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Fundamentals of Analytical Toxicology


Fundamentals of Analytical Toxicology

Clinical and Forensic
2. Aufl.

von: Robert J. Flanagan, Eva Cuypers, Hans H. Maurer, Robin Whelpton

114,99 €

Verlag: Wiley
Format: EPUB
Veröffentl.: 27.05.2020
ISBN/EAN: 9781119122371
Sprache: englisch
Anzahl Seiten: 656

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Beschreibungen

<p><i>Fundamentals of Analytical Toxicology</i> is an integrated introduction to the analysis of drugs, poisons, and other foreign compounds in biological and related specimens. Assuming only basic knowledge of analytical chemistry, this invaluable guide helps trainee analytical toxicologists understand the principles and practical skills involved in detecting, identifying, and measuring a broad range of compounds in various biological samples. Clear, easy-to-read chapters provide detailed information on topics including sample collection and preparation, spectrophotometric and luminescence techniques, liquid and gas-liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry including hyphenated techniques.</p> <p>This new edition contains thoroughly revised content that reflects contemporary practices and advances in analytical methods. Expanding the scope of the 1995 World Health Organization (WHO) basic analytical toxicology manual, the text includes coverage of separation science, essential pharmacokinetics, xenobiotic absorption, distribution and metabolism, clinical toxicological and substance misuse testing, therapeutic drug monitoring, trace elements and toxic metals analysis, and importantly the clinical interpretation of analytical results.</p> Written by a prominent team of experienced practitioners, this volume: <ul> <li>Focuses on analytical, statistical, and pharmacokinetic principles</li> <li>Describes basic methodology, including colour tests and immunoassay and enzyme-based assays</li> <li>Outlines laboratory operations, such as method validation, quality assessment, staff training, and laboratory accreditation</li> <li>Follows IUPAC nomenclature for chemical names and recommended International Non-proprietary Name (rINN) for drugs and pesticides</li> <li>Includes discussion of 'designer drugs' (novel pharmaceutical substances NPS)</li> </ul> <p><i>Fundamentals of Analytical Toxicology: Clinical and Forensic, 2<sup>nd</sup> Edition</i> is an indispensable resource for advanced students and trainee analytical toxicologists across disciplines, such as clinical science, analytical chemistry, forensic science, pathology, applied biology, food safety, and pharmaceutical and pesticide development.</p>
<p>Preface xxiii</p> <p>Health and Safety xxv</p> <p>Nomenclature, Symbols, and Conventions xxvii</p> <p>Uniform Resource Locators xxix</p> <p>Amount Concentration and Mass Concentration xxxi</p> <p>Acknowledgements xxxiii</p> <p>List of Abbreviations xxxv</p> <p><b>Section A The Basics 1</b></p> <p><b>1 Analytical Toxicology: Overview 3</b></p> <p>1.1 Introduction 3</p> <p>1.2 Modern analytical toxicology 4</p> <p>1.3 Provision of analytical toxicology services 10</p> <p>1.4 Applications of analytical toxicology 15</p> <p>1.5 Summary 21</p> <p>References 21</p> <p><b>2 Sample Collection, Transport, and Storage 23</b></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 23</p> <p>2.2 Clinical samples and sampling 23</p> <p>2.3 Guidelines for sample collection for analytical toxicology 32</p> <p>2.4 Sample transport, storage, and disposal 45</p> <p>2.5 Common interferences 47</p> <p>2.6 Summary 48</p> <p>References 48</p> <p><b>3 Basic Laboratory Operations 52</b></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 52</p> <p>3.2 Aspects of quantitative analysis 58</p> <p>3.3 Use of internal standards 74</p> <p>3.4 Method comparison 78</p> <p>3.5 Non-parametric statistics 80</p> <p>3.6 Quality control and quality assessment 84</p> <p>3.7 Operational considerations 89</p> <p>3.8 Summary 91</p> <p>References 91</p> <p><b>4 Aspects of Sample Preparation 94</b></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 94</p> <p>4.2 Modes of sample preparation 97</p> <p>4.3 Plasma protein binding 112</p> <p>4.4 Hydrolysis of conjugated metabolites 115</p> <p>4.5 Extraction of drugs from tissues 117</p> <p>4.6 Summary 117</p> <p>References 118</p> <p><b>5 Colour Tests, and Spectrophotometric and Luminescence Techniques 120</b></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 120</p> <p>5.2 Colour tests in toxicology 120</p> <p>5.3 Colour tests for pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs 122</p> <p>5.4 UV/Visible spectrophotometry 123</p> <p>5.5 Fluorescence and phosphorescence 134</p> <p>5.6 Chemiluminescence 138</p> <p>5.7 Infrared and Raman spectroscopy 141</p> <p>5.8 Summary 143</p> <p>References 143</p> <p><b>6 Immunoassays and Related Assays 145</b></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 145</p> <p>6.2 Basic principles of competitive binding assays 145</p> <p>6.3 Heterogeneous immunoassays 151</p> <p>6.4 Homogenous immunoassays 155</p> <p>6.5 Microparticulate and turbidimetric immunoassays 159</p> <p>6.6 Assay calibration, quality control, and quality assessment 160</p> <p>6.7 Interferences and assay failures 162</p> <p>6.8 Aptamer-based assays 163</p> <p>6.9 Enzyme-based assays 163</p> <p>6.10 Summary 165</p> <p>References 166</p> <p><b>Section B Separation Science 167</b></p> <p><b>7 Separation Science: Theoretical Aspects 169</b></p> <p>7.1 General introduction 169</p> <p>7.2 Theoretical aspects of chromatography 170</p> <p>7.3 Measurement of analyte retention 179</p> <p>7.4 Summary 181</p> <p>References 181</p> <p><b>8 Planar Chromatography 182</b></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 182</p> <p>8.2 Qualitative thin-layer chromatography 183</p> <p>8.3 Quantitative thin-layer chromatography 190</p> <p>8.4 Summary 192</p> <p>References 192</p> <p><b>9 Gas Chromatography 193</b></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 193</p> <p>9.2 Instrumentation 194</p> <p>9.3 Columns and column packings 203</p> <p>9.4 Headspace and ‘purge and trap’ analysis 210</p> <p>9.5 Formation of artefacts in gas chromatography 213</p> <p>9.6 Derivatization for gas chromatography 213</p> <p>9.7 Chiral separations 217</p> <p>9.8 Summary 219</p> <p>References 220</p> <p><b>10 Liquid Chromatography 223</b></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 223</p> <p>10.2 General considerations 224</p> <p>10.3 Detection in liquid chromatography 232</p> <p>10.4 Columns and column packings 240</p> <p>10.5 Modes of liquid chromatography 245</p> <p>10.6 Chiral separations 250</p> <p>10.7 Derivatives for liquid chromatography 255</p> <p>10.8 Use of liquid chromatography in analytical toxicology 256</p> <p>10.9 Summary 261</p> <p>References 262</p> <p><b>11 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography 264</b></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 264</p> <p>11.2 General considerations 267</p> <p>11.3 Detection in supercritical fluid chromatography 269</p> <p>11.4 Columns and column packings 269</p> <p>11.5 Chiral separations 270</p> <p>11.6 Toxicological and forensic applications 272</p> <p>11.7 Summary 273</p> <p>References 273</p> <p><b>12 Capillary Electrophoretic Techniques 275</b></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 275</p> <p>12.2 Theoretical aspects 276</p> <p>12.3 Sample injection in capillary electrophoresis 280</p> <p>12.4 Detection in capillary electrophoresis 281</p> <p>12.5 Other capillary electrokinetic modes 282</p> <p>12.6 Capillary electrophoretic techniques in analytical toxicology 285</p> <p>12.7 Summary 287</p> <p>References 287</p> <p><b>13 Mass Spectrometry 289</b></p> <p>13.1 Introduction 289</p> <p>13.2 Instrumentation 291</p> <p>13.3 Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry 299</p> <p>13.4 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry 304</p> <p>13.5 Supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry 308</p> <p>13.6 Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry 309</p> <p>13.7 Direct introduction mass spectrometry 310</p> <p>13.8 Presentation of mass spectral data 315</p> <p>13.9 Interpretation of mass spectra 317</p> <p>13.10 Quantitative mass spectrometry 320</p> <p>13.11 Mass spectrometry imaging 324</p> <p>13.12 Summary 325</p> <p>References 325</p> <p><b>14 Ion Mobility Spectrometry 329</b></p> <p>14.1 Introduction 329</p> <p>14.2 Theoretical aspects 331</p> <p>14.3 Types of ion mobility spectrometry 332</p> <p>14.4 Resolving power 336</p> <p>14.5 Interfacing ion mobility spectrometry 336</p> <p>14.6 Applications of ion mobility spectrometry in analytical toxicology 339</p> <p>14.7 Summary 342</p> <p>References 342</p> <p><b>Section C Essential Pharmacokinetics 345</b></p> <p><b>15 Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion of Xenobiotics 347</b></p> <p>15.1 Introduction 347</p> <p>15.2 Movement of drugs and other xenobiotics around the body 347</p> <p>15.3 Routes of administration 351</p> <p>15.4 Distribution 355</p> <p>15.5 Metabolism 357</p> <p>15.6 Excretion 371</p> <p>15.7 Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics 373</p> <p>15.8 Summary 376</p> <p>References 377</p> <p><b>16 Pharmacokinetics 379</b></p> <p>16.1 Introduction 379</p> <p>16.2 Fundamental concepts 379</p> <p>16.3 Absorption and elimination 382</p> <p>16.4 Drug accumulation 384</p> <p>16.5 Sustained-release preparations 386</p> <p>16.6 Non-linear pharmacokinetics 387</p> <p>16.7 Multi-compartment models 390</p> <p>16.8 Non-compartmental methods 392</p> <p>16.9 Factors affecting pharmacokinetic parameters 393</p> <p>16.10 Disease 396</p> <p>16.11 Pharmacokinetics and the interpretation of results 397</p> <p>16.12 Summary 402</p> <p>References 402</p> <p><b>Section D Analytical Toxicology 405</b></p> <p><b>17 Toxicology Testing at the Point of Contact 407</b></p> <p>17.1 Introduction 407</p> <p>17.2 Use of point of contact testing 408</p> <p>17.3 Toxicology testing at the point of contact 412</p> <p>17.4 Interferences and adulterants 418</p> <p>17.5 Quality assessment 419</p> <p>17.6 Summary 419</p> <p>References 419</p> <p><b>18 Laboratory Testing for Substance Misuse 422</b></p> <p>18.1 Introduction 422</p> <p>18.2 Urine testing 425</p> <p>18.3 Oral fluid testing 433</p> <p>18.4 Blood testing 437</p> <p>18.5 Hair testing 438</p> <p>18.6 Breath testing 445</p> <p>18.7 Sweat testing 446</p> <p>18.8 Summary 446</p> <p>References 447</p> <p><b>19 General Analytical Toxicology 452</b></p> <p>19.1 Introduction 452</p> <p>19.2 Gas chromatography 453</p> <p>19.3 Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry 456</p> <p>19.4 Liquid chromatography 464</p> <p>19.5 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry 464</p> <p>19.6 Liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry 469</p> <p>19.7 Summary 473</p> <p>References 475</p> <p><b>20 Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 479</b></p> <p>20.1 Introduction 479</p> <p>20.2 Sample collection 480</p> <p>20.3 Sample types 481</p> <p>20.4 Analytical methods 483</p> <p>20.5 Factors affecting interpretation of results 485</p> <p>20.6 Gazetteer 486</p> <p>20.7 Summary 499</p> <p>References 499</p> <p><b>21 Trace Elements and Toxic Metals 505</b></p> <p>21.1 Introduction 505</p> <p>21.2 Sample collection and storage 505</p> <p>21.3 Sample preparation 507</p> <p>21.4 Atomic spectrometry 509</p> <p>21.5 Colorimetry and fluorimetry 520</p> <p>21.6 Electrochemical methods 521</p> <p>21.7 Catalytic methods 523</p> <p>21.8 Neutron activation analysis 523</p> <p>21.9 Chromatographic methods 524</p> <p>21.10 Quality assessment 525</p> <p>21.11 Summary 525</p> <p>References 525</p> <p><b>22 Clinical Interpretation of Analytical Results 527</b></p> <p>22.1 Introduction 527</p> <p>22.2 Clinical toxicology 529</p> <p>22.3 Forensic toxicology 533</p> <p>22.4 Gazetteer 539</p> <p>22.5 Sources of further information 574</p> <p>22.6 Summary 576</p> <p>References 576</p> <p>Index 587</p>
<p><b>Robert J Flanagan,</b> Precision Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UK, and Specialised Clinical Chemistry, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK.</p> <p><b>EVA CUYPERS,</b> Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands, and KU Leuven Toxicology and Pharmacology, Belgium.</p> <p><b>HANS H. MAURER,</b> Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Saarland University, Germany.</p> <p><b>ROBIN WHELPTON, F</b>ormerly School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, UK.</p>
<p><b>A practical, unified introduction to the basics of analytical toxicology—a new, fully updated edition</b> <p><i>Fundamentals of Analytical Toxicology</i> is an integrated introduction to the analysis of drugs, poisons, and other foreign compounds in biological and related specimens. Assuming only basic knowledge of analytical chemistry, this invaluable guide helps trainee analytical toxicologists understand the principles and practical skills involved in detecting, identifying, and measuring a broad range of compounds in various biological samples. Clear, easy-to-read chapters provide detailed information on topics including sample collection and preparation, spectrophotometric and luminescence techniques, liquid and gas-liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry including hyphenated techniques. <p>This new edition contains thoroughly revised content that reflects contemporary practices and advances in analytical methods. Expanding the scope of the 1995 World Health Organization (WHO) basic analytical toxicology manual, the text includes coverage of separation science, essential pharmacokinetics, xenobiotic absorption, distribution and metabolism, clinical toxicological and substance misuse testing, therapeutic drug monitoring, trace elements and toxic metals analysis, clinical interpretation of analytical results, and more. <p>Written by a prominent team of experienced practitioners, this volume: <ul> <li>Focuses on analytical, statistical, and pharmacokinetic principles</li> <li>Describes basic methodology, including colour tests and immunoassay and enzyme-based assays</li> <li>Outlines laboratory operations, such as method validation, quality assessment, staff training, and laboratory accreditation</li> <li>Follows IUPAC nomenclature for chemical names and recommended International Non-proprietary Name (rINN) for drugs and pesticides</li> </ul> <p><i>Fundamentals of Analytical Toxicology: Clinical and Forensic, Second Edition</i> is an indispensable resource for advanced students and trainee analytical toxicologists across disciplines, such as clinical science, analytical chemistry, forensic science, applied biology, food safety, and pharmaceutical and pesticide development.

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