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<p>List of Contributors xix</p> <p>Acknowledgments xxiii</p> <p>Preface xxv</p> <p><b>1 Mushrooms and Human Civilization 1<br /></b><i>Behari Lal Dhar</i></p> <p>1.1 Domestication of Mushrooms 2</p> <p>References 3</p> <p><b>2 Current Overview of Mushroom Production in the World 5<br /></b><i>Daniel J. Royse, Johan Baars and Qi Tan</i></p> <p>2.1 Lentinula edodes 6</p> <p>2.2 Pleurotus spp. 8</p> <p>2.3 Auricularia spp. 10</p> <p>2.4 Agaricus bisporus 10</p> <p>2.5 Flammulina velutipes 11</p> <p>2.6 Outlook 11</p> <p>References 12</p> <p><b>3 Mushrooms: Biology and Life Cycle 15<br /></b><i>Eustáquio Souza Dias and Manuela Rocha de Brito</i></p> <p>3.1 Life Cycle of Fungi 15</p> <p>3.2 The Subkingdom Dykaria 17</p> <p>3.3 Homothallism, Heterothallism, and Amphithallism 18</p> <p>3.4 Heterothallism 19</p> <p>3.5 Homothallism 19</p> <p>3.6 Amphithallism 20</p> <p>3.7 Mating Type Genes 21</p> <p>3.8 Agaricus brasiliensis (Syn = A. subrufescens or A. blazei): An Intriguing Example of Amphithallism 22</p> <p>3.9 Life Cycle of Uncultivated Mushrooms 24</p> <p>3.10 The Truffles 25</p> <p>3.11 Morels 25</p> <p>3.12 The Chanterelles 26</p> <p>3.13 The Matsutake 27</p> <p>3.14 Porcini 27</p> <p>3.15 Decreased Production of Mycorrhizal Mushrooms in the Northern Hemisphere 28</p> <p>3.16 Fitness of Filamentous Fungi 28</p> <p>3.17 Final Considerations 30</p> <p>References 31</p> <p><b>4 Genetic Aspects and Strategies for Obtaining Hybrids 35<br /></b><i>Manjit Singh and Shwet Kamal</i></p> <p>4.1 Agaricus bisporus 36</p> <p>4.2 Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus Species) 60</p> <p>4.3 Conclusion 72</p> <p>References 73</p> <p><b>5 Spawn Production 89<br /></b><i>Kasper Moreaux</i></p> <p>5.1 Our Spawn Industry Today 89</p> <p>5.2 Basics 90</p> <p>5.3 Spawn Production Techniques 92</p> <p>5.4 Strain Selection 101</p> <p>5.5 Strain Preservation and Degeneration 102</p> <p>5.6 Production of Mother Cultures and Mother Spawn 107</p> <p>5.7 Hygiene 114</p> <p>5.8 Sterilization, Disinfection, and Filtration 116</p> <p>5.9 Substrate Composition 122</p> <p>5.10 Incubation 123</p> <p>5.11 Conservation and Transport 127</p> <p>References 128</p> <p><b>6 Compost as a Food Base for Agaricus bisporus 129<br /></b><i>Jos Buth</i></p> <p>6.1 The Place of Agaricus Strains in Nature 129</p> <p>6.2 Compost Process Phase I 130</p> <p>6.3 Preparing Raw Materials 132</p> <p>6.4 Phase II 138</p> <p>6.5 Phase III 144</p> <p>References 147</p> <p><b>7 Casing Materials and Techniques in Agaricus bisporus Cultivation 149<br /></b><i>A. Pardo?]Giménez, J.E. Pardo and Diego C. Zied</i></p> <p>7.1 General Aspects of Casing and Fruiting 149</p> <p>7.2 Casing Materials 153</p> <p>7.3 Casing Related Techniques 158</p> <p>References 163</p> <p><b>8 The Bag or Block System of Agaricus Mushroom Growing 175<br /></b><i>Raymond Samp</i></p> <p>8.1 Overview of the System 175</p> <p>8.2 Bags and Blocks in Use 176</p> <p>8.3 Practical Use of the System – Phase I and Phase II 178</p> <p>8.4 Practical Use of the System – Spawning and Phase III 179</p> <p>8.5 Practical Use of the System – Casing through Cropping 186</p> <p>References 195</p> <p><b>9 The Mushroom Industry in the Netherlands 197<br /></b><i>Jos Buth</i></p> <p>References 209</p> <p><b>10 New Technology in Agaricus bisporus Cultivation 211<br /></b><i>Arcadio Gómez</i></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 211</p> <p>10.2 Stages and Operations of the Production System 211</p> <p>10.3 Conclusion 220</p> <p>References 220</p> <p><b>11 Insect, Mite, and Nematode Pests of Commercial Mushroom Production 221<br /></b><i>Danny Lee Rinker</i></p> <p>11.1 Fly Pests 221</p> <p>11.2 Mite Pests 230</p> <p>11.3 Nematode Pests 231</p> <p>References 235</p> <p><b>12 Mushroom Diseases and Control 239<br /></b><i>Francisco J. Gea and María J. Navarro</i></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 239</p> <p>12.2 Fungal Diseases 239</p> <p>12.3 Trichoderma Diseases 245</p> <p>12.4 Bacterial Diseases 253</p> <p>12.5 Viral Diseases 256</p> <p>Further Reading 257</p> <p><b>13 Harvesting and Processing of Mushrooms 261<br /></b><i>Juan Valverde</i></p> <p>13.1 Introduction 261</p> <p>13.2 Manual Harvesting 262</p> <p>13.3 Mechanical Harvesting 265</p> <p>13.4 Automatic Harvesting Systems 265</p> <p>13.5 Washing Mushrooms 267</p> <p>13.6 Canning Mushrooms 268</p> <p>13.7 Conclusions 268</p> <p>References 269</p> <p><b>14 Mushroom Farm Design and Technology of Cultivation 271<br /></b><i>Behari Lal Dhar</i></p> <p>14.1 Selection of Site and Pre-Requisites 272</p> <p>14.2 Components of a Mushroom Farm 273</p> <p>14.3 Mushroom Cultivation Technology 286</p> <p>14.4 Environmental Crop Management 293</p> <p>14.5 Cultivated Edible Specialty Mushrooms 295</p> <p>References 307</p> <p><b>15 Cultivation of Mushrooms in Plastic Bottles and Small Bags 309<br /></b><i>Katsuji Yamanaka</i></p> <p>15.1 Introduction 309</p> <p>15.2 Characteristics of Mushroom Cultivation in Plastic Bottles and Small Bags 310</p> <p>15.3 Cultivation Methods 319</p> <p>15.4 Diseases in Mushroom Cultivation in Plastic Bottles and Small Bags 333</p> <p>15.5 Pests in Mushroom Cultivation in Plastic Bottles and Small Bags 337</p> <p>References 338</p> <p><b>16 Cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus 339<br /></b><i>Alma E. Rodriguez Estrada and John Pecchia</i></p> <p>16.1 Pleurotus Species as Edible Fungi 339</p> <p>16.2 Pleurotus spp. as Recyclers 339</p> <p>16.3 Cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus 342</p> <p>References 356</p> <p><b>17 Characteristics, Production, and Marketing of the Sun Mushroom: The New Medicinal Cultivated Mushroom 361<br /></b><i>Diego Cunha Zied, José Emilio Pardo González, Eustáquio Souza Dias and Arturo Pardo Giménez</i></p> <p>17.1 Introduction 361</p> <p>17.2 Morphological Characteristics 362</p> <p>17.3 Spawn Production 363</p> <p>17.4 Compost (Phase I and II) 364</p> <p>17.5 Spawning and Mycelium Run 368</p> <p>17.6 Casing Layer 368</p> <p>17.7 Facilities used in the Production Process 370</p> <p>17.8 Pinning and Harvest 371</p> <p>17.9 Post-Harvest and Marketing 373</p> <p>17.10 Medicinal and Chemical Characteristics of Mushrooms 375</p> <p>17.11 Diseases and Pests 378</p> <p>17.12 Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) 382</p> <p>Acknowledgments 382</p> <p>References 382</p> <p><b>18 Cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum 385<br /></b><i>Xuan?]Wei Zhou</i></p> <p>18.1 Introduction 385</p> <p>18.2 Growing Conditions of Lingzhi 386</p> <p>18.3 Cultivating Patterns 388</p> <p>18.4 Production of the Substrate 392</p> <p>18.5 Preparation of Spawns and Inoculation 394</p> <p>18.6 Facilities 395</p> <p>18.7 Genetic Breeding 397</p> <p>18.8 Duration, Number of Flushes 400</p> <p>18.9 Diseases and Pests in the Cultivation of Lingzhi 403</p> <p>18.10 Medicinal Values 405</p> <p>Acknowledgments 407</p> <p>References 407</p> <p><b>19 Naturally Occurring Strains of Edible Mushrooms: A Source to Improve the Mushroom Industry 415<br /></b><i>Edgardo Albertó</i></p> <p>19.1 Edible Species and Their Cultivation 415</p> <p>19.2 Steps for the Domestication of Naturally Occurring Species 416</p> <p>19.3 Finding New Species for the Mushroom Production Industry: A Look Back at the Last Few Years 418</p> <p>19.4 Conclusions 423</p> <p>References 423</p> <p><b>20 Spent Mushroom Substrate Uses 427<br /></b><i>Danny Lee Rinker</i></p> <p>20.1 Introduction 427</p> <p>20.2 Characteristics of Spent Substrate 428</p> <p>20.3 Bioremediation 429</p> <p>20.4 Crop Production 431</p> <p>20.5 Reuse in the Cultivation of Mushrooms 432</p> <p>20.6 Food for Animals and Fish 433</p> <p>20.7 Pest Management 433</p> <p>20.8 Other Varied Uses 434</p> <p>20.9 Conclusion 435</p> <p>References 435</p> <p><b>21 Chemical, Nutritional, and Bioactive Potential of Mushrooms 455<br /></b><i>Isabel C.F.R. Ferreira, Ângela Fernandes and Sandrina A. Heleno</i></p> <p>21.1 Brief Introduction 455</p> <p>21.2 Chemical Composition and Nutritional Properties 455</p> <p>21.3 Bioactive Properties 476</p> <p>21.4 Conclusions 493</p> <p>References 493</p> <p><b>22 Medicinal Properties and Clinical Effects of Medicinal Mushrooms 503<br /></b><i>Solomon P. Wasser</i></p> <p>22.1 Introduction 503</p> <p>22.2 Current Perspectives and Advances 505</p> <p>22.3 Medicinal Mushroom Drugs 507</p> <p>22.4 Medicinal Mushroom Dietary Supplements 508</p> <p>22.5 Evidences, Challenges, and Unsolved Problems 511</p> <p>22.6 Medicinal Mushroom Natural Products as an Unclaimed Source for Drug Discovery 515</p> <p>22.7 Unsolved Problems in the Study of Structural Characteristics, Isolation Process, Receptor-Mediated Mechanism and Antitumor Activity of MM β-Glucans 517</p> <p>22.8 Medicinal Mushroom Clinical Studies 518</p> <p>22.9 Conclusions 533</p> <p>References 534</p> <p>Index 541</p>

<p><b> Edited by<br> Professor Dr Diego Cunha Zied</b> of Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Brazil and Researcher <b>Dr Arturo Pardo-Giménez</b> of Centro de Investigación, Experimentación y Servicios del Champiñón (CIES), Spain.

<p> Comprehensive and timely, <i>Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms: Technology and Applications</i> provides the most up to date information on the various edible mushrooms on the market. Compiling knowledge on their production, application and nutritional effects, chapters are dedicated to the cultivation of major species such as <i>Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Agaricus subrufescens, Lentinula edodes, Ganoderma lucidum</i> and others. With contributions from top researchers from around the world, topics covered include: <ul> <li>Biodiversity and biotechnological applications</li> <li>Cultivation technologies</li> <li>Control of pests and diseases</li> <li>Current market overview</li> <li>Bioactive mechanisms of mushrooms</li> <li>Medicinal and nutritional properties</li> </ul> <br> <p> Extensively illustrated with over 200 images, this is the perfect resource for researchers and professionals in the mushroom industry, food scientists and nutritionists, as well as academics and students of biology, agronomy, nutrition and medicine.

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