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Surfactant Science and Technology

4. Aufl.

von: Drew Myers
167,99 €
Verlag:	Wiley
Format:	PDF
Veröffentl.:	16.06.2020
ISBN/EAN:	9781119465843
Sprache:	englisch
Anzahl Seiten:	416

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Titelbeschreibung

A solid introduction to the field of surfactant science, this new edition provides updated information about surfactant uses, structures, and preparation, as well as seven new chapters expanding on technology applications. <ul> <li>Offers a comprehensive introduction and reference of the science and technology of surface active materials</li> <li>Elaborates, more fully than prior editions, aspects of surfactant crystal structure as well as their effects on applications</li> <li>Adds more information on new classes and applications of natural surfactants in light of environmental consequences of surfactant use</li> </ul>

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Preface xv 1 An Overview of Surfactant Science and Technology 1 1.1 A Brief History of Surfactant Science and Technology 3 1.2 Surfactants in the Modern World 5 1.3 The Economics of Surfactant Science and Technology 8 1.4 The Near-Term Economic and Technological Future for Surfactants 10 1.5 Surfactantsin the Environment 11 1.6 A Surfactant Glossary 13 2 The Classification of Surfactants 17 2.1 The Basic Structure of Amphiphilic Molecules 17 2.2 A Systematic Classification of Surfactants 19 2.2.1 Surfactant Solubilizing Groups 19 2.2.2 Making a Choice 21 2.3 The Generic Anatomy of Surfactants 21 2.3.1 The Many Faces of Dodecane 22 2.3.2 Surfactant Solubilizing Groups 25 2.3.3 Common Surfactant Hydrophobic Groups 26 2.3.3.1 The Natural Fatty Acids 27 2.3.3.2 Saturated Hydrocarbons or Paraffins 28 2.3.3.3 Olefins 28 2.3.3.4 Alkyl Benzenes 29 2.3.3.5 Alcohols 29 2.3.3.6 Alkyl Phenols 30 2.3.3.7 Polyoxypropylenes 30 2.3.3.8 Fluorocarbons 31 2.3.3.9 Silicone Surfactants 32 2.3.3.10 Miscellaneous Biological Structures 32 2.4 The Systematic Classification of Surfactants 33 2.5 Anionic Surfactants 34 2.5.1 Sulfate Esters 35 2.5.1.1 Fatty Alcohol Sulfates 36 2.5.1.2 Sulfated Fatty Acid Condensation Products 36 2.5.1.3 Sulfated Ethers 37 2.5.1.4 Sulfated Fats and Oils 38 2.5.2 Sulfonic Acid Salts 39 2.5.2.1 Aliphatic Sulfonates 39 2.5.2.2 Alkyl Aryl Sulfonates 40 2.5.2.3 α-Sulfocarboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives 42 2.5.2.4 Miscellaneous Sulfo-Ester and Amide Surfactants 43 2.5.2.5 Alkyl Glyceryl Ether Sulfonates 46 2.5.2.6 Lignin Sulfonates 46 2.5.3 Carboxylate Soaps and Detergents 46 2.5.4 Phosphoric Acid Esters and Related Surfactants 48 2.6 Cationic Surfactants 49 2.7 Nonionic Surfactants 51 2.7.1 Polyoxyethylene-Based Surfactants 51 2.7.2 Derivatives of Polyglycerols and Other Polyols 52 2.7.3 Block Copolymer Nonionic Surfactants 54 2.7.4 Miscellaneous Nonionic Surfactants 54 2.8 Amphoteric Surfactants 55 2.8.1 Imidazoline Derivatives 56 2.8.2 Surface-Active Betaines and Sulfobetaines 57 2.8.3 Phosphatides and Related Amphoteric Surfactants 58 3 Surfactant Chemical Structures: Putting the Pieces Together 61 3.1 Surfactant Building Blocks 61 3.2 A Surfactant Family Tree 63 3.2.1 The Many Faces of Dodecane 63 3.3 Common Surfactant Hydrophobic Groups 66 3.3.1 The Natural Fatty Acids 67 3.3.2 Paraffins or Saturated Hydrocarbons 67 3.3.3 Olefins 67 3.3.4 Alkylbenzenes 68 3.3.5 Alcohols 69 3.3.6 Alkylphenols 70 3.3.7 Polyoxypropylene 70 3.3.8 Fluorocarbons 70 3.3.9 Silicone-Based Surfactants 72 3.3.10 Nonchemically Produced, a.k.a. “Natural” Surfactants 74 4 Natural Surfactants and Biosurfactants 75 4.1 What Makes a Surfactant “Natural”? 76 4.2 Surfactants Based on a Natural Sugar-Based Polar Head Groups 78 4.3 Biosurfactants 80 4.3.1 Biosurfactants as Nature Makes Them 80 4.3.2 Properties of Biosurfactants 81 4.3.3 Biosurfactant Classification 83 4.3.4 Some Aspects of Biosurfactant Production 84 4.3.5 Some Factors Affecting Biosurfactant Production 85 4.4 Biosurfactant Applications 87 4.5 Potential Limitations on the Commercial Use of Biosurfactants 90 4.6 Some Opportunities for Future Research and Development 90 4.7 Some Observations About the Future of Biosurfactants 90 5 Fluid Surfaces and Interfaces 93 5.1 Molecules at Interfaces 95 5.2 Interfaces and Adsorption Phenomena 97 5.2.1 A Thermodynamic Picture of Adsorption 97 5.2.2 Surface and Interfacial Tensions 99 5.2.3 The Effect of Surface Curvature 101 5.2.4 The Surface Tension of Solutions 102 5.2.5 Surfactants and the Reduction of Surface Tension 103 5.2.6 Efficiency, Effectiveness, and Surfactant Structure 105 6 Surfactants in Solution: Self-Assembly and Micelle Formation 115 6.1 Surfactant Solubility 116 6.2 The Phase Spectrum of Surfactants in Solution 119 6.3 The History and Development of Micellar Theory 123 6.3.1 Manifestations of Micelle Formations 124 6.3.2 Thermodynamics of Dilute Surfactant Solutions 127 6.3.3 Classical Theories of Micelle Formation 128 6.3.4 Free Energy of Micellization 129 6.4 Molecular Geometry and the Formation of Association Colloids 130 6.5 Experimental Observations of Micellar Systems 133 6.5.1 Micellar Aggregation Numbers 133 6.5.2 The Critical Micelle Concentration 135 6.5.3 The Hydrophobic Group 135 6.5.4 The Hydrophilic Group 143 6.5.5 Counterion Effects on Micellization 145 6.5.6 The Effects of Additives on the Micellization Process 146 6.5.6.1 Electrolyte Effects on Micelle Formation 147 6.5.6.2 The Effect of pH 148 6.5.6.3 The Effects of Added Organic Materials 149 6.5.7 The Effect of Temperature on Micellization 151 6.6 Micelle Formation in Mixed Surfactant Systems 153 6.7 Micelle Formation in Nonaqueous Media 154 6.7.1 Aggregation in Polar Organic Solvents 155 6.7.2 Micelles in Nonpolar Solvents 155 7 Beyond Micelles: Higher Level Self-Assembled Aggregate Structures 161 7.1 The Importance of Surfactant Phase Information 161 7.2 Amphiphilic Fluids 163 7.2.1 Liquid Crystalline, Bicontinuous, and Microemulsion Structures 163 7.2.2 “Classical” Liquid Crystals 165 7.2.3 Liquid Crystalline Phases in Simple Binary Systems 166 7.3 Temperature and Additive Effects on Phase Behavior 170 7.4 Some Current Theoretical Analyses of Novel Mesophases 171 7.5 Vesicles and Bilayer Membranes 171 7.5.1 Vesicles 173 7.5.2 Polymerized Vesicles 174 7.6 Biological Membranes 176 7.6.1 Some Biological Implications of Mesophases 176 7.6.2 Membrane Surfactants and Lipids 177 7.7 Microemulsions 179 7.7.1 Surfactants, Co-surfactants, and Microemulsion Formation 183 7.7.1.1 Ionic Surfactant Systems 183 7.7.1.2 Nonionic Surfactant Systems 184 7.7.2 Applications 185 8 Surfactant Self-Assembled Aggregates at Work 187 8.1 Solubilization in Surfactants Micelles 188 8.1.1 The “Geography” of Solubilization in Micelles 189 8.1.2 Surfactant Structure and the Solubilization Process 191 8.1.3 Solubilization and the Nature of the Additive 194 8.1.4 The Effect of Temperature on Solubilization Phenomena 196 8.1.5 The Effects of Nonelectrolyte Solutes 197 8.1.6 The Effects of Added Electrolyte 198 8.1.7 Miscellaneous Factors Affecting Micellar Solubilization 199 8.1.8 Hydrotropes 199 8.2 Micellar Catalysis 201 8.2.1 Micellar Catalysis in Aqueous Solution 201 8.2.2 Micellar Catalysis in Nonaqueous Solvents 203 9 Polymeric Surfactants and Surfactant–Polymer Interactions 205 9.1 Polymeric Surfactants and Amphiphiles 205 9.2 Some Basic Chemistry of Polymeric Surfactant Synthesis 207 9.2.1 The Modification of Natural Cellulosic Materials, Gums, and Proteins 207 9.2.2 Synthetic Polymeric Surfactants 208 9.3 Polymeric Surfactants at Interfaces: Structure and Methodology 213 9.4 The Interactions of “Normal” Surfactants with Polymers 214 9.4.1 Surfactant–Polymer Complex Formation 215 9.4.2 Nonionic Polymers 218 9.4.3 Ionic Polymers and Proteins 219 9.5 Polymers, Surfactants, and Solubilization 222 9.6 Surfactant–Polymer Interactions in Emulsion Polymerization 223 10 Emulsions 225 10.1 The Liquid–Liquid Interface 226 10.2 General Considerations of Emulsion Stability 227 10.2.1 The Lifetimes of Typical Emulsions 230 10.2.2 Theories of Emulsion Stability 232 10.3 Emulsion Type and the Nature of the Surfactant 233 10.4 Surface Activity and Emulsion Stability 235 10.5 Mixed Surfactant Systems and Interfacial Complexes 239 10.6 Amphiphile Mesophases and Emulsion Stability 242 10.7 Surfactant Structure and Emulsion Stability 245 10.7.1 The Hydrophile–Lipophile Balance (HLB) 245 10.7.2 Phase Inversion Temperature (PIT) 250 10.7.3 Application of HLB and PIT in Emulsion Formulation 251 10.7.4 The Effects of Additives on the “Effective” HLB of Surfactants 253 10.8 Multiple Emulsions 254 10.8.1 Nomenclature for Multiple Emulsions 254 10.8.2 Preparation and Stability of Multiple Emulsions 254 10.8.3 Pathways for Primary Emulsion Breakdown 255 10.8.4 The Surfactants and Phase Components 256 11 Foams and Liquid Aerosols 259 11.1 The Physical Basis for Foam Formation 260 11.2 The Role of Surfactant in Foams 263 11.2.1 Foam Formation and Surfactant Structure 266 11.2.2 Amphiphilic Mesophases and Foam Stability 268 11.2.3 The Effects of Additives on Surfactant Foaming Properties 269 11.3 Foam Inhibition 271 11.4 Chemical Structures of Antifoaming Agents 272 11.5 A Summary of the Foaming and Antifoaming Activity of Additives 273 11.6 The Spreading Coefficient 274 11.7 Liquid Aerosols 276 11.7.1 The Formation of Liquid Aerosols 276 11.7.1.1 Spraying and Related Mechanisms of Mist and Fog Formation 276 11.7.1.2 Nozzle Atomization 277 11.7.1.3 Rotary Atomization 278 11.7.2 Aerosol Formation by Condensation 279 11.7.3 Colloidal Properties of Aerosols 282 11.7.3.1 The Dynamics of Aerosol Movement 282 11.7.3.2 Colloidal Interactions in Aerosols 284 12 Solid Surfaces: Adsorption, Wetting, and Dispersions 287 12.1 The Nature of Solid Surfaces 287 12.2 Liquid Versus Solid Surfaces 290 12.3 Adsorption at the Solid–Liquid Interface 291 12.3.1 Adsorption Isotherms 292 12.3.2 Mechanisms of Surfactant Adsorption 293 12.3.2.1 Dispersion Forces 294 12.3.2.2 Polarization and Dipolar Interactions 295 12.3.2.3 Electrostatic Interactions 296 12.3.3 The Electrical Double Layer 297 12.4 The Mechanics of Surfactant Adsorption 298 12.4.1 Adsorption and the Nature of the Adsorbent Surface 299 12.4.2 Nonpolar, Hydrophobic Surfaces 299 12.4.3 Polar, Uncharged Surfaces 300 12.4.4 Surfaces Having Discrete Electrical Charges 301 12.5 Surfactant Structure and Adsorption from Solution 303 12.5.1 Surfaces Possessing Strong Charge Sites 303 12.5.2 Adsorption by Uncharged, Polar Surfaces 306 12.5.3 Surfactants at Nonpolar, Hydrophobic Surfaces 306 12.6 Surfactant Adsorption and the Character of Solid Surfaces 307 12.7 Wetting and Related Phenomena 308 12.7.1 Surfactant Manipulation of the Wetting Process 311 12.7.2 Some Practical Examples of Wetting Control By Surfactants 314 12.7.3 Detergency and Soil Removal 314 12.7.4 The Cleaning Process 314 12.7.5 Soil Types 315 12.7.6 Solid Soil Removal 316 12.7.7 Liquid Soil Removal 317 12.7.8 Soil Re-deposition 318 12.7.9 Correlations of Surfactant Structure and Detergency 319 12.7.10 Nonaqueous Cleaning Solutions 320 12.8 Suspensions and Dispersions 321 13 Special Topics in Surfactant Applications 323 13.1 Surfactants in Foods 323 13.1.1 The Legal Status of Surfactants in Food Products 324 13.1.2 Typical Food Emulsifier Sources 324 13.1.3 Chemical Structures of Some Important Food Emulsifiers 326 13.1.3.1 Monoglycerides 326 13.1.3.2 Derivatives of Monoglycerides 327 13.1.3.3 Derivatives of Sorbitol 329 13.1.3.4 Polyhydric Emulsifiers 330 13.1.3.5 Polyglycerol Esters 331 13.1.3.6 Sucrose Esters 331 13.1.3.7 Anionic Food Emulsifiers 332 13.1.3.8 Lecithin 333 13.2 Some Important Functions of Surfactants in Food Products 334 13.2.1 Emulsifiers as Crystal Modifiers in Food 335 13.2.2 Bakery Products 337 13.2.2.1 Anti-staling Agents 338 13.2.2.2 Starch–Emulsifier Complexation 339 13.2.2.3 Dough Strengtheners 340 13.2.2.4 Aerating Agents 341 13.2.3 Emulsifier Use in Dairy and Nondairy Substitutes 342 13.2.3.1 What Makes Milk “Milk”? 343 13.2.3.2 Surfactant Uses in Cheeses and Cheese Substitutes 344 13.2.3.3 Surfactant Use in Deserts and Yogurts 344 13.2.3.4 Butter and Margarine 344 13.2.3.5 Whipped Cream and Nondairy Whipped Toppings 345 13.2.3.6 Dairy Drinks 347 13.2.3.7 Ice Cream 347 13.2.3.8 Coffee Whiteners 348 13.2.4 Protein Emulsifiers in Foods 349 13.2.4.1 Proteins as Foam Stabilizers 351 13.2.4.2 Proteins as Emulsifying Agents 352 13.2.4.3 Protein–Low Molecular Weight Emulsifier Interactions 353 13.3 Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Applications 354 13.4 Petroleum and Natural Gas Extraction 355 13.4.1 Enhanced Oil Recovery 356 13.4.2 Hydraulic Fracturing or “Fracking” 358 13.5 Paints and Surface Coatings 359 13.5.1 Interfaces in Paints and Coatings 360 13.5.2 Wetting and Dispersing Additives 361 13.5.3 Wetting Agents 363 13.5.4 Dispersing Agents 363 13.5.5 Surface Wetting with Silicone Surfactants 366 14 “Multiheaded” Amphiphiles: Gemini and Bolaform Surfactants 369 14.1 Two (or More) Can Be Better Than One 369 14.1.1 Structural Characteristics of Gemini Surfactants 370 14.1.2 Some Synthetic Pathways to Gemini Structures 371 14.1.3 Important Surfactant Properties of Gemini Surfactants 372 14.1.4 Some “Outside the Box” Potential Applications of Gemini Surfactants 375 14.2 Bolaform Surfactants 377 14.3 Chemical Structures and Self-Assembly Patterns 380 Chapter Bibliographies 381 Index 389

Autorenportrait

DREW MYERS obtained his Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry with secondary specialization in Medicinal Chemistry at the University of Utah in 1974 and his M.Sc. in Surface and Colloid Science at the University of Bristol in 1979. He has been a consultant in surface, colloid, organic, and polymer chemistry since 1986.

Back cover copy

A COMPLETE INTRODUCTION TO THE FIELD OF SURFACTANT SCIENCE Surfactant Science and Technology, 4th Edition brings together all the necessary foundational concepts of surfactant science in an easy-to-read and well-organized textbook. Aimed at junior students in the field and professionals who require a fundamental understanding of the field of surfactants, this book assumes no prior knowledge of its subject matter. The book includes discussions of the: <ul> <li>Study and use of surfactants</li> <li>Molecular nature of the interactions of surface-active materials</li> <li>Consequences the presence of surfactants can have on system characteristics and performance</li> </ul> Its fourteen comprehensive chapters include information on classes and applications of natural surfactants and surfactant crystal structures and their effects on applications. The book's topics include a discussion of the environmental impacts and consequences of various types of surfactant use. Surfactant Science and Technology educates its readers on subjects as wide-ranging as aerosols and foams, emulsions, and polymeric surfactants.