Details

<p>Preface xxi</p> <p>Acknowledgements xxiii</p> <p><b>1 Fundamentals of Electrical Machines 1</b></p> <p>1.1 Preliminary Remarks 1</p> <p>1.2 Basic Laws of Electrical Engineering 1</p> <p>1.2.1 Ohm’s Law 1</p> <p>1.2.2 Generalization of Ohm’s Law 2</p> <p>1.2.2.1 Derivation of Eq. (1.6) 2</p> <p>1.2.3 Ohm’s Law for Magnetic Circuits 3</p> <p>1.2.4 Kirchhoff’s Laws for Magnetic Circuits 3</p> <p>1.2.5 Lorentz Force Law 5</p> <p>1.2.6 Biot-Savart Law 6</p> <p>1.2.7 Ampere Circuital Law 17</p> <p>1.2.8 Faraday’s Law 20</p> <p>1.2.8.1 Motional emf 24</p> <p>1.2.9 Flux Linkages and Induced Voltages 29</p> <p>1.2.10 Induced Voltages 29</p> <p>1.2.11 Induced Electric Fields 30</p> <p>1.2.12 Reformulation of Faraday’s Law 31</p> <p>1.3 Inductance 38</p> <p>1.3.1 Application of Ampere’s Law to Find B in a Solenoid 39</p> <p>1.3.2 Magnetic Field of a Toroid 40</p> <p>1.3.3 The Inductance of Circular Air-Cored Toroid 40</p> <p>1.3.4 Mutual Inductance 44</p> <p>1.4 Energy 47</p> <p>1.5 Overview of Electric Machines 49</p> <p>1.6 Summary 58</p> <p>Problems 58</p> <p>References 67</p> <p><b>2 Magnetic Circuits 69</b></p> <p>2.1 Preliminary Remarks 69</p> <p>2.2 Permeability 69</p> <p>2.3 Classification of Magnetic Materials 70</p> <p>2.3.1 Uniform Magnetic Field 72</p> <p>2.3.2 Magnetic-Field Intensity 72</p> <p>2.4 Hysteresis Loop 74</p> <p>2.4.1 Hysteresis Loop for Soft Iron and Steel 76</p> <p>2.5 Eddy-Current and Core Losses 78</p> <p>2.6 Magnetic Circuits 82</p> <p>2.6.1 The Magnetic Circuit Concept 82</p> <p>2.6.2 Magnetic Circuits Terminology 82</p> <p>2.6.2.1 Limitations of the Analogy Between Electric and Magnetic Circuits 86</p> <p>2.6.3 Effect of Air Gaps 86</p> <p>2.6.3.1 Magnetic Circuit with an Air Gap 86</p> <p>2.6.3.2 Magnetic Forces Exerted by Electromagnets 89</p> <p>2.7 Field Energy 100</p> <p>2.7.1 Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field 100</p> <p>2.7.1.1 The Magnetic Energy in Terms of the Magnetic Induction B 101</p> <p>2.7.1.2 The Magnetic Energy in Terms of the Current Density J and the Vector Potential A 102</p> <p>2.7.1.3 The Magnetic Energy in Terms of the Current I and of the Flux <i>𝛹m </i>103</p> <p>2.7.1.4 The Magnetic Energy in Terms of the Currents and Inductances 103</p> <p>2.8 The Magnetic Energy for a Solenoid Carrying a Current I 104</p> <p>2.9 Energy Flow Diagram 106</p> <p>2.9.1 Power Flow Diagram of DC Generator and DC Motor 106</p> <p>2.9.1.1 Power Flow Diagram and Losses of Induction Motor 108</p> <p>2.9.1.2 Rotational Losses 109</p> <p>2.10 Multiple Excited Systems 110</p> <p>2.11 Doubly Excited Systems 113</p> <p>2.11.1 Torque Developed 116</p> <p>2.11.1.1 Excitation Torque 117</p> <p>2.11.1.2 Reluctance Torque 122</p> <p>2.12 Concept of Rotating Magnetic Field 126</p> <p>2.12.1 Rotating Magnetic Field due to Three-Phase Currents 126</p> <p>2.12.1.1 Speed of Rotating Magnetic Field 130</p> <p>2.12.1.2 Direction of Rotating Magnetic Field 131</p> <p>2.12.2 Alternate Mathematical Analysis for Rotating Magnetic Field 131</p> <p>2.13 Summary 134</p> <p>Problems 135</p> <p>References 144</p> <p><b>3 Single-Phase and Three-Phase Transformers 147</b></p> <p>3.1 Preliminary Remarks 147</p> <p>3.2 Classification of Transformers 149</p> <p>3.2.1 Classification Based on Number of Phases 149</p> <p>3.2.1.1 Single-Phase Transformers 149</p> <p>3.2.1.2 Three-Phase Transformers 149</p> <p>3.2.1.3 Multi-Phase Transformers 150</p> <p>3.2.2 Classification Based on Operation 150</p> <p>3.2.2.1 Step-Up Transformers 150</p> <p>3.2.2.2 Step-Down Transformers 151</p> <p>3.2.3 Classification Based on Construction 151</p> <p>3.2.3.1 Core-Type Transformers 151</p> <p>3.2.3.2 Shell-Type Transformers 151</p> <p>3.2.4 Classification Based on Number of Windings 153</p> <p>3.2.4.1 Single-Winding Transformer 153</p> <p>3.2.4.2 Two-Winding Transformer 153</p> <p>3.2.4.3 Three-Winding Transformer 153</p> <p>3.2.5 Classification Based on Use 153</p> <p>3.2.5.1 Power Transformer 153</p> <p>3.2.5.2 Distribution Transformer 154</p> <p>3.3 Principle of Operation of the Transformer 154</p> <p>3.3.1 Ideal Transformer 154</p> <p>3.4 Impedance Transformation 157</p> <p>3.5 DOT Convention 158</p> <p>3.6 Real/Practical Transformer 158</p> <p>3.7 Equivalent Circuit of a Single-Phase Transformer 160</p> <p>3.8 Phasor Diagrams Under Load Condition 166</p> <p>3.9 Testing of Transformer 170</p> <p>3.9.1 Open-Circuit Test 171</p> <p>3.9.2 Short-Circuit Test 172</p> <p>3.10 Performance Measures of a Transformer 175</p> <p>3.10.1 Voltage Regulation 175</p> <p>3.10.1.1 Condition for Maximum Voltage Regulation 177</p> <p>3.10.1.2 Condition for Zero Voltage Regulation 177</p> <p>3.10.2 Efficiency of Transformer 180</p> <p>3.10.3 Maximum Efficiency Condition 181</p> <p>3.11 All-Day Efficiency or Energy Efficiency 185</p> <p>3.12 Autotransformer 186</p> <p>3.13 Three-Phase Transformer 190</p> <p>3.13.1 Input (Y), Output (Δ) 192</p> <p>3.13.2 Input Delta (Δ), Output Star (Y) 194</p> <p>3.13.3 Input Delta (Δ), Output Delta (Δ) 195</p> <p>3.13.4 Input Star (Y), Output Star (Y) 196</p> <p>3.14 Single-Phase Equivalent Circuit of Three-Phase Transformer 197</p> <p>3.15 Open-Delta Connection or V Connection 200</p> <p>3.16 Harmonics in a Single-Phase Transformer 205</p> <p>3.16.1 Excitation Phenomena in a Single-Phase Transformer 208</p> <p>3.16.2 Harmonics in a Three-Phase Transformer 210</p> <p>3.16.2.1 Star-Delta Connection with Grounded Neutral 213</p> <p>3.16.2.2 Star-Delta Connection without Grounded Neutral 214</p> <p>3.16.3 Summary 214</p> <p>3.16.4 Star-Star with Isolated Neutral 214</p> <p>3.17 Disadvantages of Harmonics in Transformer 215</p> <p>3.17.1 Effect of Harmonic Currents 215</p> <p>3.17.2 Electromagnetic Interference 215</p> <p>3.17.3 Effect of Harmonic Voltages 215</p> <p>3.17.4 Summary 216</p> <p>3.17.5 Oscillating Neutral Phenomena 216</p> <p>3.18 Open Circuit and Short-Circuit Conditions in a Three-Phase Transformer 217</p> <p>3.19 Matlab/Simulink Model of a Single-Phase Transformer 219</p> <p>3.20 Matlab/Simulink Model of Testing of Transformer 222</p> <p>3.21 Matlab/Simulink Model of Autotransformer 223</p> <p>3.22 Matlab/Simulink Model of Three-Phase Transformer 223</p> <p>3.23 Supplementary Solved Problems 232</p> <p>3.24 Summary 249</p> <p>3.25 Problems 249</p> <p>References 255</p> <p><b>4 Fundamentals of Rotating Electrical Machines and Machine Windings 257</b></p> <p>4.1 Preliminary Remarks 257</p> <p>4.2 Generator Principle 257</p> <p>4.2.1 Simple Loop Generator 257</p> <p>4.2.2 Action of Commutator 259</p> <p>4.2.3 Force on a Conductor 260</p> <p>4.2.3.1 DC Motor Principle 260</p> <p>4.2.3.2 Motor Action 261</p> <p>4.3 Machine Windings 261</p> <p>4.3.1 Coil Construction 261</p> <p>4.3.1.1 Coil Construction: Distributed Winding 261</p> <p>4.3.1.2 Coil Construction: Concentrated Winding 262</p> <p>4.3.1.3 Coil Construction: Conductor Bar 262</p> <p>4.3.2 Revolving (Rotor) Winding 262</p> <p>4.3.3 Stationary (Stator) Winding 262</p> <p>4.3.4 DC ArmatureWindings 262</p> <p>4.3.4.1 Pole Pitch (Yp) 263</p> <p>4.3.4.2 Coil Pitch or Coil Span (Ycs) 263</p> <p>4.3.4.3 Back Pitch (Yb) 263</p> <p>4.3.4.4 Front Pitch (Yf) 264</p> <p>4.3.4.5 Resultant Pitch (Y) 264</p> <p>4.3.4.6 Commutator Pitch (a) 264</p> <p>4.3.5 Lap Winding 265</p> <p>4.3.5.1 Lap Multiple or Parallel Windings 265</p> <p>4.3.5.2 Formulas for Lap Winding 266</p> <p>4.3.5.3 Multiplex, Single, Double, and Triple Windings 267</p> <p>4.3.5.4 Meaning of the Term Re-entrant 268</p> <p>4.3.5.5 Multiplex Lap Windings 268</p> <p>4.3.6 WaveWinding 279</p> <p>4.3.6.1 Formulas forWave Winding 281</p> <p>4.3.6.2 MultiplexWave or Series-ParallelWinding 282</p> <p>4.3.6.3 Formulas for Series-Parallel Winding 283</p> <p>4.3.7 Symmetrical Windings 284</p> <p>4.3.7.1 Possible SymmetricalWindings for DC Machines of a Different Number of Poles 284</p> <p>4.3.8 Equipotential Connectors (Equalizing Rings) 284</p> <p>4.3.9 Applications of Lap andWave Windings 286</p> <p>4.3.10 Dummy or Idle Coils 310</p> <p>4.3.10.1 Dummy Coils 310</p> <p>4.3.11 Whole-CoilWinding and Half-CoilWinding 311</p> <p>4.3.12 Concentrated Winding 312</p> <p>4.3.13 Distributed Winding 312</p> <p>4.4 Electromotive Force (emf) Equation 313</p> <p>4.4.1 emf Equation of an Alternator [1] 313</p> <p>4.4.1.1 Winding Factor (Coil Pitch and Distributed Windings) 313</p> <p>4.4.2 Winding Factors 313</p> <p>4.4.2.1 Pitch Factor or Coil Pitch (Pitch Factor (Kp) or Coil Span Factor [Kc]) 314</p> <p>4.4.3 Distribution Factor (Breadth Factor (Kb) or Distribution Factor (Kd)) 315</p> <p>4.4.3.1 Distribution Factor (Kd) 315</p> <p>4.5 Magnetomotive Force (mmf) of ACWindings 316</p> <p>4.5.1 mmf and Flux in Rotating Machine 316</p> <p>4.5.2 Main Air-Gap Flux (Field Flux) 316</p> <p>4.5.3 mmf of a Coil [5] 316</p> <p>4.5.3.1 mmf 316</p> <p>4.5.3.2 mmf of Distributed Windings 317</p> <p>4.5.3.3 mmf SpaceWave of a Single Coil 317</p> <p>4.5.3.4 mmf SpaceWave of One Phase of a Distributed Winding [6] 319</p> <p>4.6 Harmonic Effect [7] 322</p> <p>4.6.1 The Form Factor and the emf per Conductor 322</p> <p>4.6.2 TheWave Form 323</p> <p>4.6.3 Problem Due to Harmonics 324</p> <p>4.6.4 Elimination or Suppression of Harmonics 324</p> <p>4.6.4.1 Shape of Pole Face 324</p> <p>4.6.4.2 Use of Several Slots per Phase per Pole 324</p> <p>4.6.4.3 Use of Short-Pitch Windings 325</p> <p>4.6.4.4 Effect of the Y- and Δ -Connection on Harmonics 327</p> <p>4.6.4.5 Harmonics Produced by Armature Slots 328</p> <p>4.7 Basic Principles of Electric Machines 330</p> <p>4.7.1 AC Rotating Machines 331</p> <p>4.7.1.1 The Rotating Magnetic Field 331</p> <p>4.7.1.2 The Relationship between Electrical Frequency and the Speed of Magnetic Field Rotation 333</p> <p>4.7.1.3 Reversing the Direction of the Magnetic Field Rotation 335</p> <p>4.7.1.4 The Induced Voltage in AC Machines 335</p> <p>4.7.1.5 The Induced Voltage in a Coil on a Two-Pole Stator 335</p> <p>4.7.1.6 The Induced Voltage in a Three-Phase Set of Coils 337</p> <p>4.7.1.7 The rms Voltage in a Three-Phase Stator 338</p> <p>4.7.2 The Induced Torque in an AC Machine 338</p> <p>4.8 Summary 339</p> <p>Problems 339</p> <p>References 340</p> <p><b>5 DC Machines 341</b></p> <p>5.1 Preliminary Remarks 341</p> <p>5.2 Construction and Types of DC Generator 342</p> <p>5.2.1 Construction of DC Machine 342</p> <p>5.2.2 Types of DC Generator 343</p> <p>5.3 Principle of Operation of DC Generator 345</p> <p>5.3.1 Voltage Build-Up in a DC Generator 346</p> <p>5.3.2 Function of Commutator 347</p> <p>5.4 Commutation Problem and Solution 349</p> <p>5.4.1 Brush Shifting 349</p> <p>5.4.2 Commutating Poles 350</p> <p>5.4.3 Compensating Windings 350</p> <p>5.5 Types of Windings 351</p> <p>5.6 emf Equations in a DC Generator 351</p> <p>5.7 Brush Placement in a DC Machine 353</p> <p>5.8 Equivalent Circuit of DC Generator 354</p> <p>5.9 Losses of DC Generator 354</p> <p>5.10 Armature Reaction 360</p> <p>5.10.1 No-Load Operation 361</p> <p>5.10.2 Loaded Operation 361</p> <p>5.11 Principle of Operation of a DC Motor 362</p> <p>5.11.1 Equivalent Circuit of a DC Motor 363</p> <p>5.12 emf and Torque Equations of DC Motor 364</p> <p>5.13 Types of DC Motor 364</p> <p>5.13.1 Separately Excited DC Motor 364</p> <p>5.13.2 Self-Excited DC Motor 365</p> <p>5.13.2.1 Shunt DC Motor 365</p> <p>5.13.2.2 Series DC Motor 366</p> <p>5.14 Characteristics of DC Motors 367</p> <p>5.14.1 Separately Excited and DC Shunt Motor 368</p> <p>5.14.2 DC Series Motor 369</p> <p>5.14.3 Compound Motor 370</p> <p>5.15 Starting of a DC Motor 371</p> <p>5.15.1 Design of a Starter for a DC Motor 372</p> <p>5.15.2 Types of Starters 373</p> <p>5.15.2.1 Three-Point Starter 373</p> <p>5.15.2.2 Four-Point Starter 374</p> <p>5.16 Speed Control of a DC Motor 374</p> <p>5.16.1 Separately Excited and DC Shunt Motor 375</p> <p>5.16.2 DC Series Motor 376</p> <p>5.17 Solved Examples 378</p> <p>5.18 Matlab/Simulink Model of a DC Machine 387</p> <p>5.18.1 Matlab/Simulink Model of a Separately/ Shunt DC Motor 387</p> <p>5.18.2 Matlab/Simulink Model of a DC Series Motor 387</p> <p>5.18.3 Matlab/Simulink Model of a Compound DC Motor 388</p> <p>5.19 Summary 392</p> <p>Problems 392</p> <p>Reference 399</p> <p><b>6 Three-Phase Induction Machine 401</b></p> <p>6.1 Preliminary Remarks 401</p> <p>6.2 Construction of a Three-Phase Induction Machine 402</p> <p>6.2.1 Stator 402</p> <p>6.2.2 Stator Frame 403</p> <p>6.2.3 Rotor 403</p> <p>6.3 Principle Operation of a Three-Phase Induction Motor 404</p> <p>6.3.1 Slip in an Induction Motor 406</p> <p>6.3.2 Frequency of Rotor Voltage and Current 407</p> <p>6.3.3 Induction Machine and Transformer 408</p> <p>6.4 Per-phase Equivalent Circuit of a Three-Phase Induction Machine 408</p> <p>6.5 Power Flow Diagram in a Three-Phase Induction Motor 415</p> <p>6.6 Power Relations in a Three-Phase Induction Motor 416</p> <p>6.7 Steps to Find Powers and Efficiency 417</p> <p>6.8 Per-Phase Equivalent Circuit Considering Stray-Load Losses 420</p> <p>6.9 Torque and Power using Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit 421</p> <p>6.10 Torque-Speed Characteristics 424</p> <p>6.10.1 Condition for Maximum Torque 427</p> <p>6.10.2 Condition for Maximum Torque at Starting 429</p> <p>6.10.3 Approximate Equations 429</p> <p>6.11 Losses in a Three-Phase Induction Machine 433</p> <p>6.11.1 Copper Losses or Resistive Losses 433</p> <p>6.11.2 Magnetic Losses 434</p> <p>6.11.3 Mechanical Losses 434</p> <p>6.11.4 Stray-Load Losses 434</p> <p>6.12 Testing of a Three-Phase Induction Motor 435</p> <p>6.12.1 No-Load Test 435</p> <p>6.12.2 Blocked Rotor Test 436</p> <p>6.12.3 DC Test 437</p> <p>6.12.4 Load Test 438</p> <p>6.12.5 International Standards for Efficiency of Induction Machines 441</p> <p>6.12.6 International Standards for the Evaluation of Induction Motor Efficiency 442</p> <p>6.13 Starting of a Three-Phase Induction Motor 443</p> <p>6.13.1 Direct-on-Line Start 446</p> <p>6.13.2 Line Resistance Start 447</p> <p>6.13.3 Star-Delta Starter 448</p> <p>6.13.4 Autotransformer Starter 449</p> <p>6.14 Speed Control of Induction Machine 451</p> <p>6.14.1 By Varying the Frequency of the Supply 451</p> <p>6.14.2 Pole Changing Method 452</p> <p>6.14.2.1 Multiple Numbers of Windings 453</p> <p>6.14.2.2 Consequent Pole Method 453</p> <p>6.14.3 Stator Voltage Control 454</p> <p>6.14.3.1 Voltage/Frequency = Constant Control 455</p> <p>6.14.3.2 Rotor Resistance Variation 456</p> <p>6.14.3.3 Rotor Voltage Injection Method 456</p> <p>6.14.3.4 Cascade Connection of Induction Machines 456</p> <p>6.14.3.5 Pole-Phase Modulation for Speed Control 458</p> <p>6.15 Matlab/Simulink Modelling of the Three-Phase Induction Motor 461</p> <p>6.15.1 Plotting Torque-Speed Curve under Steady-State Condition 464</p> <p>6.15.2 Dynamic Simulation of Induction Machine 464</p> <p>6.16 Practice Examples 469</p> <p>6.17 Summary 482</p> <p>Problems 482</p> <p>References 489</p> <p><b>7 Synchronous Machines 491</b></p> <p>7.1 Preliminary Remarks 491</p> <p>7.2 Synchronous Machine Structures 492</p> <p>7.2.1 Stator and Rotor 492</p> <p>7.3 Working Principle of the Synchronous Generator 496</p> <p>7.3.1 The Synchronous Generator under No-Load 498</p> <p>7.3.2 The Synchronous Generator under Load 498</p> <p>7.4 Working Principle of the Synchronous Motor 501</p> <p>7.5 Starting of the Synchronous Motor 502</p> <p>7.5.1 Starting by External Motor 502</p> <p>7.5.2 Starting by using Damper Winding 503</p> <p>7.5.3 Starting by Variable Frequency Stator Supply 503</p> <p>7.6 Armature Reaction in Synchronous Motor 503</p> <p>7.7 Equivalent Circuit and Phasor Diagram of the Synchronous Machine 506</p> <p>7.7.1 Phasor Diagram of the Synchronous Generator 508</p> <p>7.7.2 Phasor Diagram of the Synchronous Motor 510</p> <p>7.8 Open-Circuit and Short-Circuit Characteristics 514</p> <p>7.8.1 Open-Circuit Curve 514</p> <p>7.8.2 Short-Circuit Curve 516</p> <p>7.8.3 The Unsaturated Synchronous Reactance 517</p> <p>7.8.4 The Saturated Synchronous Reactance 517</p> <p>7.8.5 Short-Circuit Ratio 518</p> <p>7.9 Voltage Regulation 520</p> <p>7.9.1 Emf or Synchronous Method 521</p> <p>7.9.2 The Ampere-Turn or mmf Method 522</p> <p>7.9.3 Zero-Power Factor Method or Potier Triangle Method 526</p> <p>7.9.3.1 Steps for Drawing Potier Triangles 526</p> <p>7.9.3.2 Procedure to Obtain Voltage Regulation using the Potier Triangle Method 526</p> <p>7.10 Efficiency of the Synchronous Machine 529</p> <p>7.11 Torque and Power Curves 533</p> <p>7.11.1 Real/Active Output Power of the Synchronous Generator 534</p> <p>7.11.2 Reactive Output Power of the Synchronous Generator 535</p> <p>7.11.3 Complex Input Power to the Synchronous Generator 536</p> <p>7.11.4 Real/Active Input Power to the Synchronous Generator 536</p> <p>7.11.5 Reactive Input Power to the Synchronous Generator 537</p> <p>7.12 Maximum Power Output of the Synchronous Generator 537</p> <p>7.13 Capability Curve of the Synchronous Machine 541</p> <p>7.14 Salient Pole Machine 545</p> <p>7.14.1 Phasor Diagram of a Salient Pole Synchronous Generator 547</p> <p>7.14.2 Power Delivered by a Salient Pole Synchronous Generator 552</p> <p>7.14.3 Maximum Active and Reactive Power Delivered by a Salient Pole Synchronous Generator 555</p> <p>7.14.3.1 Active Power 555</p> <p>7.14.3.2 Reactive Power 555</p> <p>7.15 Synchronization of an Alternator with a Bus-Bar 558</p> <p>7.15.1 Process of Synchronization 560</p> <p>7.16 Operation of a Synchronous Machine Connected to an Infinite Bus-Bar (Constant <i>V</i>t and <i>f </i>) 562</p> <p>7.16.1 Motor Operation of Change in Excitation at Fixed Shaft Power 562</p> <p>7.16.2 Generator Operation for Change in Output Power at Fixed Excitation 565</p> <p>7.17 Hunting in the Synchronous Motor 570</p> <p>7.17.1 Role of the DamperWinding 572</p> <p>7.18 Parallel Operation of Synchronous Generators 572</p> <p>7.18.1 The Synchronous Generator Operating in Parallel with the Infinite Bus Bar 574</p> <p>7.19 Matlab/Simulink Model of a Salient Pole Synchronous Machine 581</p> <p>7.19.1 Results Motoring Mode 585</p> <p>7.19.2 Results Generator Mode 585</p> <p>7.20 Summary 586</p> <p>Problems 587</p> <p>Reference 591</p> <p><b>8 Single-Phase and Special Machines 593</b></p> <p>8.1 Preliminary Remarks 593</p> <p>8.2 Single-phase Induction Machine 593</p> <p>8.2.1 Field System in a Single-phase Machine 594</p> <p>8.3 Equivalent Circuit of Single-phase Machines 597</p> <p>8.3.1 Equivalent Circuit Analysis 599</p> <p>8.3.1.1 Approximate Equivalent Circuit 600</p> <p>8.3.1.2 Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit 601</p> <p>8.4 How to Make a Single-phase Induction Motor Self Starting 602</p> <p>8.5 Testing of an Induction Machine 608</p> <p>8.5.1 DC Test 609</p> <p>8.5.2 No-load Test 609</p> <p>8.5.3 Blocked-Rotor Test 610</p> <p>8.6 Types of Single-Phase Induction Motors 612</p> <p>8.6.1 Split-Phase Induction Motor 612</p> <p>8.6.2 Capacitor-Start Induction Motor 612</p> <p>8.6.3 Capacitor-Start Capacitor-Run Induction Motor (Two-Value Capacitor Method) 613</p> <p>8.7 Single-Phase Induction Motor Winding Design 614</p> <p>8.7.1 Split-Phase Induction Motor 617</p> <p>8.7.2 Capacitor-Start Motors 618</p> <p>8.8 Permanent Split-Capacitor (PSC) Motor 621</p> <p>8.9 Shaded-Pole Induction Motor 622</p> <p>8.10 Universal Motor 622</p> <p>8.11 Switched-Reluctance Motor (SRM) 624</p> <p>8.12 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines 624</p> <p>8.13 Brushless DC Motor 625</p> <p>8.14 Mathematical Model of the Single-phase Induction Motor 626</p> <p>8.15 Simulink Model of a Single-Phase Induction Motor 627</p> <p>8.16 Summary 633</p> <p>Problems 633</p> <p>Reference 637</p> <p><b>9 Motors for Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy Systems 639</b></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 639</p> <p>9.2 Components of Electric Vehicles 641</p> <p>9.2.1 Types of EVs 641</p> <p>9.2.1.1 Battery-Based EVs 642</p> <p>9.2.1.2 Hybrid EVs 643</p> <p>9.2.1.3 Fuel-Cell EVs 646</p> <p>9.2.2 Significant Components of EVs 649</p> <p>9.2.2.1 Battery Bank 649</p> <p>9.2.2.2 DC-DC Converters 661</p> <p>9.2.2.3 Power Inverter 662</p> <p>9.2.2.4 Electric Motor 663</p> <p>9.2.2.5 Transmission System or Gear Box 663</p> <p>9.2.2.6 Other Components 663</p> <p>9.3 Challenges and Requirements of Electric Machines for EVs 663</p> <p>9.3.1 Challenges of Electric Machines for EVs 664</p> <p>9.3.2 Requirements of Electric Machines for EVs 664</p> <p>9.4 Commercially Available Electric Machines for EVs 667</p> <p>9.4.1 DC Motors 667</p> <p>9.4.2 Induction Motor 667</p> <p>9.4.3 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSM) 668</p> <p>9.4.4 Brushless DC Motors 668</p> <p>9.4.5 Switched Reluctance Motors (SRMs) 669</p> <p>9.5 Challenges and Requirements of Electric Machines for RES 669</p> <p>9.6 Commercially Available Electric Machines for RES 671</p> <p>9.6.1 DC Machine 671</p> <p>9.6.2 Induction Machines 671</p> <p>9.6.3 Synchronous Machines 674</p> <p>9.6.4 Advanced Machines for Renewable Energy 675</p> <p>9.7 Summary 676</p> <p>References 677</p> <p><b>10 Multiphase (More than Three-Phase) Machines Concepts and Characteristics 679</b></p> <p>10.1 Preliminary Remarks 679</p> <p>10.2 Necessity of Multiphase Machines 679</p> <p>10.2.1 Evolution of Multiphase Machines 680</p> <p>10.2.2 Advantages of Multiphase Machines 683</p> <p>10.2.2.1 Better Space Harmonics Profile 683</p> <p>10.2.2.2 Better Torque Ripple Profile 684</p> <p>10.2.2.3 Improved Efficiency 686</p> <p>10.2.2.4 Fault Tolerant Capability 686</p> <p>10.2.2.5 Reduced Ratings of Semiconductor Switches and Better Power/Torque Distribution 688</p> <p>10.2.2.6 Torque Enhancement by Injecting Lower-Order Harmonics into Stator Currents 688</p> <p>10.2.3 Applications of Multiphase Machines 689</p> <p>10.3 Working Principle 691</p> <p>10.3.1 Multiphase Induction Machine 691</p> <p>10.3.2 Multiphase Synchronous Machine 691</p> <p>10.4 Stator-Winding Design 692</p> <p>10.4.1 Three-PhaseWindings 695</p> <p>10.4.1.1 Single-Layer Full-Pitch Winding 695</p> <p>10.4.1.2 Single-Layer Short-Pitch Winding 698</p> <p>10.4.1.3 Double-Layer Full-PitchWinding 699</p> <p>10.4.1.4 Double-Layer Short-Pitch Winding 699</p> <p>10.4.1.5 Fractional-Slot Winding 701</p> <p>10.4.2 Five-PhaseWindings 701</p> <p>10.4.3 Six-Phase Windings 706</p> <p>10.4.3.1 Symmetrical Winding of Six-Phase Machine 707</p> <p>10.4.3.2 Asymmetrical Winding 710</p> <p>10.4.4 Nine-PhaseWindings 710</p> <p>10.5 Mathematical Modelling of Multiphase Machines 715</p> <p>10.5.1 Mathematical Modelling of Multiphase Induction Machines in Original Phase-Variable Domain 715</p> <p>10.5.2 Transformation Matrix for Multiphase Machines 718</p> <p>10.5.3 Modelling of Multiphase Induction Machines in Arbitrary Reference Frames 720</p> <p>10.5.4 Commonly used Reference Frames 722</p> <p>10.5.5 Modelling of a Multiphase Synchronous Machine 723</p> <p>10.6 Vector Control Techniques for Multiphase Machines 725</p> <p>10.6.1 Indirect Field-Oriented Control or Vector-Control Techniques for Multiphase Induction Machines 726</p> <p>10.6.2 Vector Control for Multiphase Synchronous Machines 730</p> <p>10.7 Matlab/Simulink Model of Multiphase Machines 731</p> <p>10.7.1 Dynamic Model of the Nine-Phase Induction Machine 731</p> <p>10.7.2 Dynamic Model of the Nine-Phase Synchronous Machine 734</p> <p>10.8 Summary 741</p> <p>Problems 741</p> <p>References 742</p> <p><b>11 Numerical Simulation of Electrical Machines using the Finite Element Method 745</b></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 745</p> <p>11.2 Methods of Solving EM Analysis 747</p> <p>11.2.1 Analytical Techniques 749</p> <p>11.2.2 Numerical Techniques 750</p> <p>11.2.2.1 Finite Difference Method 752</p> <p>11.2.2.2 Finite Element Method 753</p> <p>11.2.2.3 Solution of Laplace Equation Using the Finite Element Method 753</p> <p>11.3 Formulation of 2-Dimensional and 3-Dimensional Analysis 758</p> <p>11.3.1 Maxwell Equations 759</p> <p>11.3.1.1 Gauss Law 759</p> <p>11.3.1.2 Gauss Law of Magnetism 760</p> <p>11.3.1.3 Ampere’s Integral Law 761</p> <p>11.3.1.4 Faraday’s Integral Law 761</p> <p>11.3.1.5 Differential Form of Maxwell Equations 761</p> <p>11.3.2 FEM Adaptive Meshing 763</p> <p>11.3.3 FEM Variation Principle 764</p> <p>11.4 Analysis and Implementation of FEM Machine Models 765</p> <p>11.4.1 RMxprt Design to Implement a Maxwell Model of Machine 765</p> <p>11.4.2 Power Converter Design in Simplorer 776</p> <p>11.4.3 Integration of Power Converter with a Maxwell Model for Testing Drive 776</p> <p>11.5 Example Model of Three-Phase IM in Ansys Maxwell 2D 778</p> <p>11.6 Summary 793</p> <p>References 793</p> <p>Index 795                                            </p>

<p><b>Dr. Atif Iqbal</b> is a Full Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University. He is an IET Fellow (UK), IE Fellow (India), and Senior Member of the IEEE, as well as Associate Editor, <i>IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics</i>.</p><p><b>Dr. Shaikh Moinoddin</b> is a Senior Member of the IEEE, India. He is former Assistant Professor in Electrical Engineering at the University of Polytechnic, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.</p><p><b>Dr. Bhimireddy Prathap Reddy</b> is currently working as a Post-doc at the Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University and is a member of the IEEE.</p>

<p><b>A comprehensive text, combining all important concepts and topics of Electrical Machines and featuring exhaustive simulation models based on MATLAB/Simulink</b></p><p><i>Electrical Machine Fundamentals with Numerical Simulation using MATLAB/Simulink</i> provides readers with a basic understanding of all key concepts related to electrical machines (including working principles, equivalent circuit, and analysis). It elaborates the fundamentals and offers numerical problems for students to work through. Uniquely, this text includes simulation models of every type of machine described in the book, enabling students to design and analyse machines on their own.</p><p>Unlike other books on the subject, this book meets all the needs of students in electrical machine courses. It balances analytical treatment, physical explanation, and hands-on examples and models with a range of difficulty levels. The authors present complex ideas in simple, easy-to-understand language, allowing students in all engineering disciplines to build a solid foundation in the principles of electrical machines. This book:</p><ul><li>Includes clear elaboration of fundamental concepts in the area of electrical machines, using simple language for optimal and enhanced learning</li><li>Provides wide coverage of topics, aligning with the electrical machines syllabi of most international universities</li><li>Contains extensive numerical problems and offers MATLAB/Simulink simulation models for the covered machine types</li><li>Describes MATLAB/Simulink and ANSYS modelling procedure and introduces the modelling environment to novices</li><li>Covers magnetic circuits, transformers, rotating machines, DC machines, electric vehicle motors, multiphase machine concept, winding design and details, finite element analysis, and more</li></ul><p><i>Electrical Machine Fundamentals with Numerical Simulation using MATLAB/Simulink</i> is a well-balanced textbook perfect for undergraduate students in all engineering majors. Additionally, its comprehensive treatment of electrical machines makes it suitable as a reference for researchers in the field.</p>

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