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<p>Foreword xvii</p> <p>Preface xix</p> <p>Acknowledgments xxii</p> <p><b>1 Introduction 1</b></p> <p>1.1 The Beginning 1</p> <p>1.1.1 Historical Perspectives 2</p> <p>1.2 Importance of Waste Management in Sustainability, Ecological Health, and Climate Change 4</p> <p>1.2.1 Waste Management and Environmental Sustainability 6</p> <p>1.2.2 Waste Management and Human and Ecological Health 8</p> <p>1.2.3 Waste Management and Climate Change 9</p> <p>1.3 Overview of Waste Generation in the United States and Other Countries 10</p> <p>1.4 Future Perspectives on Waste Management 12</p> <p>1.5 Summary 13</p> <p>Study Questions 14</p> <p>References 15</p> <p>Supplementary Readings 15</p> <p>Web Resources 15</p> <p>Acronyms/Symbols 16</p> <p><b>2 Essentials of Geology, Geotechnics, and Toxicology 17</b></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 17</p> <p>2.2 Basic Concepts 18</p> <p>2.3 Geologic Cycles 27</p> <p>2.3.1 Rock Cycle 27</p> <p>2.3.2 Water (Hydrologic) Cycle 29</p> <p>2.3.3 Tectonic Cycle 30</p> <p>2.3.3.1 Significance of Plate Movement 33</p> <p>2.3.4 Geochemical Cycle 33</p> <p>2.3.5 Climate Cycle 33</p> <p>2.4 Earth Materials 33</p> <p>2.4.1 Rocks as Earth Materials 34</p> <p>2.4.1.1 Igneous Rocks 34</p> <p>2.4.1.2 Sedimentary Rocks 34</p> <p>2.4.1.3 Metamorphic Rocks 34</p> <p>2.4.1.4 Engineering Properties and Behavior of Rock Materials 34</p> <p>2.4.2 Soils as Earth Material 35</p> <p>2.4.3 Soil Formation 36</p> <p>2.4.3.1 Soil Profile 37</p> <p>2.4.3.2 Soil Texture 37</p> <p>2.5 Index Properties of Soils 38</p> <p>2.5.1 Void Ratio, Porosity, and Degree of Saturation 39</p> <p>2.5.2 Density 40</p> <p>2.5.3 Moisture (Water) Content 40</p> <p>2.5.4 Grain- Size Distribution 41</p> <p>2.5.5 Atterberg Limits 41</p> <p>2.5.6 Permeability 44</p> <p>2.6 Soil Classification Systems 45</p> <p>2.6.1 Soil Classification 45</p> <p>2.7 Hydrogeology 47</p> <p>2.7.1 Groundwater Occurrence 48</p> <p>2.7.2 Types of Aquifers 49</p> <p>2.7.3 Groundwater Movement 50</p> <p>Essentials of Toxicology 52</p> <p>2.8 Introduction 52</p> <p>2.8.1 Toxicity and Toxicity Rating 53</p> <p>2.8.2 Types of Toxic Effects 53</p> <p>2.9 Dose–Response Relationship 55</p> <p>2.9.1 Hypersensitivity and Hyposensitivity 57</p> <p>2.10 Exposure Paths of Toxicants to Humans 58</p> <p>2.10.1 Ingestion 58</p> <p>2.10.2 Inhalation 58</p> <p>2.10.3 Dermal Contact 58</p> <p>2.10.4 Injection 58</p> <p>2.11 Teratogenesis, Mutagenesis, and Carcinogenesis 58</p> <p>2.11.1 Teratogenesis 58</p> <p>2.11.2 Mutagenesis 59</p> <p>2.11.3 Carcinogenesis 59</p> <p>2.12 Assessment of Health Risks of Hazardous Waste 59</p> <p>2.13 Summary 60</p> <p>Study Questions 60</p> <p>References 62</p> <p>Supplemental Readings 63</p> <p>Web Resources 63</p> <p>Acronyms/Symbols 63</p> <p><b>3 Environmental Laws 64</b></p> <p>3.1 History and Evolution of Environmental Laws in the United States 64</p> <p>3.1.1 Foundation and Strength of US Environmental Laws 66</p> <p>3.2 Important Environmental Laws 66</p> <p>3.2.1 The Rivers and Harbors Act 69</p> <p>3.2.2 The Atomic Energy Act 70</p> <p>3.2.3 Solid Waste Disposal Act 70</p> <p>3.2.4 Resource Recovery Act 70</p> <p>3.2.5 National Environmental Policy Act 70</p> <p>3.2.6 Occupational Safety and Health Act 70</p> <p>3.2.7 Federal Water Pollution Control (Renamed Clean Water) Act 71</p> <p>3.2.8 Clean Air Act 71</p> <p>3.2.9 Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuary Act 73</p> <p>3.2.10 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act 73</p> <p>3.2.11 Safe Drinking Water Act 73</p> <p>3.2.12 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 80</p> <p>3.2.13 Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act 80</p> <p>3.2.14 Uranium Mill Tailings and Radiation Control Act 81</p> <p>3.2.15 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act 81</p> <p>3.2.16 Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act 81</p> <p>3.2.17 Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments Act 83</p> <p>3.2.18 Underground Storage Tanks Act 83</p> <p>3.2.19 Toxic Substance Control Act 83</p> <p>3.2.20 Low- Level Radioactive Waste Policy Act 84</p> <p>3.2.21 Nuclear Waste Policy Act 84</p> <p>3.2.22 Emergency Planning and Community Right- to- Know Act 84</p> <p>3.2.23 Medical Waste Tracking Act 86</p> <p>3.2.24 Indoor Radon Abatement Act 86</p> <p>3.2.25 Pollution Prevention Act 86</p> <p>3.3 Summary 86</p> <p>Study Questions 87</p> <p>References 88</p> <p>Web Resources 88</p> <p>Acronyms/Symbols 88</p> <p><b>4 Municipal Solid Waste 89</b></p> <p>4.1 Historical Perspective 89</p> <p>4.1.1 The United States Public Health Service and the American Public Works Association 90</p> <p>4.2 Introduction 91</p> <p>4.2.1 Environmental and Health Impacts from Mismanagement of Municipal Solid Waste 93</p> <p>4.3 US Laws Regulating Solid Waste Management 102</p> <p>4.3.1 The Solid Waste Disposal Act 102</p> <p>4.3.2 The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 102</p> <p>4.4 Source, Composition, and Quantity of MSW 103</p> <p>4.4.1 MSW Composition 103</p> <p>4.4.1.1 Special Wastes 106</p> <p>4.4.2 Quantity of MSW 106</p> <p>4.5 Collection and Disposal of MSW 107</p> <p>4.5.1 MSW Disposal 107</p> <p>4.5.2 Land Disposal 109</p> <p>4.5.3 Incineration and Waste- to- Energy Conversion 110</p> <p>4.5.4 Composting 112</p> <p>4.6 Physical and Chemical Properties of MSW 112</p> <p>4.6.1 Moisture Content 113</p> <p>4.6.2 Density 114</p> <p>4.6.3 Volume Reduction 114</p> <p>4.6.4 Compaction Ratio 115</p> <p>4.6.5 Permeability 115</p> <p>4.6.6 Energy (Heat) Content 115</p> <p>4.6.7 Field Capacity 116</p> <p>4.6.8 Particle Size Distribution 116</p> <p>4.7 Landfill 118</p> <p>4.7.1 Types of Landfills 119</p> <p>4.7.2 Daily Operation of a Sanitary Landfill 120</p> <p>4.7.3 Landfill Leachate 121</p> <p>4.7.4 Landfill Gases 123</p> <p>4.7.4.1 Landfill Gas Formation 123</p> <p>4.7.5 Landfill Design 125</p> <p>4.7.5.1 Landfill Siting Restrictions 126</p> <p>4.7.6 Landfill Design Criteria 127</p> <p>4.7.6.1 Leachate Collection and Removal System 129</p> <p>4.7.6.2 Landfill Gas Collection and Extraction System 130</p> <p>4.7.7 Landfill Area Requirement 131</p> <p>4.7.8 Landfill Site Selection 132</p> <p>4.7.8.1 Defining Purpose and Scope 132</p> <p>4.7.8.2 Office Study and Data Collection 132</p> <p>4.7.8.3 Field Investigations 133</p> <p>4.8 Bioreactor Landfill 134</p> <p>4.9 Waste Audit 136</p> <p>4.9.1 Waste Audit Methodology 136</p> <p>4.10 Summary 138</p> <p>Study Questions 138</p> <p>References 140</p> <p>Supplemental Reading 142</p> <p>Web Resources 143</p> <p>Acronyms/Symbols 143</p> <p><b>5 Hazardous Waste 145</b></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 145</p> <p>5.1.1 Hazardous Substance and Hazardous Waste 146</p> <p>5.1.2 Environmental and Health Problems 146</p> <p>5.2 US Laws Regulating Hazardous Waste 155</p> <p>5.2.1 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 155</p> <p>5.2.2 Toxic Substances Control Act 156</p> <p>5.2.3 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act 156</p> <p>5.2.4 Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments 157</p> <p>5.2.5 Underground Storage Tanks Act 157</p> <p>5.2.6 Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act 158</p> <p>5.2.7 Emergency Planning and Community- Right- to- Know Act 158</p> <p>5.2.8 Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act (Lautenberg Chemical Safety Act) 159</p> <p>5.3 Definition and Classification of Hazardous Waste 159</p> <p>5.3.1 The United States Environmental Protection Agency Criteria 159</p> <p>5.3.1.1 Listed Waste 160</p> <p>5.3.1.2 Characteristic Waste 161</p> <p>5.3.2 EU’s Classification of Hazardous Waste 165</p> <p>5.4 Sources and Generators of Hazardous Waste 166</p> <p>5.4.1 Categories of Hazardous Waste Generators 169</p> <p>5.5 Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Waste 170</p> <p>5.5.1 Hazardous Waste Storage 171</p> <p>5.5.2 Hazardous Waste Transportation 171</p> <p>5.6 Treatment of Hazardous Waste 172</p> <p>5.6.1 Hazardous Waste Treatment Methods 173</p> <p>5.6.1.1 Neutralization 173</p> <p>5.6.1.2 Sorption 173</p> <p>5.6.1.3 Precipitation 174</p> <p>5.6.1.4 Reverse Osmosis 174</p> <p>5.6.1.5 Stripping 175</p> <p>5.7 Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal 175</p> <p>5.7.1 Land Disposal 176</p> <p>5.7.1.1 Regulatory Aspects of Land Disposal 176</p> <p>5.7.2 Land Disposal Restrictions 176</p> <p>5.7.2.1 Key Provisions of the LDR Program 177</p> <p>5.7.2.2 Land Treatment/Disposal 177</p> <p>5.7.3 Secure Landfill 178</p> <p>5.7.3.1 Waste Piles 178</p> <p>5.7.3.2 Surface Impoundments 180</p> <p>5.7.3.3 Mine Storage/Disposal 181</p> <p>5.7.3.4 Deep Well Injection 181</p> <p>5.7.4 Thermal Treatment Methods 182</p> <p>5.7.4.1 Incineration 182</p> <p>5.7.4.2 Pyrolysis 183</p> <p>5.7.4.3 Other Thermal Destruction Methods 183</p> <p>5.7.5 Biological Methods 184</p> <p>5.7.6 Miscellaneous Disposal Methods 184</p> <p>5.7.6.1 Permeable Reactive Barriers 184</p> <p>5.7.6.2 Vitrification 186</p> <p>5.7.6.3 Wetlands 186</p> <p>5.7.6.4 Combination Methods 187</p> <p>5.7.7 Sustainable (Green) Remediation 190</p> <p>5.7.7.1 Triad Approach 190</p> <p>5.8 Superfund Program and Cleanup of Hazardous Waste Sites in the United States 191</p> <p>5.8.1 Remedial Actions under RCRA and CERCLA 192</p> <p>5.9 Summary 193</p> <p>Study Questions 194</p> <p>References 195</p> <p>Supplementary Reading 196</p> <p>Web Resources 196</p> <p>Acronyms/Symbols 197</p> <p><b>6 Medical Waste 198</b></p> <p>6.1 Introduction and Historical Context 198</p> <p>6.1.1 Definition 200</p> <p>6.2 Nature, Source, and Quantity of Medical Waste 202</p> <p>6.2.1 Nature of Medical Waste 202</p> <p>6.2.2 Sources of Medical Waste 204</p> <p>6.2.3 Wastes from Major Health Care Establishments 206</p> <p>6.2.4 Quantity of Medical Waste 207</p> <p>6.3 Hazards Associated with Regulated Medical Waste 210</p> <p>6.4 Treatment and Disposal of Medical Waste 216</p> <p>6.4.1 Methods of Treatment and Disposal of Regulated Medical Waste 217</p> <p>6.4.1.1 Thermal Treatment 217</p> <p>6.4.1.2 Biological Treatment 220</p> <p>6.4.1.3 Chemical Treatment 220</p> <p>6.4.1.4 Radiation- based Treatment 221</p> <p>6.5 The COVID- 19 Pandemic and Its Impact on Waste Management 221</p> <p>6.5.1 The Great Pandemic of 2020 and Medical Waste 222</p> <p>6.5.2 COVID- 19 Waste 225</p> <p>6.5.2.1 Determination of the Quantity of COVID- 19 Waste 225</p> <p>6.5.3 Reducing COVID- 19 Waste Quantity 227</p> <p>6.5.4 Waste Management Industry’s Response to COVID- 19 228</p> <p>6.6 Summary 228</p> <p>Study Questions 229</p> <p>References 230</p> <p>Supplementary Reading 232</p> <p>Web Resources 232</p> <p>Acronyms/Symbols 233</p> <p><b>7 Nuclear Waste 234</b></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 234</p> <p>7.1.1 Nuclear Waste 235</p> <p>7.1.2 Types of Nuclear Waste 235</p> <p>7.1.3 High- Level Wastes: SNF and HLW 235</p> <p>7.1.4 Nuclear Waste Management 237</p> <p>7.1.5 Early Years of Nuclear Waste Management in the USA 237</p> <p>7.2 Basics of Nuclear Science 238</p> <p>7.2.1 Radioactive Elements 238</p> <p>7.2.2 Radioactive Minerals 239</p> <p>7.2.3 Nuclear Fission and Electric Power Generation 239</p> <p>7.2.4 Energy Potential of Radioactive Elements and Use of Nuclear Energy 240</p> <p>7.2.4.1 Nuclear Energy for Electric Power Generation 242</p> <p>7.2.4.2 Other Uses of Nuclear Energy 245</p> <p>7.3 Radioactivity, Natural and Induced Radiation, and Half- Life 246</p> <p>7.3.1 Radioactivity 246</p> <p>7.3.2 Radiotoxicity 247</p> <p>7.3.3 Radiation Exposure and Acceptable Radiation Dose 248</p> <p>7.3.4 Induced Radioactivity 249</p> <p>7.3.5 Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials and Technologically Enhanced Radioactive Materials 250</p> <p>7.3.6 Radioactive Decay and Half- life 251</p> <p>7.4 Nuclear Waste 252</p> <p>7.4.1 Sources of Nuclear Waste 253</p> <p>7.4.2 Nuclear (Uranium) Fuel Cycle 254</p> <p>7.4.2.1 Spent Fuel Reprocessing 256</p> <p>7.4.3 Waste Forms and Packaging 256</p> <p>7.4.4 Nuclear Waste Management 257</p> <p>7.4.5 Nuclear Waste Classification 258</p> <p>7.4.5.1 The IAEA System 259</p> <p>7.4.5.2 The US System 259</p> <p>7.5 Laws Regulating Management of Nuclear Waste 262</p> <p>7.5.1 EU’s Nuclear Waste Management Law 262</p> <p>7.5.2 The United States Nuclear Waste Management Laws 262</p> <p>7.5.2.1 Low- Level Radioactive Waste 263</p> <p>7.5.2.2 High- Level Nuclear Waste 263</p> <p>7.6 Nuclear Waste Storage and Transportation 266</p> <p>7.6.1 Transportation of Nuclear Waste 266</p> <p>7.6.2 LLW Transportation 266</p> <p>7.6.3 TU/ILW Transportation 266</p> <p>7.6.4 HLW/SNF Transportation 267</p> <p>7.7 Nuclear Waste Disposal 267</p> <p>7.7.1 Low- Level Radioactive Waste Disposal 268</p> <p>7.7.2 Transuranic Waste Disposal 268</p> <p>7.7.3 High- Level Nuclear Waste Disposal 269</p> <p>7.7.4 HLW Management in the United States 272</p> <p>7.7.4.1 The Lyons Salt Mine Project 275</p> <p>7.7.4.2 Other US Repository Sites 276</p> <p>7.7.4.3 Politics of the Yucca Mountain Project 276</p> <p>7.8 Global Status of HLW Disposal 277</p> <p>7.8.1 Quantity of HLW 277</p> <p>7.8.2 United States 277</p> <p>7.8.3 Finland HLW Repository 281</p> <p>7.8.4 Sweden 283</p> <p>7.8.5 France 285</p> <p>7.8.6 HLW Management in Other Countries 285</p> <p>7.8.6.1 Shared Repository Concept 285</p> <p>7.9 Nuclear Waste From Reactor Decommissioning 287</p> <p>7.10 Summary 288</p> <p>Study Questions 290</p> <p>References 290</p> <p>Supplemental Reading 294</p> <p>Web Resources 294</p> <p>Acronyms/Symbols 295</p> <p>Unit Conversions 295</p> <p><b>8 Electronic Waste 296</b></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 296</p> <p>8.1.1 Metals in e- Waste 297</p> <p>8.1.2 Definition of Electronic Waste 298</p> <p>8.1.2.1 The United States 299</p> <p>8.1.2.2 European Union 299</p> <p>8.1.2.3 United Nations 299</p> <p>8.2 Laws Regulating Electronic Waste 302</p> <p>8.2.1 The United States 302</p> <p>8.2.2 The United Nations 302</p> <p>8.2.3 The EU 304</p> <p>8.3 Nature and Composition of Electronic Waste 304</p> <p>8.3.1 Planned Obsolescence 305</p> <p>8.3.2 Material Composition of e- Waste 306</p> <p>8.3.3 Material Composition of Desktop Computers 308</p> <p>8.3.4 Material Composition of Laptops 309</p> <p>8.3.5 Material Composition of Tablets 311</p> <p>8.3.6 Material Composition of Mobile Phones 311</p> <p>8.4 E- Waste Quantity 312</p> <p>8.4.1 Estimation of e- Waste Quantity 314</p> <p>8.5 E- Waste Recycling and Recovery of Valuable Metals 316</p> <p>8.5.1 Metal Recovery from E- Waste 317</p> <p>8.5.2 Benefits and Challenges of e- Waste Recycling 318</p> <p>8.6 Health and Environmental Impacts 319</p> <p>8.6.1 Informal E- Waste Recycling 319</p> <p>8.6.2 Health and Environmental Impacts of Informal Recycling 321</p> <p>8.7 Sustainable Management of E- Waste 324</p> <p>8.7.1 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and E- Waste 324</p> <p>8.7.2 Other Measures for Sustainable E- Waste Management 326</p> <p>8.8 Summary 326</p> <p>Study Questions 327</p> <p>References 328</p> <p>Supplementary Readings 331</p> <p>Web Resources 331</p> <p>Acronyms/Symbols 331</p> <p><b>9 Waste Minimization 332</b></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 332</p> <p>9.2 Definitions 333</p> <p>9.3 Approaches to Waste Minimization 334</p> <p>9.4 Recycling 339</p> <p>9.4.1 Plastic Recycling 342</p> <p>9.5 Innovative Waste Minimization Technologies 344</p> <p>9.5.1 Innovation in Plastic Packaging 344</p> <p>9.5.2 Microfactories 345</p> <p>9.5.3 Repurposing 346</p> <p>9.5.4 NGOs’ Efforts 346</p> <p>9.6 Waste Exchange 348</p> <p>9.7 Zero Waste 349</p> <p>9.7.1 Evolution and Implementation of the Zero Waste Concept 349</p> <p>9.7.2 Tool for Measuring ZW Success 350</p> <p>9.8 Ship Recycling 351</p> <p>9.8.1 Methods of Ship Recycling 351</p> <p>9.8.2 Ship Recycling – A Hazardous Occupation 352</p> <p>9.8.3 Modern Ship Recycling Industry 354</p> <p>9.8.4 International Treaties 358</p> <p>9.9 Airplane Recycling 359</p> <p>9.9.1 Airplane Recycling Market 359</p> <p>9.9.2 Airplane Recycling Standards 359</p> <p>9.9.3 Airplane Recycling 360</p> <p>9.9.4 Composites 361</p> <p>9.9.4.1 Composites Recycling 362</p> <p>9.10 Summary 363</p> <p>Study Questions 364</p> <p>References 365</p> <p>Supplemental Reading 367</p> <p>Web Resources 367</p> <p>Acronyms/Symbols 368</p> <p><b>10 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products 369</b></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 369</p> <p>10.1.1 Definition of PPCPs 371</p> <p>10.1.2 Nature of PPCPs 372</p> <p>10.1.3 What Comprises PPCPs 373</p> <p>10.2 Concerns for PPCPs 373</p> <p>10.3 Sources of PPCPs in the Environment 375</p> <p>10.3.1 PPCPs in Sewage Treatment Plants 377</p> <p>10.3.2 Occurrence of PPCPs in Drinking Water 378</p> <p>10.4 Environmental Impacts of PPCPs 378</p> <p>10.4.1 PPCPs in Drinking Water and Its Health Impact 378</p> <p>10.4.2 Treatment Technologies for PPCPs’ Removal 379</p> <p>10.5 Forensic Applications of PPCPs 380</p> <p>10.5.1 PPCPs’ Application in Geological Dating 380</p> <p>10.6 Research Status and Future Needs 382</p> <p>10.7 Summary 383</p> <p>Study Questions 384</p> <p>References 385</p> <p>Supplementary Reading 387</p> <p>Web Resources 387</p> <p>Acronyms/Symbols 388</p> <p>Glossary 389</p> <p>Index 414</p> <p>Geologic Time Scale 431</p> <p>Common Units and Conversion Factors 432</p> <p>United Nations’ classification of countries based on income (as of July 2021) 435</p>

<p><b>Syed E. Hasan</b> is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City (UMKC), USA. He is the author of the award-winning textbook <i>Geology and Hazardous Waste Management </i>and is the recipient of two Senior Fulbright Scholar awards. Dr. Hasan is a Fellow of the Geological Society of America, senior member of the Association of Environmental & Engineering Geologists, and a member of the American Geophysical Union.</p>

<p><b>An introductory textbook offering comprehensive coverage of the management of municipal, hazardous, medical, electronic, and nuclear waste</b></p> <p>Written by an experienced instructor in the field of solid waste management, this modern text systematically covers the five key types of solid wastes: municipal, hazardous/industrial, medical/biological, electronic, and nuclear, discussing their sources, handling, and disposal along with the relevant laws that govern their management. <p>With its emphasis on industry standards and environmental regulations, it bridges the gap between theoretical models and real-life challenges in waste disposal and minimization. <p>Instructors and students in environmental science, geology, and geography may use <i>Introduction to Waste Management: A Textbook</i> to better understand the five main types of solid waste and their management both from a local and a global perspective.

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