> <p>References 267</p> <p><b>15 Isotope Analysis from Cremated Remains 273<br /></b><i>Christophe Snoeck</i></p> <p>15.1 Introduction 273</p> <p>15.2 Infrared Analyses 274</p> <p>15.3 Radiocarbon Dating 276</p> <p>15.4 Isotope Analyses 277</p> <p>15.4.1 Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Ratios 277</p> <p>15.4.2 Strontium Isotope Ratios and Concentrations 281</p> <p>15.5 Archaeological Case Studies 282</p> <p>15.5.1 Stonehenge 282</p> <p>15.5.2 Meuse Basin Belgium and the Netherlands 283</p> <p>15.6 Conclusions 285</p> <p>Acknowledgments 285</p> <p>References 285</p> <p><b>16 The Application of Imaging to Heat-Induced Bone 291<br /></b><i>Rachael M. Carew and David Errickson</i></p> <p>16.1 Introduction 291</p> <p>16.2 Technological Progression 292</p> <p>16.3 The Current Technology 294</p> <p>16.3.1 Two-Dimensional Imaging 294</p> <p>16.3.2 Three-Dimensional Imaging 295</p> <p>16.4 The Application of Imaging to Heat-Induced and Burnt Bodies 299</p> <p>16.4.1 Locating and Identifying Burnt Bone 299</p> <p>16.4.2 Visual Capture and Documentation for Recording and Archiving 300</p> <p>16.4.3 Quantifying and Analyzing Burnt Remains 301</p> <p>16.4.4 Reconstruction 302</p> <p>16.4.5 Ethical and Legal Considerations within the Forensic Context 305</p> <p>16.5 Discussion and Conclusion 306</p> <p>References 308</p> <p><b>17 The First Reference Collection for the Research of Burnt Human Skeletal Remains Stemming from the 21st Century Identified Skeletal Collection (Portugal) 313<br /></b><i>David Gonçalves; Calil Makhoul; Maria Teresa Ferreira and Eugénia Cunha</i></p> <p>17.1 Introduction 313</p> <p>17.1.1 The Challenge Posed by Burnt Skeletal Remains 313</p> <p>17.1.2 Changing the Paradigm 315</p> <p>17.1.3 The 21st Century Identified Skeletal Collection 320</p> <p>17.1.4 Preparing the Skeletons 321</p> <p>17.1.5 Composition of the Collection 323</p> <p>17.2 Research Potential 324</p> <p>17.3 Final Comments 327</p> <p>Acknowledgments 328</p> <p>References 328</p> <p><b>Part 4 Case Studies</b></p> <p><b>18 Analysis of Burnt Human Remains: Statistical Perspectives from Casework in Forensic Anthropology 337<br /></b><i>Douglas H. Ubelaker; Cassandra M. DeGaglia and Haley Khosrowshahi</i></p> <p>18.1 Introduction 337</p> <p>18.2 Materials and Methods 337</p> <p>18.3 Results 339</p> <p>18.4 Discussion 342</p> <p>18.5 Conclusions 344</p> <p>Literature Cited 344</p> <p><b>19 The Challenge of Burnt Remains from the Brazilian “Microwave Oven” 345<br /></b><i>Melina Calmon Silva; Eugénia Cunha and Yara Vieira Lemos</i></p> <p>19.1 Introduction 345</p> <p>19.2 Brazilian Homicide Rates 346</p> <p>19.3 The Relationship between Homicide and Drugs 347</p> <p>19.4 The “Microwave Oven” Modality of Death / Disposability of Human Remains 348</p> <p>19.4 Phases of Rubber Tire Combustion 350</p> <p>19.5 The Challenges of Investigating “Microwave Oven” Deaths 351</p> <p>19.6 The Role of Forensic Anthropology 353</p> <p>19.6.1 Case Study 1 354</p> <p>19.6.2 Case Study 2 359</p> <p>19.7 Conclusion 365</p> <p>Conflicts of Interest 366</p> <p>Ethical Approval 366</p> <p>Acknowledgments 366</p> <p>References 367</p> <p><b>20 Recovery and Identification of Fatal Fire Victims from the 2018 Northern California Camp Fire Disaster 371<br /></b><i>Colleen Milligan; Alison Galloway; Ashley Kendell; Lauren Zephro; P. Willey and Eric Bartelink</i></p> <p>20.1 Overview of the Camp Fire 371</p> <p>20.2 Wildfire Burn Environments and Condition of Remains 374</p> <p>20.3 Field to Morgue: What’s Important for Identification Efforts? 375</p> <p>20.4 Morgue Identification 379</p> <p>20.5 Conclusions 381</p> <p>References 381</p> <p><b>21 Recovery and Identification of Burnt Remains in a Military Theatre of Operations: The Warrior Six 383<br /></b><i>Julie Roberts</i></p> <p>21.1 Introduction 383</p> <p>21.1.1 Improvised Explosive Devices and Blast Injuries 384</p> <p>21.1.2 The Effects of Heat on Bone 384</p> <p>21.2 Background to the Case 385</p> <p>21.3 Assessment of the Vehicle and Recovered Remains 387</p> <p>21.4 Excavation Strategy and Methodology 390</p> <p>21.5 Examination of the Remains in the Temporary Mortuary 394</p> <p>21.6 Examinations in the Role 3 Hospital 398</p> <p>21.6.1 Soldier A 398</p> <p>21.6.2 Soldier B 398</p> <p>21.6.3 Soldier C 399</p> <p>21.6.4 Soldier D 399</p> <p>21.6.5 Soldier E 400</p> <p>21.6.6 Soldier F 400</p> <p>21.7 Post-mortem Examinations and Positive Identification in the UK 401</p> <p>21.8 Conclusions 403</p> <p>Acknowledgments 403</p> <p>References 403</p> <p><b>22 Volcanoes Bones and Heat: The Case of the AD 79 Victims of Vesuvius 407<br /></b><i>Pier paolo Petrone</i></p> <p>22.1 Introduction 407</p> <p>22.2 The AD 79 Eruption of Vesuvius 408</p> <p>22.3 The Date of the Eruption 410</p> <p>22.4 Historical and Archaeological Context of the Discovery 411</p> <p>22.5 Bioarchaeological and Taphonomic Study 413</p> <p>22.6 The Causes of Death 418</p> <p>22.7 The Most Recent Studies 420</p> <p>22.8 An Exceptional Discovery 427</p> <p>22.9 Conclusions 430</p> <p>References 431</p> <p>Index 437</p>
<p><b>Edited by</b> <p><b>Sarah Ellingham,</b> Forensic Coordinator, International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), Geneva, Switzerland. <p><b>Joe Adserias Garriga,</b> Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Forensic Sciences, Mercyhurst University, Pennsylvania, USA. <p><b>Sara C. Zapico,</b> Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey ­Institute of Technology, New Jersey, USA, and Research Collaborator, Department of Anthropology, National ­Museum of ­Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA. <p><b>Douglas H. Ubelaker,</b> Curator and Senior Scientist, Department of Anthropology, National Museum of ­Natural ­History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA.
<p><b>An all-encompassing reference and guide designed for professionals involved in the forensic analysis of burnt remains</b> <p><i>Burnt Human Remains: Recovery, Analysis and Interpretation </i>presents an in-depth multidisciplinary approach to the detection, recovery, analysis, and identification of thermally altered remains. Bridging the gap between research and practice, this invaluable one-stop reference<b> </b>provides detailed coverage of analytical techniques in forensic medicine and pathology, forensic anthropology, forensic odontology, and forensic chemistry and forensic biology. Contributions from a panel of expert authors review the newest findings in forensics research and discuss their applicability to forensic case work. <p>Opening with a historical overview of the discipline, the book covers the search and recovery aspects of burnt human remains, medico-legal investigations, determination of the post mortem interval of burnt remains, structural changes of burnt bone and teeth, DNA extraction from burnt remains, and much more. Throughout the text, the authors emphasize the importance of understanding the changes undergone by bodies when subjected to fire for establishing identity, reconstructing the events leading up to incineration, and determining the cause and manner of death. <ul><li>Provides a systemic framework that integrates established forensic methods and state-of-the-art analytical approaches</li> <li>Describes different forensic analyses from the macroscopical, microscopical, biochemical, and molecular level</li> <li>Features international case studies of challenging individual cases as well as natural or man-made mass fatalities requiring the identification of incinerated remains </li> <li>Demonstrates how changes to the macro- and microstructure of burnt remains can reveal information about incineration conditions</li> <li>Discusses organizations and programs focused on developing standards and best practice for the recovery and analysis burnt remains</li></ul> <p><i>Burnt Human Remains: Recovery, Analysis and Interpretation </i>is an indispensable resource for all practitioners engaged in the interpretation of burned human tissue, including pathologists, forensic chemists, forensic biologists, forensic anthropologists, forensic odontologists, and archaeologists.

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