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<p>List of Contributors xix</p> <p>About the Editors xxv</p> <p>Preface xxvii</p> <p><b>1 Introduction to Natural Gas Monetization 1<br /></b><i>Nimir O. Elbashir</i></p> <p>1.1 Introduction 1</p> <p>1.2 Natural Gas Chain 2</p> <p>1.3 Monetization Routes for Natural Gas 4</p> <p>1.4 Natural Gas Conversion to Chemicals and Fuels 9</p> <p>1.5 Summary 13</p> <p>Acknowledgment 13</p> <p>References 13</p> <p><b>2 Techno-Economic Analyses and Policy Implications of Environmental Remediation of Shale GasWells in the Barnett Shales 15<br /></b><i>Rasha Hasaneen, Andrew Avalos, Nathan Sibley, and Mohammed Shammaa</i></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 15</p> <p>2.2 Shale Gas Operations 18</p> <p>2.3 The Barnett Shale 22</p> <p>2.4 Environmental Remediation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Using Natural Gas as a Fuel 22</p> <p>2.5 Environmental Remediation ofWater and Seismic Impacts 24</p> <p>2.6 Theoretical Calculations 28</p> <p>2.7 Results and Discussion 35</p> <p>2.8 Opportunities for Future Research 49</p> <p>References 50</p> <p><b>3 ThermodynamicModeling of Natural Gas and Gas Condensate Mixtures 57<br /></b><i>Epaminondas Voutsas, Nefeli Novak, Vasiliki Louli, Georgia Pappa, Eirini Petropoulou, Christos Boukouvalas, Eleni Panteli, and Stathis Skouras</i></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 57</p> <p>3.2 Thermodynamic Models 61</p> <p>3.3 Prediction of Natural Gas Dew Points 64</p> <p>3.4 Prediction of Dew Points and Liquid Dropout in Gas Condensates 70</p> <p>3.5 Case Study: Simulation of a Topside Offshore Process 75</p> <p>3.6 Concluding Remarks 81</p> <p>References 82</p> <p><b>4 CO₂ Injection in Coal Formations for Enhanced Coalbed Methane and CO2 Sequestration 89<br /></b><i>Ahmed Farid Ibrahim and Hisham A. Nasr-El-Din</i></p> <p>4.1 Coalbed Characteristics 89</p> <p>4.2 Adsorption Isotherm Behavior 91</p> <p>4.3 CoalWettability 95</p> <p>4.4 CO₂ Injectivity 101</p> <p>4.5 Pilot Field Tests 106</p> <p>4.6 Conclusions 108</p> <p>References 108</p> <p><b>5 Fluid Flow: Basics 113<br /></b><i>Paul A. Nelson, Todd J.Willman, and Vinay Gadekar</i></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 113</p> <p>5.2 Thermodynamics of Fluids 116</p> <p>5.3 Fundamental Equations of Fluid Mechanics 121</p> <p>5.4 Incompressible Pipeline Flow 126</p> <p>5.5 Laminar Flow 130</p> <p>5.6 Compressible Pipeline Flow 132</p> <p>5.7 Comparison with Crane Handbook 139</p> <p>References 142</p> <p><b>6 Fluid Flow: Advanced Topics 143<br /></b><i>Paul A. Nelson,MoyeWicks III, Todd J.Willman, and Vinay Gadekar</i></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 143</p> <p>6.2 Notation 143</p> <p>6.3 Piping Networks 145</p> <p>6.4 Meters 152</p> <p>6.5 Control Valves 159</p> <p>6.6 Two-Phase Gas-Liquid Flow 161</p> <p>References 171</p> <p><b>7 Use of Process Simulators Upstream Through Midstream 173<br /></b><i>Justin C. Slagle</i></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 173</p> <p>7.2 Upstream 174</p> <p>7.3 Midstream 183</p> <p>7.4 Going Further 192</p> <p>Acknowledgement 196</p> <p>References 196</p> <p><b>8 Optimization of Natural Gas Network Operation under Uncertainty 197<br /></b><i>Emmanuel Ogbe, Ali Elkamel,Michael Fowler, and Ali Almansoori</i></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 198</p> <p>8.2 Literature Review 199</p> <p>8.3 Natural Gas Supply Chains 200</p> <p>8.4 Optimization Model 202</p> <p>8.5 Computation Study 208</p> <p>8.6 Results and Discussion 209</p> <p>8.7 Conclusions and Recommendations 212</p> <p>References 213</p> <p>Appendix 215</p> <p>8.A.1 Stochastic Model for the Sources 216</p> <p>8.A.2 Stochastic Model for Mixing Stations 216</p> <p>8.A.3 Stochastic Model for End Users 217</p> <p>8.A.4 Stochastic Pipeline Performance Model 217</p> <p>8.A.5 Stochastic Compression Performance Model 217</p> <p><b>9 A Multicriteria Optimization Approach to the Synthesis of Shale Gas Monetization Supply Chains 219<br /></b><i>Ahmad Al-Douri, Debalina Sengupta, andMahmoud M. El-Halwagi</i></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 219</p> <p>9.2 Methodology 220</p> <p>9.3 Case Study 221</p> <p>9.4 Case Study Results 224</p> <p>9.4.1 Feedstock 224</p> <p>9.5 Conclusion 232</p> <p>References 232</p> <p><b>10 Study for the Optimal Operation of Natural Gas Liquid Recovery and Natural Gas Production 235<br /></b><i>MozammelMazumder and Qiang Xu</i></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 235</p> <p>10.2 Methodology Framework 237</p> <p>10.3 New Process Design for NGL Recovery 238</p> <p>10.4 Thermodynamic Analysis for Propane Refrigeration System 244</p> <p>10.5 Optimization for Natural Gas Liquefaction 245</p> <p>10.6 Conclusion 254</p> <p>Acknowledgements 254</p> <p>Abbreviations 254</p> <p>Nomenclature 255</p> <p>References 256</p> <p><b>11 Modeling and Optimization of Natural Gas Processing and Production Networks 259<br /></b><i>Saad A. Al-Sobhi,Munawar A. Shaik, Ali Elkamel, and Fatih S. Erenay</i></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 259</p> <p>11.2 Background and Process Description 260</p> <p>11.3 Simulation of Natural Gas Processing and Production Network 265</p> <p>11.4 LP Model for Natural Gas Processing and Production Network 274</p> <p>11.5 MILP Model for Design and Synthesis of Natural Gas Upstream Processing Network 280</p> <p>11.6 MILP Model for Design and Synthesis of Natural Gas Production Network 288</p> <p>11.7 Sustainability Assessment of Natural Gas Network 296</p> <p>11.7.1 Case Study 1 297</p> <p>11.7.2 Case Study 2 298</p> <p>11.7.3 Case Study 3 298</p> <p>11.8 Conclusion 300</p> <p>References 300</p> <p><b>12 Process Safety in Natural Gas Industries 305<br /></b><i>Monir Ahammad and M. SamMannan</i></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 305</p> <p>12.2 Incident History 306</p> <p>12.3 Process Safety Methods 309</p> <p>12.4 Equipment and Plant Reliability 312</p> <p>12.5 Facility Siting and Layout Optimization 315</p> <p>12.6 Relief System Design 323</p> <p>12.7 Toxic and Heavy Gas Dispersion 324</p> <p>12.8 Fire and Explosion 326</p> <p>12.9 Effective Mitigation System 329</p> <p>12.10 Regulatory Program and Management Systems for Process Safety and Risks 332</p> <p>12.11 Concluding Remarks 335</p> <p>Nomenclature 336</p> <p>References 338</p> <p><b>13 ThermodynamicModeling of Relevance to Natural Gas Processing 341<br /></b><i>Georgios M. Kontogeorgis and Eirini Karakatsani</i></p> <p>13.1 Introduction to the Problem 341</p> <p>13.2 The Models 343</p> <p>13.3 Systems Studied and Selected Results: Part 1. No Chemicals 348</p> <p>13.4 Systems Studied and Selected Results: Part 2.With Chemicals 360</p> <p>13.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 372</p> <p>Nomenclature 374</p> <p>Acknowledgment 376</p> <p>References 376</p> <p><b>14 Light Alkane Aromatization: Efficient use of Natural Gas 379<br /></b><i>Swarom R. Kanitkar and James J. Spivey</i></p> <p>14.1 Introduction 379</p> <p>14.2 Aromatization of Light Alkanes 381</p> <p>14.3 Future Perspective 394</p> <p>References 397</p> <p><b>15 Techno-Economic Analysis of Monetizing Shale Gas to Butadiene 403<br /></b><i>Ecem Özinan andMahmoud M. El-Halwagi</i></p> <p>15.1 Introduction 403</p> <p>15.2 Process Description 404</p> <p>15.3 Techno-Economic Analysis 406</p> <p>15.4 Conclusions 406</p> <p>References 411</p> <p><b>16 Fractionation of the Gas-to-Liquid Diesel Fuels for Production of On-Specification Diesel and Value-Added Chemicals 413<br /></b><i>Mostafa Shahin, Shaik Afzal, and Nimir O. Elbashir</i></p> <p>16.1 Introduction 413</p> <p>16.2 Experimental Study to Measure Properties of GTL Diesel for Different Specifications 416</p> <p>16.3 Experimental Study Results and Discussion 420</p> <p>16.4 MathematicalModels for Properties-Composition Relationship 427</p> <p>16.5 Summary and Conclusion 434</p> <p>References 437</p> <p><b>17 An Energy Integrated Approach to Design a Supercritical Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Products Separation and Solvent Recovery System 439<br /></b><i>Tala Katbeh, Nimir O. Elbashir, and Mahmoud El-Halwagi</i></p> <p>17.1 Introduction 439</p> <p>17.1.1 Block 1: Syngas Generation (Natural Gas Reformer) 439</p> <p>17.1.2 Block 2: Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis 440</p> <p>17.1.2.1 Conventional FT Reactors 441</p> <p>17.1.3 Introduction on the Utilization of Supercritical Fluids in the FT Synthesis 442</p> <p>17.1.3.1 Block 3: Products Upgrading 442</p> <p>17.2 Approach and Methodology 444</p> <p>17.2.1 The FT Reactor Conditions 445</p> <p>17.2.2 The Process Design Approach 445</p> <p>17.3 Results and Discussion 447</p> <p>17.3.1 Scenario 1: Separation of the Heavy Components First 447</p> <p>17.3.2 Alternate Separation Design for Scenario 1 450</p> <p>17.3.3 Scenario 2: Separation of theWater First 452</p> <p>17.3.4 Scenario 3: Separation of the Vapor and Liquid Components and Use of 3-phase Separator to RecoverWater, Solvent, and Syngas 455</p> <p>17.4 Conclusion 460</p> <p>Acknowledgements 461</p> <p>References 461</p> <p><b>18 Multi-Scale Models for the Prediction of Microscopic Structure and Physical Properties of Chemical Systems Related to Natural Gas Technology 463<br /></b><i>Konstantinos D. Papavasileiou, Manolis Vasileiadis, Vasileios K.Michalis, Loukas D. Peristeras, and Ioannis G. Economou</i></p> <p>18.1 Introduction 463</p> <p>18.2 Natural Gas Pipeline Transportation:Modeling Gas Hydrates 467</p> <p>18.3 Modeling Porous Media in Separation and Storage Procedures 470</p> <p>18.4 Molecular Simulation of Downstream Natural Gas Processing:The GTL Technology 476</p> <p>18.5 Future Outlook 485</p> <p>List of Abbreviations 487</p> <p>Acknowledgements 488</p> <p>References 488</p> <p><b>19 Natural Gas to Acetylene (GTA)/Ethylene (GTE)/Liquid Fuels (GTL) The Synfuels International, Inc. Process 499<br /></b><i>Kenneth R. Hall, Joel G. Cantrell, and Ben R.Weber, Jr</i></p> <p>19.1 Introduction 499</p> <p>19.2 Additive and Subtractive Processes 500</p> <p>19.3 The Synfuels Process 501</p> <p>19.4 Pilot Plant 503</p> <p>19.5 Location, Location, Location 505</p> <p>19.6 Biofuels 505</p> <p>19.7 Conclusion 507</p> <p><b>20 Natural-Gas-Based SOFC in Distributed Electricity Generation:Modeling and Control 509<br /></b><i>Gerald S. Ogumerem, Nikolaos A. Diangelakis, and Efstratios N. Pistikopoulos</i></p> <p>20.1 Introduction 509</p> <p>20.2 MathematicalModel 513</p> <p>20.3 Simulation 517</p> <p>20.4 MultiparametricModel Predictive Control (mpMPC) 519</p> <p>20.5 Closed-Loop Validation and Results 523</p> <p>20.6 Conclusion 523</p> <p>References 524</p> <p><b>21 Design of Synthetic Jet Fuel Using Multivariate Statistical Methods 527<br /></b><i>RajibMukherjee, Noof Abdalla, NasrMohamed,Marwan ElWash, Nimir O. Elbashir, and </i><i>MahmoudM. El-Halwagi</i></p> <p>21.1 Introduction 527</p> <p>21.2 Methodology 529</p> <p>21.3 Results and Discussions 534</p> <p>21.4 Conclusions 543</p> <p>Acknowledgements 543</p> <p>References 543</p> <p>Index 545</p>

"...an important book which should be purchased by all those involved both with the oil industry and with environmental topics." Edlard R. Adlard, Chromatographia (2019) 82:1423

<p><b>Nimir O. Elbashir,</b> Director of TEES Gas & Fuels Research Center and Professor of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Engineering, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar. <p><b>Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi,</b> Professor in theDepartment of Chemical Engineering, and Managing Director of TEES Gas and Fuels Research Center, Texas A&M University, USA. <p><b>Ioannis G. Economou</b> Associate Dean for Academic Affairs and Professor of Chemical Engineering at Texas A&M University at Qatar. <p><b>Kenneth R. Hall</b> is a Senior Consulting Engineer with Bryan Research & Engineering in Bryan, Texas USA.

<p><b>A comprehensive review of the current status and challenges for natural gas and shale gas production, treatment and monetization technologies</b> <p>N<i>atural Gas Processing from Midstream to Downstream</i> presents an international perspective on the production and monetization of shale gas and natural gas. The authors review techno-economic assessments of the midstream and downstream natural gas processing technologies. <p>Comprehensive in scope, the text offers insight into the current status and the challenges facing the advancement of the midstream natural gas treatments. Treatments covered include gas sweeting processes, sulfur recovery units, gas dehydration and natural gas pipeline transportation. <p>The authors highlight the downstream processes including physical treatment and chemical conversion of both direct and indirect conversion. The book also contains an important overview of natural gas monetization processes and the potential for shale gas to play a role in the future of the energy market, specifically for the production of ultra-clean fuels and value-added chemicals. This vital resource: <ul> <li>Provides fundamental chemical engineering aspects of natural gas technologies</li> <li>Covers topics related to upstream, midstream and downstream natural gas treatment and processing</li> <li>Contains well-integrated coverage of several technologies and processes for treatment and production of natural gas</li> <li>Highlights the economic factors and risks facing the monetization technologies</li> <li>Discusses supply chain, environmental and safety issues associated with the emerging shale gas industry</li> <li>Identifies future trends in educational and research opportunities, directions and emerging opportunities in natural gas monetization</li> <li>Includes contributions from leading researchers in academia and industry</li> </ul> <p>Written for Industrial scientists, academic researchers and government agencies working on developing and sustaining state-of-the-art technologies in gas and fuels production and processing, <i>Natural Gas Processing from Midstream to Downstream</i> provides a broad overview of the current status and challenges for natural gas production, treatment and monetization technologies.

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