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Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

Formation, Functional Properties, and Interfaces
1. Aufl.

von: Oliver Diwald, Thomas Berger
335,99 €
Verlag:	Wiley
Format:	PDF
Veröffentl.:	01.09.2021
ISBN/EAN:	9781119436799
Sprache:	englisch
Anzahl Seiten:	896

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Titelbeschreibung

Metal Oxide Nanoparticles A complete nanoparticle resource for chemists and industry professionals Metal oxide nanoparticles are integral to a wide range of natural and technological processes—from mineral transformation to electronics. Additionally, the fields of engineering, electronics, energy technology, and electronics all utilize metal oxide nanoparticle powders. Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: Formation, Functional Properties, and Interfaces presents readers with the most relevant synthesis and formulation approaches for using metal oxide nanoparticles as functional materials. It covers common processing routes and the assessment of physical and chemical particle properties through comprehensive and complementary characterization methods. This book will serve as an introduction to nanoparticle formulation, their interface chemistry and functional properties at the nanoscale. It will also act as an in-depth resource, sharing detailed information on advanced approaches to the physical, chemical, surface, and interface characterization of metal oxide nanoparticle powders and dispersions.<ul><li>Addresses the application of metal oxide nanoparticles and its economic impact</li><li>Examines particle synthesis, including the principles of selected bottom-up strategies</li><li>Explores nanoparticle formulation—a selection of processing and application routes</li><li>Discusses the significance of particle surfaces and interfaces on structure formation, stability and functional materials properties</li><li>Covers metal oxide nanoparticle characterization at different length scales</li></ul>With this valuable resource, academic researchers, industrial chemists, and PhD students can all gain insight into the synthesis, properties, and applications of metal oxide nanoparticles.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

List of contributors Preface Part I Introduction 1 Metal Oxides and Specific Functional Properties at the Nanoscale Oliver Diwald 1.1 A Cross-Sectional Topic in Materials Science and Technology 1.2 Metal Oxides: Bonding and Characteristic Features 1.3 Regimes of Size-Dependent Property Changes and Confinement Effects 1.4 Distribution of Nanoparticle Properties 1.5 Structure and Morphology 1.5.1 Confinement and Structural Disorder 1.5.2 Surface Free Energy Contributions and Metastability 1.5.3 Shape 1.6 Electronic Structure and Defects 1.6.1 Size-Dependent Defect Formation Energies and Their Impact on Surface Reactivity 1.7 Surface Chemistry 1.8 Metal Oxide Nanoparticle Ensembles as Dynamic Systems 1.9 Organization of This Book 2 Application of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and their Economic Impact Karl-Heinz Haas 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Nanomaterials and Nanoobjects 2.1.2 Selection of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 2.2 Scientific and Patent Landscape 2.3 Types of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles, Properties, and Application Overview 2.4 Use Forms of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Related Processing 2.4.1 Metal Oxide Nanoparticle Powders for Ceramics 2.4.2 Metal Oxide Nanoparticle Dispersions 2.4.3 Composites 2.4.3.1 Polymer Based (Bulk and Coatings) 2.4.3.2 Metal Reinforcement 2.4.4 Combination with Powders of Micrometer Sized particles 2.5 Application Fields of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 2.5.1 Agriculture 2.5.2 Sensors and Analytics 2.5.3 Automotive 2.5.4 Biomedical/Dental 2.5.4.1 Therapy 2.5.5 Catalysis 2.5.6 Consumer Products: Cosmetics, Food, Textiles 2.5.7 Construction 2.5.8 Electronics Including Magnetics 2.5.9 Energy 2.5.10 Environment, Resource Efficiency, Processing 2.5.11 Oil Field Chemicals and Petroleum Industries 2.5.12 Optics/Optoelectronics and Photonics 2.6 Economic Impact 2.7 Conclusion and Outlook Part II Particle Synthesis: Principles of Selected Bottom-up Strategies 3 Nanoparticle Synthesis in the Gas Phase Matthias Niedermaier, Thomas Schwab, and Oliver Diwald 3.1.Introduction 3.2.Some Key Issues of Particle Formation in the Gas Phase and in Liquids 3.3.Gas Phase Chemistry, Particle Dynamics, and Agglomeration 3.4.Gas-to-Particle Conversion 3.4.1.Physical Processes 3.4.2.Chemical Processes 3.5.Particle-to-Particle Conversion 3.5.1 Approaches and Precursors 3.5.2.Particle Formation 3.5.3.Experimental Realization 3.5.4.Spray Pyrolysis and Flame-Assisted Spray Pyrolysis 3.6.Gas Phase Functionalization Approaches 4 Liquid-Phase Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Andrea Feinle and Nicola Hüsing 4.1 Introduction 4.2 General Aspects 4.2.1 Liquid-Phase Chemistry 4.2.2 Nucleation, Growth, and Crystallization 4.3 Synthetic Procedures 4.3.1 (Co)Precipitation 4.3.2 Sol–Gel Processing 4.3.3 Polyol-Mediated Synthesis/Pechini Method 4.3.4 Hot-Injection Method 4.3.5 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Processing 4.3.6 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis 4.3.7 Sonication-Assisted Synthesis 4.3.8 Synthesis in Confined Spaces 4.4 Summary 5 Controlled Impurity Admixture: From Doped Systems to Composites Alessandro Lauria and Markus Niederberger 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Liquid-Phase Synthesis of Doped Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 5.3 Gas-Phase Synthesis of Doped Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 5.4 Solid-State Synthesis of Doped Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 5.5 Phase Segregation: Formation of Heterostructures 5.6 Core/Shell and Heteromultimers 5.7 Summary and Conclusions Part III Nanoparticle Formulation: A Selection of Processing and Application Routes 6 Colloidal Processing Thomas Berger 6.1 Towards Complex Shaped and Compositionally Well-Defined Ceramics: The Need for Colloidal Processing 6.2 Colloidal Processing Fundamentals 6.2.1 Interparticle Forces 6.2.1.1 Electric Double Layer Forces 6.2.1.2 Polymer-Induced Forces 6.2.2 Forming and Consolidation Techniques 6.2.2.1 Drained Casting Techniques 6.2.2.2 Tape-Casting Techniques 6.2.2.3 Constant Volume Techniques 6.2.2.4 Drying and Cracking 6.3 Rheology of Suspensions 6.4 Electrostatic Heteroaggregation of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 6.4.1 Modification of Colloidal Stability by Heteroaggregation 6.4.2 Structure Evolution upon Heteroaggregation in Binary Nanoparticle Dispersions 6.4.3 Rheological Properties of Binary Heterocolloids 6.4.4 Functional Properties of Heteroaggregates 6.5 Ice-Templating-Enabled Porous Ceramic Structures: A Case Example of the Impact of Nanoparticles on Colloidal Processes and Material Properties 6.5.1 Ice-Templating of Colloidal Particles 6.5.2 Capabilities of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Ice-Templating 6.5.2.1 Optimization of the Mechanical Properties of Green Bodies and Sintered Parts 6.5.2.2 Hierarchical Porosity and High Surface Area Materials 6.5.2.3 Triple Phase Boundaries Between Entangled Percolating Networks Consisting of Two Inorganic Phases and a Hierarchical Pore System 6.6 From Colloidal Processing to Nanoparticle Assembly: Towards the Control of Particle Arrangement Over Several Length Scales 7 Fabrication of Metal Oxide Nanostructures by Materials Printing Petr Dzik, Michal Veselý, and Oliver Diwald 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Traditional Coating and Printing Techniques 7.3 Inkjet Printing 7.3.1 A Brief Introduction into IJP Technology and the Process Scheme 7.3.2 Functional Ink Formulation Issues 7.3.3 Drop Generation 7.3.4 Drop Interaction with the Substrate 7.3.5 Drop Drying and Pattern Formation 7.3.6 Printing Quality 7.3.7 Equipment and Printing Devices 7.4 Printing of Metal Oxide Structures: The Materials Aspect 7.4.1 Insulating Metal Oxides 7.4.2 Semiconducting Metal Oxides 7.4.3 Conducting Metal Oxides 7.5 Examples for Complex Printed Functional Structures: The Device Aspect 7.5.1 Printed Photoelectrochemical Cell 7.5.2 Flexible pH Sensors by Large Scale Layer-by-layer Inkjet Printing 7.6 Conclusions and Outlook 8 Nanoscale Sintering Kathy Lu and Kaijie Ning 8.1 Background 8.2 Challenges and New Aspects of Nanoparticle Material Sintering 8.3 Questionable Nature of Existing Sintering Theories 8.4 3D Reconstruction 8.4.1 Focused Ion Beam Cross-Sectioning and SEM Imaging 8.4.2 X-ray Microtomography 8.5 Functions of Pores 8.6 Sintering of Small Features 8.6.1 New Sintering Questions 8.6.2 Role of Pore Number in Small Feature Sintering 8.6.3 Grain Boundary Diffusion vs. Grain Boundary Migration in Small Feature Sintering 8.6.4 Ceramic Type Effect on Small Feature Sintering 8.6.5 Atmosphere Effect on Small Feature Sintering 8.7 Summary Part IV Metal Oxide Nanoparticle Characterization at Different Length Scales 9 Structure: Scattering Techniques Günther J. Redhammer 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 Scattering and Diffraction 9.1.2 What to Learn from a Diffraction Experiment? 9.2 Theoretical Background 9.2.1 Crystal Lattice, Planes, and Bragg’s Law 9.2.1.1 Crystal Planes and Interplanar Distance 9.2.1.2 The Reciprocal Lattice 9.2.1.3 Bragg’s Law 9.2.2 The Intensity of a Bragg Peak 9.2.3 The Profile of a Bragg Peak 9.2.3.1 Instrumental Broadening 9.2.3.2 Sample Broadening 9.2.3.3 Analytical Description of Peak Shapes 9.3 Experimental Setup 9.3.1 Single vs. Polycrystalline Samples 9.3.2 Powder Diffraction Methods 9.3.2.1 Reflection Geometry 9.3.2.2 Transmission Geometry 9.3.2.3 Grazing Incident Diffraction (GID) 9.3.2.4 Sample Preparation 9.4 Some Selected Applications 9.4.1 Qualitative Phase Analysis 9.4.2 Quantitative Phase Analysis – The Rietveld Method 9.4.3 Microstructure Analysis: Size and Strain 9.5 X-ray Diffraction on Magnetite Nanoparticles 9.6 Conclusion 10 Morphology, Structure, and Chemical Composition: Transmission Electron Microscopy and Elemental Analysis Joanna Gryboś, Paulina Indyka, and Zbigniew Sojka 10.1 Size, Shape, and Composition of Oxide Nanoparticles 10.2 Interaction of the Incident Electrons with a Specimen 10.3 The Transmission Electron Microscope 10.3.1 Microscope Design and Operation Modes 10.3.2 Contrast Type and Image Formation 10.3.3 Resolution Limits of TEM Images 10.4 Imaging and Analysis of Morphology 10.4.1 Sample Preparation 10.4.2 Shape Retrieving 10.4.2.1 Aligned Nanocrystals 10.4.2.2 Randomly Oriented Nanocrystals 10.4.3 Particle Size Determination 10.5 Crystallographic Phase Identification – Electron Diffraction 10.5.1 Bragg Condition – Kinematical and Dynamical Diffraction 10.5.2 Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED) 10.5.3 Nanodiffraction 10.6 Chemical Composition Mapping – EDX and EELS Nanospectroscopy 10.6.1 Correlating Image with Spectroscopic EDX and EELS Information – Data Cubes 10.6.2 Composition Mapping with EDX Spectroscopy 10.6.3 Chemical State Imaging with EELS Spectroscopy 11 Electronic and Chemical Properties: X-ray Absorption and Photoemission Paolo Dolcet and Silvia Gross 11.1 Introduction and Scope of the Chapter 11.2 Basics of X-rays – Matter Interaction 11.3 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 11.3.1 Theoretical Background 11.3.2 Features and Analysis of X-ray Photoelectron Spectra 11.3.3 XPS Investigation of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Metal Oxide Colloidal Suspensions 11.3.3.1 Solid–Liquid Interfaces and Nanoparticles in Suspension: Liquid-Jet and Ambient Pressure XPS 11.3.3.2 Valence Band XPS for the Investigation of Oxides 11.3.4 XPS Spectrometer Equipment: Components and Sources 11.3.5 Performing XPS Experiments 11.3.5.1 Planning of the Analysis and Sample Preparation 11.3.6 XPS Qualitative and Quantitative Data Analysis and Fitting 11.4 X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) 11.4.1 X-ray Absorption Theory 11.4.2 XAS for the Investigation of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 11.4.2.1 Materials for Oxygen Evolution Reaction 11.4.2.2 Point Defects and Ferromagnetism 11.4.3 Anatomy of a XAS Beamline 11.4.4 The XAS Experiment: Obtaining Beamtime, Sample Preparation 11.5 Case Studies for the Combined Use of XPS and XAS in Oxide Analysis 11.6 Concluding Remarks: Complementarities and Differences of XPS and XAS 12 Optical Properties: UV/Vis Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy and Photoluminescence Thomas Berger and Anette Trunschke 12.1 Interaction of Metal Oxide Particle-Based Materials with Light 12.2 Spectroscopic Techniques 12.2.1 Transmission Spectroscopy 12.2.2 Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy 12.2.2.1 Kubelka–Munk Theory 12.2.2.2 Measurement of Absorption Spectra in Diffuse Reflectance 12.2.2.3 Experimental Constraints and Sources of Error 12.2.2.4 Optical Accessories 12.2.3 Photoluminescence Spectroscopy 12.2.3.1 Principles of Photoluminescence Spectroscopy 12.2.3.2 Inorganic Luminescent Particles 12.2.4 In Situ Cells and Measurement Configurations 12.3 Types of Transitions 12.3.1 UV Region (5.0–2.5 eV) 12.3.1.1 Charge Transfer (CT) Transitions 12.3.1.2 Band-to-Band Transitions 12.3.1.3 Excitonic Surface States in Highly Dispersed Insulating Metal Oxides 12.3.1.4 Organic Ligands and Adsorbates 12.3.2 Visible Region (3.5–1.5 eV) 12.3.2.1 Metal Centered Transitions 12.3.2.2 Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance 12.3.3 Near-Infrared Region (1.5–0.5 nm) 12.3.3.1 Intraband Transitions: Free Carrier Absorption 12.3.3.2 Vibrational Transitions 12.3.3.3 Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance in Degenerately Doped Metal Oxide Semiconductor Nanocrystals 12.4 Case Studies 12.4.1 Heterogeneous Catalysis 12.4.2 Adsorption and Reaction of Porphyrins on Highly Dispersed MgO Nanocube Powders 13 Vibrational Spectroscopies Christian Hess 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Basic Principles of Vibrational Spectroscopies 13.2.1 IR Spectroscopy 13.2.2 Raman Spectroscopy 13.2.3 Inelastic Neutron Scattering (INS) 13.2.4 In Situ/Operando Characterization 13.3 Vibrational Properties of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 13.3.1 Structural Identification and Phase Transitions 13.3.2 Particle Size 13.3.3 Strain and Defects 13.3.4 Surface Hydroxyl Groups 13.3.5 Surface Oxygen Species 13.4 Case Study: Ceria Nanoparticles 13.5 Characterization of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Under Working Conditions 13.6 Conclusions 14 Solid State Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Yamini S. Avadhut and Martin Hartmann 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Basics of Solid-state NMR Spectroscopy 14.2.1 Magic Angle Spinning 14.2.2 Cross-Polarization 14.2.3 Multiple Quantum Magic Angle Spinning 14.3 Selected Examples 14.4 Basics of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 14.4.1 The Spin Hamiltonian of Paramagnetic Systems 14.4.2 Defects 14.4.3 Transition Metal Ions 14.5 Selected Example 15 Characterization of Surfaces and Interfaces Thomas Berger and Oliver Diwald 15.1 Interfaces Determine Stability and Functional Properties: From Manufactured Metal Oxide Nanoparticles to Surface Science Studies 15.2 From Crystal Faces to Nanocrystals: Surface Energetics and Wulff Constructions 15.2.1 Surface Tension, Surface Stress, and Surface Energy 15.2.2 Wulff Construction: A Starting Point for Modelling 15.2.3 Free Energies of Particle Formation and Particle Surfaces 15.3 Changing Interfaces and Microstructures 15.4 The Solid–Vacuum Interface 15.5 Solid–Vapor Interfaces: Thin Water Films as Reactive Environments 15.6 Solid–Liquid Interfaces 15.7 Solid–Solid Interfaces 15.8 Experimental Approaches for Surface and Interface Characterization 15.8.1 Gas Adsorption 15.8.2 He Pycnometry 15.8.3 Nonlinear Optics and Surface Specific Optical Probes 15.8.4 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 15.8.5 Zeta Potential, Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (AP-XPS), and Electrochemistry 15.8.6 Surface and Interface Energies 16 Adsorption and Chemical Reactivity Oliver Diwald and Martin Hartmann 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Some Principles and Key Issues of Adsorption 16.2.1 Physisorption, Chemisorption, and Potential Energy Diagrams 16.2.2 Sticking Probability, Surface Residence Time, and Adsorption Isotherms 16.3 Adsorption in Metal Oxide Nanoparticle Ensembles 16.3.1 Microstructure and Porosity 16.3.2 Adsorption and Diffusion 16.4 Thermal Techniques to Characterize Sorption 16.4.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) 16.4.2 Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) 16.4.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) 16.4.4 Calorimetry 16.5 Temperature-Programmed Techniques 16.5.1 Temperature-Programmed Desorption (TPD) 16.5.2 Temperature-Programmed Reduction (TPR) and Oxidation (TPO) 16.5.3 Temperature-Programmed Surface Reaction (TPSR) 16.6 Adsorption in Liquids – Nanoparticle Dispersions 16.6.1 General Aspects of Adsorption in Solution 16.6.2 Adsorption and Exchange of Ligands at the Colloidal Interface 16.6.3 Grafting of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles with Surfactants 16.7 Nature and Abundance of Catalytically Active Centers 16.8 Probes to Characterize Strength and Activity of Catalytic Sites 16.9 Catalytic Test Reactions 16.9.1 Acidic and Basic Catalysts 16.9.2 Redox Reactions 16.9.3 Bifunctional Catalysis 16.10 Stability and Aging of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Catalysis 17 Particle Characterization Technology Alfred P. Weber 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Sampling and Sample Preparation 17.2.1 Sampling 17.2.2 Sampling from the Gas Phase 17.2.3 Sampling from a Suspension and Sample Preparation 17.3 Image Analysis Techniques 17.3.1 Point operations 17.3.2 Linear Filter 17.3.3 Nonlinear Filter 17.3.4 Morphological Filtering 17.4 Counting Techniques for Single Suspended Nanoparticles 17.4.1 Wide Angle Laser Light Collector 17.4.2 Nano-Laser Doppler Anemometry (NanoLDA) 17.4.3 Condensation Particle Counter (CPC) 17.4.4 Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) 17.4.5 Comparison of NTA and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) 17.5 Separation Techniques 17.5.1 Field-Flow-Fractionation (FFF) 17.5.2 Analytical Ultracentrifugation 17.5.3 Differential Mobility Analyzer (DMA) 17.5.4 Low Pressure Impactor (LPI) 17.6 Multiparametric Particle Characterization 17.6.1 Aerosol Photoemission Spectroscopy (APES) 17.6.2 Multidimensional NTA on Nanosuspensions 17.6.3 Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) 17.7 Summary Part V Characterization of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles with Modelling 18 Atomistic Modeling of Oxide Nanoparticles Keith McKenna 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Methods 18.2.1 Interatomic Potentials 18.2.2 First Principles Methods 18.2.3 QM/MM (or Embedded Cluster) Methods 18.3 Structure of Nanoparticles 18.3.1 Kinetic vs. Thermodynamic Approaches 18.3.2 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D Defects in Nanoparticles 18.3.3 Interfaces Between Nanoparticles 18.4 Electronic Properties 18.4.1 Density of States 18.4.2 Ionization Energies and Electron Affinities 18.4.3 Optical Absorption Spectra 18.4.4 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance 18.5 Summary 19 Modeling of Reactions at Oxide Surfaces Henrik Grönbeck 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Computational Considerations 19.2.1 First Principles Calculations 19.2.2 Ab Initio Thermodynamics 19.2.3 Kinetic Modeling of Surface Reactions 19.3 Some Features of Reactions on Metal Oxide Surfaces 19.4 Adsorbate Pairing 19.4.1 Cooperative Adsorption 19.4.2 Effects of Electronic-Pairing in Modeling of Surface Reactions 19.4.3 Kinetic Modeling of Reactions at Oxide Surfaces 19.4.4 Trans-Ligand Effects 19.5 Reactions at Nanoparticles 19.5.1 Trends in Adsorption Properties 19.6 Conclusions 20 Mesoscale Modelling of Nanoparticle Formation Eirini Goudeli 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Nanoparticle Characterization 20.2.1 Agglomerate Radii 20.2.2 Fractal Dimension and Mass-Mobility Exponent 20.2.3 Dynamic Shape Factor 20.2.4 Relative Shape Anisotropy 20.3 Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics 20.4 Monte Carlo Simulations 20.5 Discrete Element Method 20.5.1 Collision Frequency Function 20.6 Particle Dynamics 20.7 Concluding Remarks Part IV Nanoparticles in Biological Environments 21 Biological Activity of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Martin Himly, Mark Geppert, and Albert Duschl 21.1 Bio-Nano Interaction 21.2 Interaction of Nanoparticles with Cells 21.2.1 Recognition of Nanoparticles by Cells 21.2.1.1 Uptake of Nanoparticles into Cells 21.2.1.2 Intracellular Fate and Interactions 21.3 Uptake Routes of Nanoparticles into the Body and Their Fate There 21.4 Biological Test Methods for Assessing Biological Activities and Hazards of Nanoparticles 21.4.1 In Vitro Methods 21.4.2 In Vivo Methods 21.4.3 Biological Endpoints 21.5 Exposure of Humans 21.5.1 Intentional Exposure 21.5.2 Unintentional Exposure 21.6 Nanoparticles in the Environment 21.7 Understanding and Regulating Risk Part VII Case Studies 22 The Properties of Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Pigments Robin Klupp Taylor 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Properties of Pigments with a Focus on Iron Oxides 22.2.1 Introduction by Way of a Commercial Pigment Example 22.2.2 Colorimetric Properties of Pigment Films 22.2.3 Pigments as Particle Based Optical Materials: General Considerations 22.2.4 Radiative Transfer in a Pigment Film: Kubelka–Munk Theory 22.2.5 Optical Properties of Metal Oxides for Color Pigments 22.2.5.1 Defining the Complex Refractive Index 22.2.5.2 Measuring the Complex Refractive Index 22.2.6 Microscopic Models for Light Scattering 22.2.6.1 Particles Much Smaller Than the Wavelength of Light 22.2.6.2 Spherical Particles Similar in Size or Larger Than the Wavelength of Light (Lorenz–Mie Theory) 22.2.6.3 Simulating Pigment Color Based on Spherical Particles 22.2.6.4 Simulating Pigment Color Based on Nonspherical Particles 23 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Varistors Oliver Diwald 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Principle of Operation and Microstructure 23.3 Varistor Manufacturing: The Conventional Approach in Industry 23.4 Why Use Synthetic ZnO Nanoparticle Powders as Raw Materials 23.5 Defect Engineering and Electronic Properties 23.6 Impurity Admixture for Microstructure Engineering 23.7 Synthesis of Varistor Nanoparticle Powders 23.8 Formulation and Shaping of ZnO Powders and Dispersions 23.9 Sintering 23.9.1 Alternative Approaches for the Sintering of Nanostructured ZnO Green Bodies 23.10 Cold Sintering and Ceramic–Polymer Composite Varistors 23.11 Concluding Remarks 24 Metal Oxide Nanoparticle-Based Conductometric Gas Sensors Thomas Berger 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Working Principle of Metal Oxide Particle-Based Conductometric Gas Sensors 24.3 Porous Layers Consisting of Loaded and Doped Metal Oxide Particles 24.3.1 Loaded Metal Oxide Particles 24.3.2 Doped Metal Oxide Particles 24.4 Metal Oxide Nanoparticle-Based Sensing Layers 24.5 Fabrication of Nanoparticle-Based Porous Thick Film Sensing Layers 24.5.1 Layer Deposition Involving Particle Dispersions 24.5.1.1 Synthesis of Sensing Materials 24.5.1.2 Screen Printing 24.5.1.3 Inkjet Printing 24.5.1.4 Drop Coating 24.5.2 Flame Spray Pyrolysis 24.6 Nanostructured Conductometric Gas Sensors for Breath Analysis

Autorenportrait

Oliver Diwald is Professor in the Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials at the Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Austria. His research interests include the physics and chemistry of metal oxide nanoparticle systems, characterization and engineering of defects in metal oxide nanostructures, and surface chemistry and photoexcitation studies on these materials.Thomas Berger is Associate Professor in the Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials at the Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Austria. His research interests include electrochemistry of semiconductor oxides, photoinduced processes in metal oxide particle powders, dispersions and porous films as well as adsorption studies on these materials.

Back cover copy

A complete nanoparticle resource for chemists and industry professionals Metal oxide nanoparticles are integral to a wide range of natural and technological processes—from mineral transformation to electronics. Additionally, the fields of engineering, electronics, energy technology, and electronics all utilize metal oxide nanoparticle powders. Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: Formation, Functional Properties, and Interfaces presents readers with the most relevant synthesis and formulation approaches for using metal oxide nanoparticles as functional materials. It covers common processing routes and the assessment of physical and chemical particle properties through comprehensive and complementary characterization methods. This book will serve as an introduction to nanoparticle formulation, their interface chemistry and functional properties at the nanoscale. It will also act as an in-depth resource, sharing detailed information on advanced approaches to the physical, chemical, surface, and interface characterization of metal oxide nanoparticle powders and dispersions.<ul><li>Addresses the application of metal oxide nanoparticles and its economic impact</li><li>Examines particle synthesis, including the principles of selected bottom-up strategies</li><li>Explores nanoparticle formulation—a selection of processing and application routes</li><li>Discusses the significance of particle surfaces and interfaces on structure formation, stability and functional materials properties</li><li>Covers metal oxide nanoparticle characterization at different length scales</li></ul>With this valuable resource, academic researchers, industrial chemists, and PhD students can all gain insight into the synthesis, properties, and applications of metal oxide nanoparticles.