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<p>Preface viii</p> <p><b>1 Introduction 1</b></p> <p>1.1 From Mythology to Philosophy 2</p> <p>1.2 History and Philosophy 3</p> <p>1.3 Overview 7</p> <p>Notes 14</p> <p><b>2 The Presocratics 15</b></p> <p>2.1 The Birth of the Gods 15</p> <p>2.2 A New Way of Understanding 16</p> <p>2.3 Theories of Matter 17</p> <p>2.4 Parmenides’s Criticisms of Natural Philosophy 23</p> <p>2.5 After Parmenides 27</p> <p>2.6 Cosmogony and Cosmology 31</p> <p>2.7 Sophistic 34</p> <p>2.8 Conclusion 39</p> <p>Notes 40</p> <p><b>3 Socrates 42</b></p> <p>3.1 The Socratic Problem 42</p> <p>3.2 Socratic Paradoxes 45</p> <p>3.3 Negative Method 47</p> <p>3.4 Intellectualism 49</p> <p>3.5 Living Virtuously 51</p> <p>3.6 Logic Therapy 54</p> <p>3.7 Socrates and the State 57</p> <p>3.8 Conclusion 59</p> <p>Notes 60</p> <p><b>4 Plato 63</b></p> <p>4.1 Life and Work 63</p> <p>4.2 The Soul and Knowledge 67</p> <p>4.3 The Transcendent Forms 69</p> <p>4.4 The Forms and the Soul 70</p> <p>4.5 The Republic 73</p> <p>4.6 The Theory of Forms and Its Problems 79</p> <p>4.7 Cosmology, Science, and Theology 84</p> <p>4.8 Conclusion 87</p> <p>Notes 87</p> <p><b>5 Aristotle 89</b></p> <p>5.1 Life and Works 89</p> <p>5.2 Basic Ontology 92</p> <p>5.3 Logic, Science, Knowledge 96</p> <p>5.4 Nature, Change, and Explanation 100</p> <p>5.5 Cosmology 109</p> <p>5.6 Psychology 113</p> <p>5.7 Metaphysics 116</p> <p>5.8 Ethics 118</p> <p>5.9 Conclusion 127</p> <p>Notes 128</p> <p><b>6 Hellenistic Philosophy 130</b></p> <p>6.1 Epicureanism 131</p> <p>6.2 Stoicism 137</p> <p>6.3 Skepticism 147</p> <p>6.4 Conclusion 154</p> <p>Notes 155</p> <p><b>7 Plotinus and Neoplatonism 156</b></p> <p>7.1 Middle Platonism 157</p> <p>7.2 Plotinus 158</p> <p>7.3 The Hierarchy of Being 159</p> <p>7.4 Souls 162</p> <p>7.5 Ethics 164</p> <p>7.6 Greco‐Roman Theology 166</p> <p>7.7 Influence 169</p> <p>Notes 170</p> <p><b>8 Augustine and Christian Philosophy 172</b></p> <p>8.1 Jewish Intellectual Developments 172</p> <p>8.2 Early Christian Thought 175</p> <p>8.3 Augustine 178</p> <p>Notes 187</p> <p>References 189</p> <p>Index 198</p>

<p><b>Daniel W. Graham</b> is Professor of Philosophy at Brigham Young University. He is past president of the International Association for Presocratic Studies. He is author of Aristotle's Two Systems, co-editor of The Oxford Handbook of Presocratic Philosophy, editor and translator of The Texts of Early Greek Philosophy, and author of Science Before Socrates. He has been a visiting fellow at Clare Hall, Cambridge, and a visiting professor at Yale University.

<p>Philosophy in the ancient world began without technicalities, abstractions, or specialized vocabulary. Launching the earliest scientific inquires and proposing the earliest Western ideas about art, religion, politics, and society, Greek and Roman philosophers re-envisioned the world around them and their place in that world, seeking to impose intelligent order on chaos and to practice philosophy as a way of life. Eventually, Judeo-Christian thinkers merged these philosophical approaches with their own religious beliefs, generating new ideas about virtue, morality, human nature, theology, and metaphysics—ideas which would fundamentally shape the trajectory of Western thought and which still influence modern notions about the soul, the world, and the good life. <p>Ancient Philosophy: The Fundamentals covers the rich history of Western intellectual tradition from its beginnings in the sixth century BCE to its culmination in the fifth century CE, providing students with an accessible, reader-friendly survey of philosophy in antiquity. Assuming no prior familiarity with philosophy, Graham narrates the origin story of Western philosophy, following the major movements while introducing methods of philosophical analysis, including the logical analysis of arguments and the examination of thinkers' presuppositions. This book explores developing conceptions of the world and people's place in it, including questions of knowledge, reality, and ethics, and shows how the theories of ancient thinkers are relevant to today's world. Clear and evocative chapters make connections among major figures and invite readers into dialogue with the ancients. <p>Part of the popular Fundamentals of Philosophy series, Ancient Philosophy: The Fundamentals is a concise, single-volume study that reveals the dynamism of ancient thought, providing an invigorating resource for beginning students while offering the scholarly tools for advanced students and professional philosophers who wish to deepen their understanding of the this important area of philosophy.

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