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Contributors ix <p>Dedication: Chad E. Finn xii<br /><i>John R. Clark</i></p> <p><b>1. Light-Emitting Diodes in Horticulture 1</b><br /><i>Cary A. Mitchell, Michael P. Dzakovich, Celina Gomez, Roberto Lopez, John F. Burr, Richardo Hernández, Chieri Kubota, Christopher J. Currey, Quingwu Meng, Erik S. Runkle, Christopher M. Bourget, Robert C. Morrow, and Arend J. Both</i></p> <p>I. Introduction 5</p> <p>II. Properties of LEDs 6</p> <p>III. Design Considerations 11</p> <p>IV. Historical Overview of LED Use in Horticulture 16</p> <p>V. Summary of Plant Experiments in Space with LEDs 18</p> <p>VI. Horticultural Applications of LEDs 19</p> <p>VII. LED Lighting and Plant Health 60</p> <p>VIII. LEDs and Light Pollution 62</p> <p>IX. LED Light Distribution Issues 63</p> <p>X. LED Environmental and Health Issues 65</p> <p>XI. Adoption of LED Technology by Horticultural Industries 66</p> <p>XII. The Future of Plant Applications for LEDs 72</p> <p>Literature Cited 73</p> <p><b>2. Chayote: Pre-Columbian Origins and Dispersal 89</b><br /><i>Fernando A. Moreira</i></p> <p>I. Introduction 91</p> <p>II. Botany and Horticulture 91</p> <p>III. Linguistic History of Chayote 97</p> <p>IV. Metaphor and Ethnography 120</p> <p>V. Mesoamerican Distribution of Chayote 124</p> <p>VI. Archaeology and Iconography 127</p> <p>VII. Folk Taxonomy 131</p> <p>VIII. Conclusion 135</p> <p>Acknowledgments 137</p> <p>Literature Cited 137</p> <p><b>3. Ragwort: Invasive Weed and Potential Pharmaceutical 145</b><br /><i>Catherina M. O’Keeffe, Gary W. Stutte, and Michelle McKeon-Bennett</i></p> <p>I. Introduction 146</p> <p>II. Botany 148</p> <p>III. Chemistry 155</p> <p>IV. Control Measures 163</p> <p>V. Commercial Potential 168</p> <p>VI. Conclusions 172</p> <p>Literature Cited 174</p> <p><b>4. Advances and Trends in Organic Fruit and Vegetable Farming Research 185</b><br /><i>Martine Dorais and Beatrix Alsanius</i></p> <p>I. Principles, History, and Standards of Organic Horticulture 187</p> <p>II. Global Expansion of Organic Fruit and Vegetable Production 190</p> <p>III. Published Research on Organic Fruit and Vegetable Farming 194</p> <p>IV. Benefits of Organic Horticulture 197</p> <p>V. Constraint of Organic Horticulture 214</p> <p>VI. Proposed Research Area for Organic Fruit and Vegetable Production 233</p> <p>VII. Conclusion 238</p> <p>Literature Cited 239</p> <p><b>5. Western Botanical Gardens: History and Evolution 269</b><br /><i>Donald A. Rakow and Sharon A. Lee</i></p> <p>I. Introduction 271</p> <p>II. Ancient Roots 272</p> <p>III. Hortus Conclusus: Precursor of the Hortus Botanicus 274</p> <p>IV. The Rise of Botanical Studies 276</p> <p>V. European Botanical Gardens 277</p> <p>VI. Botanical Gardens in Great Britain 285</p> <p>VII. Botanical Gardens in the United States 292</p> <p>VIII. The Future of the Botanical Garden 306</p> <p>Literature Cited 308</p> <p><b>6. The Future of Global Banana Production 311</b><br /><i>Randy C. Ploetz and Edward A. Evans</i></p> <p>I. Introduction 312</p> <p>II. Origins, Taxonomy, and Production 313</p> <p>III. Production, Trade, and Marketing 315</p> <p>IV. Past and Current Threats to Production 320</p> <p>V. Banana Diseases and Pests 321</p> <p>VI. An Outlook for Future Production 341</p> <p>Literature Cited 343</p> <p>Subject Index 353</p> <p>Cumulative Subject Index 355</p> <p>Cumulative Contributor Index 389</p>

<b>Jules Janick</b> is the James Troop Distinguished Professor of Horticulture at Purdue University in West Lafayette, IN, USA.

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