Details

<p>About the Editors xvii</p> <p>List of Contributors xix</p> <p>Series Preface xxv</p> <p>Preface xxvii</p> <p><b>1 Continuous Manufacturing: Definitions and Engineering Principles 1<br /> </b><i>Johannes Khinast and Massimo Bresciani</i></p> <p>1.1 Introduction 1</p> <p>1.1.1 Definition of Continuous Manufacturing 1</p> <p>1.1.2 Continuous Manufacturing in the Pharmaceutical Industry 2</p> <p>1.1.3 Our View of Continuous Manufacturing 3</p> <p>1.1.4 Regulatory Environment 8</p> <p>1.2 Advantages of Continuous Manufacturing 8</p> <p>1.2.1 Flexibility 8</p> <p>1.2.2 Effect on the Supply Chain 8</p> <p>1.2.3 Agility and Reduced Scale-up Efforts 9</p> <p>1.2.4 Real-Time Quality Assurance and Better Engineered Systems 9</p> <p>1.2.5 Decentralized Manufacturing 10</p> <p>1.2.6 Individualized Manufacturing 10</p> <p>1.2.7 Reduced Floor Space and Investment Costs 10</p> <p>1.2.8 More Efficient Chemistries 10</p> <p>1.2.9 Societal Benefits 11</p> <p>1.3 Engineering Principles of Continuous Manufacturing 11</p> <p>1.3.1 Pharmaceutical Unit Operations 11</p> <p>1.3.2 Fundamentals of Process Modeling 15</p> <p>1.3.3 Balance Equations for Mass, Species, Energy and Momentum 16</p> <p>1.3.4 Residence Time Distribution 20</p> <p>1.3.5 Classical Reactor Types as a Basis for Process Understanding 21</p> <p>1.3.6 Process Control, Modeling and PAT 24</p> <p>1.3.7 Scale-Up 26</p> <p>1.3.8 Dimensioning 27</p> <p>1.4 Conclusion 28</p> <p>References 30</p> <p><b>2 Process Simulation and Control for Continuous Pharmaceutical Manufacturing of Solid Drug Products 33<br /> </b><i>Marianthi Ierapetritou, M. Sebastian Escotet-Espinoza and Ravendra Singh</i></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 33</p> <p>2.1.1 Scope and Motivation 33</p> <p>2.1.2 Process Simulation 34</p> <p>2.1.3 Process Control 36</p> <p>2.2 Pharmaceutical Solid Dosage Manufacturing Processes 38</p> <p>2.2.1 Overview 38</p> <p>2.2.2 Continuous Manufacturing Processes 38</p> <p>2.2.3 Continuous Process Equipment 39</p> <p>2.3 Mathematical Modeling Approaches 44</p> <p>2.3.1 First Principle “Mechanistic” Models 44</p> <p>2.3.2 Multi-dimensional Population Balance Models 44</p> <p>2.3.3 Engineering or Phenomenological Models 46</p> <p>2.3.4 Empirical and Reduced Order Models 47</p> <p>2.4 Unit Operations Models 48</p> <p>2.4.1 Feeders 48</p> <p>2.4.2 Blenders (Mixers) 56</p> <p>2.4.3 Tablet Press 63</p> <p>2.4.4 Roller Compactor 67</p> <p>2.4.5 Wet Granulation 71</p> <p>2.4.6 Drying 75</p> <p>2.4.7 Milling/Co-milling 76</p> <p>2.4.8 Flowsheet Modeling 77</p> <p>2.5 Process Control of Continuous Solid-based Drug Manufacturing 81</p> <p>2.5.1 Process Control Basics 83</p> <p>2.5.2 Control Design of Continuous Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Process 84</p> <p>2.6 Summary 93</p> <p>Acknowledgments 94</p> <p>References 94</p> <p><b>3 Regulatory and Quality Considerations for Continuous Manufacturing 107<br /> </b><i>Gretchen Allison, Yanxi Tan Cain, Charles Cooney, Tom Garcia, Tara Gooen Bizjak, Oyvind Holte, Nirdosh Jagota, Bekki Komas, Evdokia Korakianiti, Dora Kourti, Rapti Madurawe, Elaine Morefield, Frank Montgomery, Moheb Nasr, William Randolph, Jean-Louis Robert, Dave Rudd and Diane Zezza</i></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 108</p> <p>3.2 Current Regulatory Environment 108</p> <p>3.3 Existing Relevant Regulations, Guidelines, and Standards Supporting Continuous Manufacturing 108</p> <p>3.3.1 ICH Guidelines 108</p> <p>3.3.2 United States Food and Drug Administration Guidances 109</p> <p>3.3.3 US FDA Guidance on Process Validation 109</p> <p>3.3.4 American Society for Testing and Materials Standards 109</p> <p>3.3.5 European Union Guidelines 110</p> <p>3.4 Regulatory Considerations 110</p> <p>3.4.1 Development Considerations for Continuous Manufacturing 111</p> <p>3.4.2 Special Considerations for Control Strategy in Continuous Manufacturing 112</p> <p>3.4.3 Stability Considerations for Continuous Manufacturing 114</p> <p>3.5 Quality/GMP Considerations 115</p> <p>3.5.1 Pharmaceutical Quality Systems 115</p> <p>3.5.2 Batch Release 115</p> <p>3.5.3 Startup and Shutdown Procedures 116</p> <p>3.5.4 State of Control: Product Collection and In-process Sampling 117</p> <p>3.5.5 Process Validation and CPV 117</p> <p>3.5.6 Material Traceability in Continuous Manufacturing 119</p> <p>3.5.7 Handling of Raw Material and In-process Material 119</p> <p>3.5.8 Detection and Treatment for Non-conformity 119</p> <p>3.5.9 Personnel Procedures and Training 120</p> <p>3.5.10 Material Carry-over 120</p> <p>3.5.11 Material Diversion 120</p> <p>3.5.12 Production Floor Product Monitoring 121</p> <p>3.5.13 Raw Material Variability 121</p> <p>3.5.14 Cleaning Validation 121</p> <p>3.5.15 Equipment Failure 122</p> <p>3.6 Quality Considerations for Bridging Existing Batch Manufacturing to Continuous Manufacturing 122</p> <p>3.6.1 Physicochemical Equivalence Considerations 123</p> <p>3.6.2 Bioequivalence Considerations 123</p> <p>3.7 Glossary and Definitions 123</p> <p>3.7.1 Batch Definition 123</p> <p>3.7.2 21cfr 210.3 124</p> <p>3.7.3 Cfr 211 124</p> <p>3.7.4 Ich Q 7 124</p> <p>3.7.5 Ich Q 10 124</p> <p>3.8 General Regulatory References 124</p> <p>3.8.1 cGMP Guidance 125</p> <p><b>4 Continuous Manufacturing of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients via Flow Technology 127<br /> </b><i>Svetlana Borukhova and Volker Hessel</i></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 127</p> <p>4.2 Micro Flow Technology 128</p> <p>4.2.1 Micromixing 129</p> <p>4.2.2 Flow Reactors 130</p> <p>4.2.3 Reaction Activation Tools 130</p> <p>4.2.4 Downstream Processing 139</p> <p>4.2.5 Process Analytical Technology and Automation 142</p> <p>4.3 Multi-step Synthesis of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients in Micro Flow 150</p> <p>4.3.1 Aliskiren 151</p> <p>4.3.2 Artemisinin 151</p> <p>4.3.3 Ibuprofen 153</p> <p>4.3.4 Gleevec 154</p> <p>4.3.5 Nabumetone 155</p> <p>4.3.6 Quinolone Derivative as a Potent 5HT 1B Antagonist 155</p> <p>4.3.7 Rufinamide 155</p> <p>4.3.8 Thioquinazolinone 156</p> <p>4.4 Larger-scale Syntheses 156</p> <p>4.4.1 Hydroxypyrrolotriazine (Bristol–Myers–Squibb) 156</p> <p>4.4.2 2,2-Dimethylchromenes (Bristol–Myers–Squibb) 156</p> <p>4.4.3 Fused-Bycyclic Isoxazolidines (Eli Lilly and Company) 158</p> <p>4.4.4 7-Ethyltryptophol on the Way to Etodolac 158</p> <p>4.4.5 6-Hydroxybuspirone (Bristol-Myers-Squibb) 159</p> <p>4.5 Current Industrial Applications 160</p> <p>4.6 Conclusion and Outlook 161</p> <p>References 162</p> <p><b>5 Continuous Crystallisation 169<br /> </b><i>Cameron Brown, Thomas McGlone and Alastair Florence</i></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 169</p> <p>5.2 Principles of Crystallisation 173</p> <p>5.2.1 Supersaturation 173</p> <p>5.2.2 Nucleation and Growth 176</p> <p>5.2.3 Conservation Equations 180</p> <p>5.3 Crystallisation Process Development 180</p> <p>5.4 Continuous Crystallisers and Applications 185</p> <p>5.4.1 Mixed Suspension Mixed Product Removal 186</p> <p>5.4.2 MSMPR Cascade 193</p> <p>5.4.3 Plug Flow Reactors 198</p> <p>5.4.4 Impinging Jet 206</p> <p>5.4.5 Microfluidics 207</p> <p>5.5 Process Monitoring, Analysis and Control 207</p> <p>5.5.1 Process Monitoring and Analysis 207</p> <p>5.5.2 Crystallisation Control Strategies 211</p> <p>5.6 Particle Characterisation 213</p> <p>5.7 Concluding Remarks 215</p> <p>References 217</p> <p><b>6 Continuous Fermentation for Biopharmaceuticals? 227<br /> </b><i>L. Mears, H. Feldman, F.C. Falco, C. Bach, M. Wu, A. Nørregaard and K.V. Gernaey</i></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 227</p> <p>6.1.1 Definition of Fermentation 227</p> <p>6.1.2 Production of Biopharmaceuticals 228</p> <p>6.1.3 Structure of Chapter 228</p> <p>6.2 Operation of Fermentation Systems 229</p> <p>6.2.1 Comparison of Different Cultivation Systems 229</p> <p>6.2.2 Monitoring of Continuous Fermentation Processes 232</p> <p>6.2.3 Control of Continuous Fermentation Processes 234</p> <p>6.3 Continuous Fermentation Examples 238</p> <p>6.3.1 Continuous Ethanol Fermentation 238</p> <p>6.3.2 Continuous Lactic Acid Fermentation 239</p> <p>6.3.3 Single Cell Protein Production 240</p> <p>6.4 Discussion 241</p> <p>6.5 Conclusions 243</p> <p>References 244</p> <p><b>7 Integrated Continuous Manufacturing of Biopharmaceuticals 247<br /> </b><i>Alois Jungbauer and Nikolaus Hammerschmidt</i></p> <p>7.1 Background 247</p> <p>7.1.1 Current Status of Manufacturing of Biopharmaceuticals 247</p> <p>7.1.2 Challenges to Developing Continuous Processes 249</p> <p>7.1.3 Rationale for Continuous Biomanufacturing 250</p> <p>7.2 Continuous Upstream Processing 251</p> <p>7.2.1 Cell Lines and Cell Line Stability 251</p> <p>7.2.2 Perfusion Reactor 252</p> <p>7.2.3 Cell Retention Devices 252</p> <p>7.2.4 Chemostat and Turbidostat 254</p> <p>7.2.5 Overview of Products Produced by Continuous Upstream Processing 254</p> <p>7.3 Continuous Downstream Processing 257</p> <p>7.3.1 Overview of Unit Operations 257</p> <p>7.3.2 Continuous Centrifuges 257</p> <p>7.3.4 Continuous Chromatography 260</p> <p>7.3.5 Continuous Precipitation 263</p> <p>7.3.6 Continuous Formulation 266</p> <p>7.4 Process Integration and Single Use Technology 266</p> <p>7.4.1 Disposable Bioreactors 268</p> <p>7.4.2 Disposable Unit Operations in Downstream Processing 268</p> <p>7.4.3 Full Process Train 270</p> <p>7.5 Process Monitoring and Control 270</p> <p>7.6 Process Economics of Continuous Manufacturing 274</p> <p>7.7 Conclusions 275</p> <p>Acknowledgments 276</p> <p>References 276</p> <p><b>8 Twin-screw Granulation Process Development: Present Approaches, Understanding and Needs 283<br /> </b><i>A. Kumar, K.V. Gernaey, I. Nopens and T. De Beer</i></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 283</p> <p>8.2 Continuous Wet-granulation using a TSG 284</p> <p>8.3 Components of High Shear Wet Granulation in a TSG 287</p> <p>8.4 Material Transport and Mixing in a TSG 287</p> <p>8.4.1 Granulation Time in a TSG 288</p> <p>8.4.2 Mixing in a TSG 291</p> <p>8.5 Granule Size Evolution During Twin-screw Granulation 294</p> <p>8.5.1 Granule Size and Shape Dynamics in a TSG 295</p> <p>8.5.2 Link Between RTD, Liquid Distribution and GSD in a TSG 295</p> <p>8.6 Model-based Analysis of Twin-screw Granulation 298</p> <p>8.6.1 Modelling RTD in a TSG 298</p> <p>8.6.2 Tracking GSD in a TSG using PBM 300</p> <p>8.7 Towards Generic Twin-screw Granulation Knowledge 302</p> <p>8.7.1 Regime Map Approach 303</p> <p>8.7.2 Particle-scale Simulation using DEM 305</p> <p>8.8 Strengths and Limitations of the Current Approaches in TSG Studies 307</p> <p>8.9 Glossary 308</p> <p>References 309</p> <p><b>9 Continuous Line Roller Compaction 313<br /> </b><i>Ossi Korhonen</i></p> <p>9.1 Roller Compaction 313</p> <p>9.2 Main Components of a Roller Compactor 313</p> <p>9.3 Theory of Powder Densification in Roller Compaction 315</p> <p>9.4 Johanson Model 317</p> <p>9.5 Modified Johanson Model 319</p> <p>9.6 Experimental Observations of Pressure Distribution from Instrumented Roller Compactors 322</p> <p>9.7 Off-line Characterization of Ribbon Quality 324</p> <p>9.8 In-line Monitoring of Roller Compaction Process 326</p> <p>9.9 Formulative Aspects of Roller Compaction 328</p> <p>9.10 Roller Compaction as a Unit Operation in Continuous Manufacturing 330</p> <p>9.11 Process Control of Continuous Roller Compaction 332</p> <p>9.12 Conclusions 333</p> <p>References 334</p> <p><b>10 Continuous Melt Extrusion and Direct Pelletization 337<br /> </b><i>Stephan Laske, Theresa Hörmann, Andreas Witschnigg, Gerold Koscher, Patrick Wahl, Wen Kai Hsiao and Johannes Khinast</i></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 337</p> <p>10.2 The Extruder 338</p> <p>10.3 Feeding 341</p> <p>10.3.1 Solid Feeding 341</p> <p>10.3.2 LIW Screw Feeders 342</p> <p>10.4 Twin-screw Extrusion 345</p> <p>10.4.1 Counter-rotating Twin-screw Extruder 346</p> <p>10.4.2 Co-rotating Twin-screw Extruder 347</p> <p>10.5 Operation Point 347</p> <p>10.6 Downstream Processing 349</p> <p>10.6.1 Direct Shaping of Final Product 350</p> <p>10.6.2 Intermediate Products 352</p> <p>10.7 Continuous Manufacturing with HME 356</p> <p>10.7.1 Process Understanding 356</p> <p>10.7.2 Control Strategy 356</p> <p>10.7.3 State of Control 357</p> <p>10.7.4 Diversion of Material 357</p> <p>10.8 PAT for HME 360</p> <p>10.8.1 Near-infrared Spectroscopy 360</p> <p>10.8.2 Raman Spectroscopy 360</p> <p>10.8.3 Chemical Imaging 361</p> <p>10.8.4 Particle Size Analysis 361</p> <p>10.8.5 Optical Coherence Tomography 361</p> <p>10.8.6 Data Processing 362</p> <p>10.9 Process Integration into Computerized Systems 362</p> <p>10.9.1 IT Structure of Supervisory Control Systems 364</p> <p>10.9.2 Real-time Release Testing 365</p> <p>10.10 Conclusion 365</p> <p>References 366</p> <p><b>11 Continuous Processing in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Status and Perspective 369<br /> </b><i>Richard Steiner and Maik Jornitz</i></p> <p>11.1 Industry Drivers for Continuous Processing: Competitive Advantages 369</p> <p>11.2 Continuous Manufacturing in Bioprocessing 371</p> <p>11.2.1 Continuous Bioprocessing Enablers and Guidance 371</p> <p>11.2.2 Process Technologies 372</p> <p>11.2.3 Examples of Continuous Manufacturing 376</p> <p>11.2.4 Economic and Design Implications 377</p> <p>11.3 Continuous Manufacturing for Oral Solid Dosage Forms 381</p> <p>11.3.1 Industry Approaches to the Implementation of cm 381</p> <p>11.3.2 Typical Installation Layouts 383</p> <p>11.3.3 Economic Justification and Business Excellence 387</p> <p>11.4 The Pharmaceutical Supply Chain of the Future 395</p> <p>11.4.1 Portable, Continuous, Miniature and Modular 395</p> <p>11.4.2 The PCMM Concept 396</p> <p>11.4.3 Discussion 399</p> <p>11.5 Conclusion 400</p> <p>Acknowledgments 401</p> <p>References 401</p> <p><b>12 Design of an Integrated Continuous Manufacturing System 405<br /> </b><i>Sarang S. Oka, M. Sebastian Escotet-Espinoza, Ravendra Singh, James V. Scicolone, Douglas B. Hausner, Marianthi Ierapetritou and Fernando J. Muzzio</i></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 405</p> <p>12.2 Step 1: Rough Conceptual Design 406</p> <p>12.2.1 Type of Product 406</p> <p>12.2.2 Type of Manufacturing Route – Direct Compaction, Wet Granulation or Dry Granulation 407</p> <p>12.2.3 Flexible or Dedicated 408</p> <p>12.2.4 Feeding Multiple Ingredients, Including Pre-blends 408</p> <p>12.2.5 Strategy for Sensing and Control 409</p> <p>12.2.6 Regulatory Strategy 409</p> <p>12.3 Step 2: Material Property Screening 410</p> <p>12.4 Step 3: Characterizing Unit Operation Using Actual Process Materials 412</p> <p>12.4.1 Loss in Weight Feeders 412</p> <p>12.4.2 Continuous Blenders 415</p> <p>12.5 Step 4: Develop and Calibrate Unit Operation Models Including Process Materials 422</p> <p>12.5.1 Application of the Model Development Algorithm in Pharmaceutical Problems 422</p> <p>12.5.2 Recommendations for Developing a Unit Operation Model that Incorporates the Effects of Material Properties 423</p> <p>12.6 Step 5: Develop an Integrated Model of an Open Loop System 424</p> <p>12.6.1 Model Integration Basics 425</p> <p>12.6.2 General Algorithm for Building an Integrated Model 425</p> <p>12.7 Step 6: Examine Open Loop Performance of the Process 427</p> <p>12.8 Step 7: Develop/Fine Tune PAT Methods for Appropriate Unit Operations 429</p> <p>12.9 Step 8: Implement Open Loop Kit with PAT and IPCs Enabled 430</p> <p>12.10 Step 9: Design of the Control Architecture 432</p> <p>12.11 Step 10: Develop Integrated Model of Closed Loop System 436</p> <p>12.12 Step 11: Implementation and Verification of the Control Framework 438</p> <p>12.13 Step 12: Characterize and Verify Closed Performance 440</p> <p>12.14 Conclusions 442</p> <p>References 443</p> <p><b>13 End to End Continuous Manufacturing: Integration of Unit Operations 447<br /> </b><i>R. Lakerveld, P. L. Heider, K. D. Jensen, R. D. Braatz, K. F. Jensen, A. S. Myerson, and B. L. Trout</i></p> <p>13.1 Introduction 447</p> <p>13.2 Process Description 448</p> <p>13.2.1 Specific Benefits Obtained as a Result of cm 452</p> <p>13.3 System Dynamics 452</p> <p>13.3.1 Model-based Design and Control are the Governing Concepts in cm 452</p> <p>13.3.2 The Absence of True Steady-state Operation and the Implications for Product Quality Control 453</p> <p>13.3.3 Plant-wide Control for CM: Disentanglement of Times Scales and Control Objectives 455</p> <p>13.3.4 Residence Time Distribution of a CM Process: Impact of Recycling 456</p> <p>13.3.5 Disturbances, Nonlinearities, and Delays: Implications for Control 460</p> <p>13.3.6 Startup and Shutdown Procedures 464</p> <p>13.3.7 Buffering 465</p> <p>13.4 Process Monitoring and Control 468</p> <p>13.4.1 PAT Use in the Integrated Continuous Manufacturing Process 468</p> <p>13.4.2 Soft Sensors and Prediction of Future Performance 469</p> <p>13.5 Outlook: Opportunities for Novel Unit Operations and System Configurations 471</p> <p>13.6 Summary and Closing Thoughts 477</p> <p>References 480</p> <p><b>14 Methodology for Economic and Technical Comparison of Continuous and Batch Processes to Enhance Early Stage Decision-making 485<br /> </b><i>Isabella Aigner, Wen-Kai Hsiao, Diana Dujmovic, Sven Stegemann and Johannes Khinast</i></p> <p>14.1 Introduction 485</p> <p>14.2 Technical–Economic Evaluation Methodology 486</p> <p>14.2.1 Definition of the System Boundaries and Performance Targets 488</p> <p>14.2.2 Modeling of the Process Chains 489</p> <p>14.2.3 Performing Technical Feasibility and Risk Assessment 490</p> <p>14.2.4 Evaluation of the Process Options 492</p> <p>14.2.5 Calculation of Process Costs, Cost Comparison and Interpretation 498</p> <p>14.2.6 Technology–Economic Profiling and Interpretation of Results 498</p> <p>14.2.7 Performing Scenario, Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis 502</p> <p>14.3 Conclusion 502</p> <p>References 504</p> <p><b>15 Drivers for a Change – Manufacturing of Future Medicines for Personalized Drug Therapies 507<br /> </b><i>Jukka Rantanen and Jörg Breitkreutz</i></p> <p>15.1 Introduction 507</p> <p>15.2 Personalized Medicine 508</p> <p>15.2.1 Therapy Based on Individualized Needs for Different Patient Groups 508</p> <p>15.2.2 Point of Care Diagnostics 509</p> <p>15.3 Flexible Dosing with Innovative Products 510</p> <p>15.4 Future Health Care Scenario 513</p> <p>15.4.1 Enabling Manufacturing Technologies and Materials Science 513</p> <p>15.4.2 The Regulatory Environment 518</p> <p>15.4.3 Supply Chain 520</p> <p>References 521</p> <p><b>16 Perspectives of Printing Technologies in Continuous Drug Manufacturing 525<br /> </b><i>Niklas Sandler and Petri Ihalainen</i></p> <p>16.1 Introduction 525</p> <p>16.1.1 Printing Technologies – Enablers of Continuous Drug Manufacturing Approaches 525</p> <p>16.2 Inkjet (Microdrop Generation Techniques) 527</p> <p>16.2.1 Inkjet – Technical Description 527</p> <p>16.2.2 Ink Development and Printability 531</p> <p>16.2.3 Pharmaceutical Applications of Inkjet Printing 533</p> <p>16.3 Flexographic Printing 535</p> <p>16.3.1 Flexography – Technique Description 535</p> <p>16.3.2 Pharmaceutical Applications of Flexographic Printing 537</p> <p>16.4 Formulation Approaches for Inkjet and Flexography 538</p> <p>16.5 Process Control and Process Analytical Technology for Continuous Printing Applications 539</p> <p>16.6 From Laboratory-scale Printing Towards an Industrial Scale 540</p> <p>16.7 Three-dimensional Printing/Additive Manufacturing 541</p> <p>16.7.1 From Prototyping to Large-scale Manufacturing 542</p> <p>16.7.2 Fused Deposition Modeling or Fused Filament Fabrication 543</p> <p>16.7.3 Feedstock Material for FDM Printing 544</p> <p>16.7.4 3D Printing Techniques used in the Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Area 545</p> <p>References 546</p> <p><b>17 Development of Liquid Dispensing Technology for the Manufacture of Low Dose Drug Products 551<br /> </b><i>Allan Clarke and Dave Doughty</i></p> <p>17.1 Introduction 551</p> <p>17.2 Background 552</p> <p>17.3 Goals for the LDT Program 554</p> <p>17.4 Overview of LDT 555</p> <p>17.4.1 Formulation Overview 555</p> <p>17.4.2 LDT Platforms 557</p> <p>17.5 LDT Machine Design Details 559</p> <p>17.5.1 Commercial Line Operation 559</p> <p>17.5.2 Liquid Dispensing Cell 560</p> <p>17.5.3 Solvent Evaporation 563</p> <p>17.5.4 Inspection Systems on the Commercial Machine for Critical Quality Attributes 563</p> <p>17.5.5 Pad Printing Cell 565</p> <p>17.6 Scale-independence of the LDT Technology 566</p> <p>17.7 Real-time Release Potential 567</p> <p>17.8 Occupational Health, Environmental and Cleaning Considerations 570</p> <p>17.8.1 Occupational Health 570</p> <p>17.8.2 Environmental Controls/Cleaning 572</p> <p>17.9 Conclusion 573</p> <p>Acknowledgments 574</p> <p>References 574</p> <p>Index 577</p>

<p><b>Editors</b> <p><b>Peter Kleinebudde</b> is Professor for Pharmaceutical Technology at Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Germany, and Vice-Dean of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences. His main research area is development, production and characterization of solid dosage forms. <p><b>Johannes Khinast</b> is Professor of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering and Head of the Institute of Process and Particle Engineering at the Graz University of Technology, Austria. <p><b>Jukka Rantanen</b> is Professor of Pharmaceutical Technology and Engineering at the Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.

<p> <b>A comprehensive look at existing technologies and processes for continuous manufacturing of pharmaceuticals</b> <p>As rising costs outpace new drug development, the pharmaceutical industry has come under intense pressure to improve the efficiency of its manufacturing processes. Continuous process manufacturing provides a proven solution. Among its many benefits are: minimized waste, energy consumption, and raw material use; the accelerated introduction of new drugs; the use of smaller production facilities with lower building and capital costs; the ability to monitor drug quality on a continuous basis; and enhanced process reliability and flexibility. <i>Continuous Manufacturing of Pharmaceuticals</i> prepares professionals to take advantage of that exciting new approach to improving drug manufacturing efficiency. <p>This book covers key aspects of the continuous manufacturing of pharmaceuticals. The first part provides an overview of key chemical engineering principles and the current regulatory environment. The second covers existing technologies for manufacturing both small-molecule-based products and protein/peptide products. The following section is devoted to process analytical tools for continuously operating manufacturing environments. The final two sections treat the integration of several individual parts of processing into fully operating continuous process systems and summarize state-of-art approaches for innovative new manufacturing principles. <ul> <li>Brings together the essential know-how for anyone working in drug manufacturing, as well as chemical, food, and pharmaceutical scientists working on continuous processing</li> <li>Covers chemical engineering principles, regulatory aspects, primary and secondary manufacturing, process analytical technology and quality-by-design</li> <li>Contains contributions from researchers in leading pharmaceutical companies, the FDA, and academic institutions</li> <li>Offers an extremely well-informed look at the most promising future approaches to continuous manufacturing of innovative pharmaceutical products</li> </ul> <br> <p>Timely, comprehensive, and authoritative, <i>Continuous Manufacturing of Pharmaceuticals</i> is an important professional resource for researchers in industry and academe working in the fields of pharmaceuticals development and manufacturing.

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