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<p>Series Editor's Preface to the Third Edition</p> <p>Foreword to the Second Edition</p> <p>Preface to the Third Edition</p> <p>Preface to the Second Edition</p> <p>Preface to the First Edition</p> <p>About the Authors</p> <p><b>1 Introduction 1</b></p> <p><b>2 Liquid Crystal Materials and Liquid Crystal Cells 3</b></p> <p>2.1 Properties of Liquid Crystals 3</p> <p>2.1.1 Shape and phases of liquid crystals 3</p> <p>2.1.2 Material properties of anisotropic liquid crystals 6</p> <p>2.2 The Operation of a Twisted Nematic LCD 11</p> <p>2.2.1 The electro-optical effects in transmissive twisted nematic LC cells 11</p> <p>2.2.2 The addressing of LCDs by TFTs 18</p> <p><b>3 Electro-optic Effects in Untwisted Nematic Liquid Crystals 21</b></p> <p>3.1 The Planar and Harmonic Wave of Light 21</p> <p>3.2 Propagation of Polarized Light in Birefringent Untwisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Cells 26</p> <p>3.2.1 The propagation of light in a Fre´edericksz cell 26</p> <p>3.2.2 The transmissive Fre´edericksz cell 31</p> <p>3.2.3 The reflective Fre´edericksz cell 37</p> <p>3.2.4 The Fre´edericksz cell as a phase-only modulator 39</p> <p>3.2.5 The DAP cell or the vertically aligned cell 42</p> <p>3.2.6 The HAN cell 44</p> <p>3.2.7 The p cell 46</p> <p>3.2.8 Switching dynamics of untwisted nematic LCDs 48</p> <p>3.2.9 Fast blue phase liquid crystals 54</p> <p><b>4 Electro-optic Effects in Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystals 57</b></p> <p>4.1 The Propagation of Polarized Light in Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Cells 57</p> <p>COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL</p> <p>4.2 The Various Types of TN Cells 67</p> <p>4.2.1 The regular TN cell 67</p> <p>4.2.2 The supertwisted nematic LC cell (STN-LCD) 70</p> <p>4.2.3 The mixed mode twisted nematic cell (MTN cell) 74</p> <p>4.2.4 Reflective TN cells 76</p> <p>4.3 Electronically Controlled Birefringence for the Generation of Colour 80</p> <p><b>5 Descriptions of Polarization 83</b></p> <p>5.1 The Characterizations of Polarization 83</p> <p>5.2 A Differential Equation for the Propagation of Polarized Light through Anisotropic Media 91</p> <p>5.3 Special Cases for Propagation of Light 95</p> <p>5.3.1 Incidence of linearly polarized light 95</p> <p>5.3.2 Incident light is circularly polarized 97</p> <p><b>6 Propagation of Light with an Arbitrary Incident Angle through Anisotropic Media 99</b></p> <p>6.1 Basic Equations for the Propagation of Light 99</p> <p>6.2 Enhancement of the Performance of LC Cells 107</p> <p>6.2.1 The degradation of picture quality 107</p> <p>6.2.2 Optical compensation foils for the enhancement of picture quality 109</p> <p>6.2.2.1 The enhancement of contrast 109</p> <p>6.2.2.2 Compensation foils for LC molecules with different optical axis 110</p> <p>6.2.3 Suppression of grey shade inversion and the preservation of grey shade stability 115</p> <p>6.2.4 Fabrication of compensation foils 116</p> <p>6.3 Electro-optic Effects with Wide Viewing Angle 116</p> <p>6.3.1 Multidomain pixels 116</p> <p>6.3.2 In-plane switching 117</p> <p>6.3.3 Optically compensated bend cells 119</p> <p>6.4 Multidomain VA Cells, Especially for TV 121</p> <p>6.4.1 The torque generated by an electric field 122</p> <p>6.4.2 The requirements for a VA display, especially for TV 124</p> <p>6.4.2.1 The speeds of operation 124</p> <p>6.4.2.2 Colour shift, change in contrast and image sticking 124</p> <p>6.4.3 VA cells for TV applications 129</p> <p>6.4.3.1 Multidomain VA cells with protrusions (MVAs) 129</p> <p>6.4.3.2 Patterned VA cells (PVAs) 130</p> <p>6.4.3.3 PVA cells with two subpixels (CS-S-PVAs) 132</p> <p>6.4.3.4 Cell technologies avoiding a delayed optical response 136</p> <p>– Polymer sustained alignment (PSA) 136</p> <p>– Mountain shaped cell surface 137</p> <p>6.4.3.5 The continuous pinwheel alignment (CPA) 139</p> <p>6.5 Polarizers with Increased Luminous Output 140</p> <p>6.5.1 A reflective linear polarizer 140</p> <p>6.5.2 A reflective polarizer working with circularly polarized light 141</p> <p>6.6 Two Non-birefringent Foils 142</p> <p><b>7 Modified Nematic Liquid Crystal Displays 145</b></p> <p>7.1 Polymer Dispersed LCDs (PDLCDs) 145</p> <p>7.1.1 The operation of a PDLCD 145</p> <p>7.1.2 Applications of PDLCDs 149</p> <p>7.2 Guest-Host Displays 150</p> <p>7.2.1 The operation of Guest-Host Displays 150</p> <p>7.2.2 Reflective Guest-Host Displays 154</p> <p><b>8 Bistable Liquid Crystal Displays 159</b></p> <p>8.1 Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Displays (FLCDs) 159</p> <p>8.2 Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystal Displays 168</p> <p>8.3 Bistable Nematic Liquid Crystal Displays 174</p> <p>8.3.1 Bistable twist cells 174</p> <p>8.3.2 Grating aligned nematic devices 175</p> <p>8.3.3 Monostable surface anchoring switching 177</p> <p><b>9 Continuously Light Modulating Ferroelectric Displays 179</b></p> <p>9.1 Deformed Helix Ferroelectric Devices 179</p> <p>9.2 Antiferroelectric LCDs 181</p> <p><b>10 Addressing Schemes for Liquid Crystal Displays 185</b></p> <p><b>11 Direct Addressing 189</b></p> <p><b>12 Passive Matrix Addressing of TN Displays 191</b></p> <p>12.1 The Basic Addressing Scheme and the Law of Alt and Pleshko 191</p> <p>12.2 Implementation of PM Addressing 196</p> <p>12.3 Multiple Line Addressing 201</p> <p>12.3.1 The basic equations 201</p> <p>12.3.2 Waveforms for the row selection 203</p> <p>12.3.3 Column voltage for MLA 205</p> <p>12.3.4 Implementation of multi-line addressing 206</p> <p>12.3.5 Modified PM addressing of STN cells 210</p> <p>12.3.5.1 Decreased levels of addressing voltages 210</p> <p>12.3.5.2 Contrast and grey shades for MLA 212</p> <p>12.4 Two Frequency Driving of PMLCDs 218</p> <p><b>13 Passive Matrix Addressing of Bistable Displays 223</b></p> <p>13.1 Addressing of Ferroelectric LCDs 223</p> <p>13.1.1 The V–tmin addressing scheme 225</p> <p>13.1.2 The V–1/t addressing scheme 226</p> <p>13.1.3 Reducing crosstalk in FLCDs 228</p> <p>13.1.4 Ionic effects during addressing 228</p> <p>13.2 Addressing of Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystal Displays 231</p> <p><b>14 Addressing of Liquid Crystal Displays with a-Si Thin Film Transistors (a-Si-TFTs) 239</b></p> <p>14.1 Properties of a-Si Thin Film Transistors 239</p> <p>14.2 Static Operation of TFTs in an LCD 244</p> <p>14.3 The Dynamics of Switching by TFTs 252</p> <p>14.4 Bias-Temperature Stress Test of TFTs 259</p> <p>14.5 Drivers for AMLCDs 260</p> <p>14.6 The Entire Addressing System 266</p> <p>14.7 Layouts of Pixels with TFT Switches 269</p> <p>14.8 Fabrication Processes of a-Si TFTs 272</p> <p>14.9 Addressing of VA Displays 277</p> <p>14.9.1 Overshoot and undershoot driving of LCDs 277</p> <p>14.9.2 The dynamic capacitance compensation (DCC) 281</p> <p>14.9.3 Fringe field accelerated decay of luminance 288</p> <p>14.9.4 The addressing of two subpixels 292</p> <p>14.9.5 Biased vertical alignment (BVA) 295</p> <p>14.10 Motion Blur 298</p> <p>14.10.1 Causes, characterization and remedies of blur 298</p> <p>14.10.2 Systems with decreased blur 310</p> <p>14.10.2.1 Edge enhancement for reduced blur 310</p> <p>14.10.2.2 Black insertion techniques 312</p> <p>14.10.2.3 Scanning backlights 313</p> <p>14.10.2.4 Higher frame rates for reducing blur 315</p> <p>14.10.3 Modelling of blur 320</p> <p>14.11 The Optical Response of a VA Cell 329</p> <p>14.12 Reduction of the Optical Response Time by a Special Addressing Waveform 334</p> <p><b>15 Addressing of LCDs with Poly-Si TFTs 339</b></p> <p>15.1 Fabrication Steps for Top- and Bottom-Gate Poly-Si TFTs 340</p> <p>15.2 Laser Crystallization by Scanning or Large Area Anneal 344</p> <p>15.3 Lightly Doped Drains for Poly-Si TFTs 345</p> <p>15.4 The Kink Effect and its Suppression 347</p> <p>15.5 Circuits with Poly-Si TFTs 349</p> <p><b>16 Liquid Crystal on Silicon Displays 353</b></p> <p>16.1 Fabrication of LCOS with DRAM-Type Analog Addressing 353</p> <p>16.2 SRAM-Type Digital Addressing of LCOS 355</p> <p>16.3 Microdisplays Using LCOS Technology 360</p> <p><b>17 Addressing of Liquid Crystal Displays with Metal-Insulator-Metal Pixel Switches 363</b></p> <p><b>18 Addressing of LCDs with Two-Terminal Devices and Optical, Plasma, Laser and e-beam Techniques 373</b></p> <p><b>19 Components of LCD Cells 381</b></p> <p>19.1 Additive Colours Generated by Absorptive Photosensitive Pigmented Colour Filters 381</p> <p>19.2 Additive and Subtractive Colours Generated by Reflective Dichroic Colour Filters 383</p> <p>19.3 Colour Generation by Three Stacked Displays 385</p> <p>19.4 LED Backlights 386</p> <p>19.4.1 The advantages of LEDs as backlights 386</p> <p>19.4.2 LED technology 386</p> <p>19.4.3 Optics for LED backlights 395</p> <p>19.4.4 Special applications for LED backlights 405</p> <p>19.4.4.1 Saving power and realizing scanning with LED backlights 405</p> <p>19.4.4.2 Field sequential displays with LED backlights 407</p> <p>19.4.4.3 Active matrix addressed LED backlights 409</p> <p>19.4.5 The electronic addressing of LEDs 409</p> <p>19.5 Cell Assembly 411</p> <p><b>20 Projectors with Liquid Crystal Light Valves 415</b></p> <p>20.1 Single Transmissive Light Valve Systems 415</p> <p>20.1.1 The basic single light valve system 415</p> <p>20.1.2 The field sequential colour projector 416</p> <p>20.1.3 A single panel scrolling projector 417</p> <p>20.1.4 Single light valve projector with angular colour separation 418</p> <p>20.1.5 Single light valve projectors with a colour grating 418</p> <p>20.2 Systems with Three Light Valves 420</p> <p>20.2.1 Projectors with three transmissive light valves 420</p> <p>20.2.2 Projectors with three reflective light valves 421</p> <p>20.2.3 Projectors with three LCOS light valves 422</p> <p>20.3 Projectors with Two LC Light Valves 422</p> <p>20.4 A Rear Projector with One or Three Light Valves 422</p> <p>20.5 A Projector with Three Optically Addressed Light Valves 423</p> <p><b>21 Liquid Crystal Displays with Plastic Substrates 427</b></p> <p>21.1 Advantages of Plastic Substrates 427</p> <p>21.2 Plastic Substrates and their Properties 428</p> <p>21.3 Barrier Layers for Plastic Substrates 429</p> <p>21.4 Thermo-Mechanical Problems with Plastics 430</p> <p>21.5 Fabrication of TFTs and MIMs at Low Process Temperatures 435</p> <p>21.5.1 Fabrication of a-Si:H TFTs at low temperature 435</p> <p>21.5.2 Fabrication of low temperature poly-Si TFTs 435</p> <p>21.5.3 Fabrication of MIMs at low temperature 437</p> <p>21.5.4 Conductors and transparent electrodes for plastic substrates 438</p> <p>21.6 Transfer of High Temperature Fabricated AMLCDs to a Flexible Substrate 438</p> <p><b>22 Printing of Layers for LC Cells 443</b></p> <p>22.1 Printing Technologies 443</p> <p>22.1.1 Flexographic printing 443</p> <p>22.1.2 Knife coating 444</p> <p>22.1.3 Ink-jet printing 444</p> <p>22.1.4 Silk screen printing 448</p> <p>22.2 Surface Properties for Printing 449</p> <p>22.3 Printing of Components for Displays 455</p> <p>22.3.1 Ink-jet printed colour filters, alignment layers and phosphors for LED Backlights 455</p> <p>22.3.2 Flexographic printing of alignment layers and of nematic liquid crystals 456</p> <p>22.3.3 Printing of OTFTs 457</p> <p>22.4 Cell Building by Lamination 461</p> <p><b>23  Advances in TFTs and Structures for Enhancing Mobility</b></p> <p><b>24  Fringe-Field Switching (FFS) Technologies </b></p> <p><b>25  Automotive Applications of Liquid Crystal Displays</b></p> <p>Appendix 1: Formats of Flat Panel Displays 463</p> <p>Appendix 2: Optical Units of Displays 465</p> <p>Appendix 3: Properties of Polarized Light 467</p> <p>References 473</p> <p>Index</p>

<p><b>ERNST LUEDER</b> is Professor Emeritus, Department of Electrical Communications, University of Stuttgart, Germany, where he was Director of the Institute of Network and Systems Theory. Now retired, he has authored more than 200 publications on LCDs, network and system theory and optimization, and sensors and electro- optical signal processing. </p> <p><b>PETER KNOLL</b> was employed at Robert Bosch GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany, from 1980 until his retirement in 2006. He is now a retired Associate Professor for Driver Assistance Systems and associated Human Machine Interaction at the KIT, formerly University of Karlsruhe, Germany. <p><b>SEUNG HEE LEE</b> is Professor, Jeonbuk National University, South Korea. He has invented fringe-field switching (FFS) liquid crystal device, which is widely used in all high-end liquid crystal displays. He has received several major awards such as the Merck Award-Major from the Korean Information Display Society, Jan Rajchman Prize from the Society of Information Display.

<p><b>THE NEW EDITION OF THE GOLD-STANDARD IN TEACHING AND REFERENCING THE FUNDAMENTALS OF LCD TECHNOLOGIES </b></p> <p>This book presents an up-to-date view of modern LCD technology. Offering balanced coverage of all major aspects of the field, this comprehensive volume provides the theoretical and practical information required for the development and manufacture of high-performance, energy-efficient LCDs. <p> The third edition incorporates new technologies and applications throughout. Several brand-new chapters discuss topics such as the application of Oxide TFTs and high mobility circuits, high-mobility TFT-semiconductors in LCD addressing, liquid crystal displays in automotive instrument clusters and touch-screen systems, and the use of ultra-high-resolution LCD panels in augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) displays. This practical reference and guide: <ul><li>Provides a complete account of commercially relevant LCD technologies, including their physics, mathematical descriptions, and electronic addressing</li> <li>Features extensively revised and expanded information, including more than 150 pages of new material</li> <li>Includes the addition of Oxide Transistors and their increased mobilities, the advances of fringe field switching and an overview of automotive displays</li> <li>Presents quantitative results with full equation sets, their derivation, and tabular summaries of related information sets</li></ul>

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