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<p>Editors and Contributors ix</p> <p>Foreword: Stroke Nursing xiii</p> <p>Foreword: Stroke Services In Australia xv</p> <p>Foreword: Stroke Care In Hong Kong xix</p> <p>Acknowledgements xxiii</p> <p><b>1 </b><b>Setting the Scene 1<br /> </b><i>Caroline Watkins and Dominique Cadilhac</i></p> <p>1.1 Introduction 1</p> <p>1.2 Stroke Epidemiology 2</p> <p>1.3 Cost Burden 3</p> <p>1.4 Stroke Policy 4</p> <p>1.5 Stroke Management Strategies 8</p> <p>1.6 Research and Education 11</p> <p>1.7 Conclusion 13</p> <p>References 13</p> <p><b>2 </b><b>What Is a Stroke? 19<br /> </b><i>Anne W. Alexandrov</i></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 19</p> <p>2.2 Stroke Classification 20</p> <p>2.3 Risk Factors for Stroke 22</p> <p>2.4 Anatomy, Physiology, and Related Stroke Clinical Findings 23</p> <p>2.5 Standardised Instruments for Acute Neurological Assessment 41</p> <p>2.6 Conclusion 44</p> <p>References 50</p> <p><b>3 </b><b>Reducing the Risk of Stroke 53<br /> </b><i>Josephine Gibson and Stephanie Jones</i></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 54</p> <p>3.2 Primary Prevention 55</p> <p>3.3 Primary Prevention – Medical Considerations 56</p> <p>3.4 Secondary Medical Prevention After TIA or Stroke 59</p> <p>3.5 Interventions for Secondary Prevention After TIA or Recovered Stroke 63</p> <p>3.6 Conclusion 68</p> <p>References 68</p> <p><b>4 </b><b>Acute Stroke Nursing Management 75<br /> </b><i>Anne W. Alexandrov</i></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 76</p> <p>4.2 Priorities in Acute Stroke Management 76</p> <p>4.3 Hyper-acute Stroke Management 77</p> <p>4.4 Hyper-acute Treatment of Haemorrhagic Stroke 90</p> <p>4.5 Acute Stroke Management 93</p> <p>4.6 Conclusion 96</p> <p>References 96</p> <p><b>5 </b><b>Nutritional Aspects of Stroke Care 103<br /> </b><i>Lin Perry and Elizabeth Boaden</i></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 104</p> <p>5.2 Do Stroke Patients Experience Nutritional Problems Pre-Stroke? 106</p> <p>5.3 How Does Stroke Affect Dietary Intake? 107</p> <p>5.4 How Can Stroke Patients Be Helped to Maintain Adequate Dietary Intake? 119</p> <p>5.5 Conclusion 132</p> <p>References 133</p> <p><b>6 </b><b>Oral Care After Stroke 143<br /> </b><i>Mary Lyons</i></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 144</p> <p>6.2 Oral Assessment 145</p> <p>6.3 Management and Care 146</p> <p>6.4 Patient and Carer Perspective 147</p> <p>6.5 Conclusion 148</p> <p>References 148</p> <p><b>7 </b><b>Communication 153<br /> </b><i>Jane Marshall, Katerina Hilari, Madeline Cruice, and Kirsty Harrison</i></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 154</p> <p>7.2 Aphasia 155</p> <p>7.3 Dysarthria and Apraxia of Speech 160</p> <p>7.4 Right-Hemisphere Damage (RHD) Communication Deficit 163</p> <p>7.5 Language Minorities 165</p> <p>7.6 What Can SLTs Contribute in Acute Stroke Care? 166</p> <p>7.7 Psychological Issues and Quality of Life 169</p> <p>7.8 Conclusion 171</p> <p>References 171</p> <p><b>8 </b><b>Management of Physical Impairments Post-Stroke 177<br /> </b><i>Cherry Kilbride, Rosie Kneafsey, and Vicky Kean</i></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 178</p> <p>8.2 Movement 179</p> <p>8.3 Promoting Physical Activity and Movement After Stroke 180</p> <p>8.4 Promoting Early Rehabilitation 184</p> <p>8.5 Re-education of Movement 188</p> <p>8.6 Management of the Upper Limb 192</p> <p>8.7 Patients’ Perspectives on Early Physical Rehabilitation 195</p> <p>8.8 Conclusion 195</p> <p>References 196</p> <p><b>9 </b><b>Rehabilitation and Recovery Processes 203<br /> </b><i>Jane Williams and Julie Pryor</i></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 204</p> <p>9.2 Understanding Rehabilitation 204</p> <p>9.3 Initiation of Rehabilitation 207</p> <p>9.4 Nursing’s Rehabilitation Role 208</p> <p>9.5 Outcomes of Rehabilitation 210</p> <p>9.6 Goal–Directed Rehabilitation 210</p> <p>9.7 Recovery Processes 212</p> <p>9.8 Transfer to Rehabilitation 214</p> <p>9.9 Rehabilitation Provision 216</p> <p>9.10 Length of Rehabilitation 219</p> <p>9.11 Adjustment to Life After Stroke 220</p> <p>9.12 Conclusion 221</p> <p>References 222</p> <p><b>10 </b><b>Promoting Continence 229<br /> </b><i>Kathryn Getliffe and Lois Thomas</i></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 230</p> <p>10.2 Prevalence and Causes of Continence Problems Post-Stroke 230</p> <p>10.3 Importance of Continence Care 231</p> <p>10.4 Bladder Function and Dysfunction 233</p> <p>10.5 Main Types of UI 234</p> <p>10.6 Transient Causes of UI 236</p> <p>10.7 Assessment of UI and Bladder Dysfunction 236</p> <p>10.8 Treatment Strategies and Care Planning for UI 242</p> <p>10.9 Management and Containment of Incontinence 247</p> <p>10.10 Bowel Problems and Care 249</p> <p>10.11 Conclusion 254</p> <p>References 255</p> <p><b>11 </b><b>Emotional and Cognitive Changes Following a Stroke 259<br /> </b><i>Peter Knapp and Elizabeth Lightbody</i></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 260</p> <p>11.2 Psychological Reactions to the Onset of Stroke 260</p> <p>11.3 Coping with Stroke 261</p> <p>11.4 Depression 261</p> <p>11.5 Conclusion 274</p> <p>References 274</p> <p><b>12 </b><b>Stroke and Palliative Care 281<br /> </b><i>Clare Thetford, Munirah Bangee, Elizabeth Lightbody, and Caroline Watkins</i></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 282</p> <p>12.2 Specific Challenges in Stroke 283</p> <p>12.3 Tools to Support Palliative Care 286</p> <p>12.4 Case Studies 291</p> <p>12.5 Discussion 294</p> <p>12.6 Conclusion 296</p> <p>References 296</p> <p><b>13 </b><b>Minimally Responsive Stroke Patients 301<br /> </b><i>Elaine Pierce</i></p> <p>13.1 Introduction 302</p> <p>13.2 Definitions 302</p> <p>13.3 Assessment and Diagnosis 303</p> <p>13.4 Management and Care 308</p> <p>13.5 Locked-In Syndrome 314</p> <p>13.6 Conclusion 318</p> <p>References 319</p> <p><b>14 </b><b>Longer-Term Support for Survivors of Stroke and Their Carers 323<br /> </b><i>Judith Redfern, Clare Gordon, and Dominique Cadilhac</i></p> <p>14.1 Introduction 324</p> <p>14.2 Longer-Term Consequences of Stroke, Informal Care and Costs 325</p> <p>14.3 The Need for Support 325</p> <p>14.4 Responsibilities of Health and Social Care Professionals 330</p> <p>14.5 Identifying Those at Risk 331</p> <p>14.6 Interventions to Support Stroke Survivors and Carers 334</p> <p>14.7 Supporting Working-Age Survivors of Stroke 338</p> <p>14.8 Conclusion 339</p> <p>References 340</p> <p>Appendix A: The stroke-specific education framework (ssef) 347</p> <p>Index 349</p>

<p><b>Jane Williams</b> is Divisional Director for Transformation, based in Southern Health Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.</p> <p><b>Lin Perry</b> is Professor of Nursing Research & Practice Development, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.</p> <p><b>Dame Caroline Watkins</b> is Professor of Stroke and Older Peoples' Care, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK.</p>

<p><b>STROKE NURSING</b></br> SECOND EDITION <p><i>Stroke Nursing</i> is the leading guide for optimal stroke care, facilitating the provision of evidence-based practice across the stroke journey, and covering the sixteen elements of care outlined in the UK's Stroke-Specific Education Framework (SSEF). <p>Drawing from years of clinical and research experience, the authors provide practical guidance on the essential areas of stroke nursing, including stroke classification, stabilisation, thrombolysis and thrombectomy, rehabilitation and recovery, nutrition and oral care, palliative and long-term care, physical impairment management, and more. <p>Now in its second edition, this indispensable guide helps practitioners expand their knowledge, skills and competence in all areas of stroke nursing services. <ul> <li>Adopts a practical and evidence-based approach to stroke management, exploring UK and international perspectives</li> <li>Authored by expert clinicians and leaders in the field of nursing practice, research and education</li> <li>Includes updated case studies and practice examples, expanded coverage of clinical application in practice, and new discussions of the knowledge and skills required by nurses</li> </ul> <p><i>Stroke Nursing</i> is essential reading for students of nursing and neuroscience, and is the definitive reference for practicing nurses and healthcare professionals caring for stroke patients.

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