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<p>Foreword xvii</p> <p>Preface xix</p> <p>Acknowledgments xxi</p> <p><b>1 Cell Biology 1</b></p> <p>1.1 Cell Biology Introduction 1</p> <p>1.2 Cell Structure 1</p> <p>1.3 Cell Membrane 2</p> <p>1.4 Proteins 2</p> <p>1.5 Cytoplasm and Organelles 3</p> <p>1.6 Nucleus 6</p> <p>1.7 Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA) 8</p> <p>1.8 Central Dogma and Recent Revisions 10</p> <p>1.9 Mutations 14</p> <p>1.10 Cell Cycle 14</p> <p>1.11 Additional Information 17</p> <p><b>2 Biological Lab Techniques 27</b></p> <p>2.1 Overview 27</p> <p>2.2 Beer Lambert's Law 27</p> <p>2.3 DNA Lab Techniques 28</p> <p>2.4 Additional Information 38</p> <p><b>3 Human Physiology 47</b></p> <p>3.1 Overview 47</p> <p>3.2 Nervous System 47</p> <p>3.3 Circulatory System 68</p> <p>3.4 Endocrine System 74</p> <p>3.5 Lymphatic System 83</p> <p>3.6 Immune System 85</p> <p><b>4 Cancer 103</b></p> <p>4.1 Epidemiology (Statistics) 103</p> <p>4.2 What Causes Cancer 104</p> <p>4.3 Oncogenesis (Cancer Development) 106</p> <p>4.4 The Six Hallmarks of Cancer 109</p> <p>4.5 Conclusion 118</p> <p><b>5 Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) 123</b></p> <p>5.1 Epidemiology and Introduction 123</p> <p>5.2 Types of CVD 125</p> <p>5.3 Diagnosis of CVDs 130</p> <p>5.4 Treatment of CVDs 135</p> <p>5.5 Conclusion 138</p> <p><b>6 DNA Chips and Sequencing 143</b></p> <p>6.1 Introduction to DNA Chips and PCR 143</p> <p>6.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 143</p> <p>6.3 DNA and RNA Chip Technology 147</p> <p>6.4 DNA Sequencing 155</p> <p>6.5 Conclusion 156</p> <p>6.6 Additional Information 156</p> <p><b>7 Next-Generation Sequencing and FET-Based Biochips 161</b></p> <p>7.1 Introduction to Next-Generation Sequencing 161</p> <p>7.2 Optical-Based Methods 162</p> <p>7.3 Electronic-Based Methods 165</p> <p>7.4 Conclusion 172</p> <p><b>8 Protein Assays and Chips 179</b></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 179</p> <p>8.2 ELISA 179</p> <p>8.3 Protein Arrays 183</p> <p>8.4 Conclusion 190</p> <p>8.5 Additional Information 190</p> <p><b>9 Label-Free Affinity-Based Biosensors 197</b></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 197</p> <p>9.2 Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Sensor 197</p> <p>9.3 Nanowire Field-Effect (FET) Sensors 203</p> <p>9.4 Cantilever Sensors 204</p> <p>9.5 Electrochemical Sensors 205</p> <p>9.6 Multiplex Detection of Polymicrobial UTI (Urinary Tract Infection) 207</p> <p>9.7 Conclusion 211</p> <p><b>10 Magneto-Nanosensor Biochips 215</b></p> <p>10.1 Magnetism Overview 215</p> <p>10.2 GMR Magneto-Nanosensor Biochips 216</p> <p>10.3 Point-of-Care Testing 223</p> <p>10.4 Non-GMR Magnetic Nanobiosensors 228</p> <p>10.5 Conclusion 231</p> <p><b>11 Microfluidic Chips for Capturing Circulating Tumor Cells 235</b></p> <p>11.1 Circulating Tumor Cells 235</p> <p>11.2 Identifying CTC and WBC by 3-Color Staining 235</p> <p>11.3 Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) 236</p> <p>11.4 Magnetically Activated Cell Sorting (MACS) 237</p> <p>11.5 Magnetic Separation Devices 238</p> <p>11.6 CTC Enrichment By Size Filtering 243</p> <p>11.7 CTC-CHIP (HARVARD UNIVERSITY) 243</p> <p>11.8 Clinical Utility From CTCs 245</p> <p>11.9 Conclusion 247</p> <p><b>12 Molecular Diagnostics 251</b></p> <p>12.1 Molecular Diagnostics (Dx) 251</p> <p>12.2 Molecular Diagnostics for Cancer 251</p> <p>12.3 Important Concepts in Diagnostics 254</p> <p>12.4 Conclusion 261</p> <p>12.5 Additional Information 261</p> <p><b>13 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 271</b></p> <p>13.1 Medical Imaging -- Categorization 271</p> <p>13.2 Overview For Imaging Section 271</p> <p>13.3 MRI: Past, Present, and Future 273</p> <p>13.4 Physics of MRI Overview 274</p> <p>13.5 Physics of MRI 274</p> <p>13.6 Image Acquisition in MRI 279</p> <p>13.7 MRI Contrast Agents 282</p> <p>13.8 Conclusion 287</p> <p><b>14 Radionuclide Imaging 295</b></p> <p>14.1 Radioactivity 295</p> <p>14.2 Basics of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) 299</p> <p>14.3 Single-Photon Emission Computer Tomography (SPECT) 303</p> <p>14.4 Contrast and Imaging Agents 306</p> <p>14.5 Conclusion 312</p> <p><b>15 Fluorescence and Raman Imaging 317</b></p> <p>15.1 Introduction to Optical Imaging 317</p> <p>15.2 Photon/Tissue Interaction 317</p> <p>15.3 Fluorescence Imaging 320</p> <p>15.4 Raman Imaging 328</p> <p>15.5 Fluorescence Imaging vs. Raman Imaging 331</p> <p>15.6 Conclusion 332</p> <p><b>16 Optical Coherence Tomography 337</b></p> <p>16.1 Introduction 337</p> <p>16.2 Applications of OCT 346</p> <p>16.3 Contrast Enhancement 351</p> <p>16.4 Conclusion 359</p> <p><b>17 Photoacoustic Imaging 363</b></p> <p>17.1 Photoacoustic Effect 363</p> <p>17.2 The Thermal and Stress Confinements 364</p> <p>17.3 Photoacoustic Imaging 365</p> <p>17.4 Contrast Agents 367</p> <p>17.5 Conclusion 373</p> <p><b>18 Imaging Controls and Concepts 377</b></p> <p>18.1 Controls 377</p> <p>18.2 Imaging Concepts 382</p> <p>18.3 Clinical Translation 386</p> <p>18.4 Conclusion 390</p> <p>Problems 390</p> <p>References 394</p> <p>Further</p> <p>Reading 394</p> <p>Index 395</p>

<p><b>ADAM DE LA ZERDA</b> is an Associate Professor in the departments of Structural Biology and Electrical Engineering at Stanford University and a Chan Zuckerberg Investigator. Dr. de la Zerda has received numerous awards for his research including the Forbes Magazine 30-under-30 in Science & Healthcare and published over 30 papers in leading journals. He holds a number of patents and is the founder of the medical diagnostics company Visby Medical. <p><b>SHAN XIANG WANG</b> is the Leland T. Edwards Professor in the School of Engineering, Stanford University. He currently serves as the Director of the Stanford Center for Magnetic Nanotechnology and a Professor of Materials Science & Engineering, jointly of Electrical Engineering, and by courtesy of Radiology . He has published over 300 papers, and holds 66 patents (issued and pending). Dr. Wang was an inaugural Frederick Terman Faculty Fellow at Stanford University (1994–1997), an IEEE Magnetics Society Distinguished Lecturer (2001–2002), and elected an IEEE Fellow (2009) and American Physical Society (APS) Fellow (2012).

<p><b>Advanced, recent developments in biochips and medical imaging</b> <p><i>Biochips and Medical Imaging</i> is designed as a professional resource, covering recent biochip and medical imaging developments. Within the text, the authors encourage uniting aspects of engineering, biology, and medicine to facilitate advancements in the field of molecular diagnostics and imaging. <p>Biochips are microchips for efficiently screening biological analytes. This book aims at presenting information on the state-of-the-art and emerging biosensors, biochips, and imaging technologies. The book also provides some background of basic biology and human physiology in health and disease to provide biological and medical context for the biochips and medical imaging technologies reviewed in the book. <p>Medical diagnostics includes in-vitro diagnostics (biochips) and in-vivo imaging (medical and molecular imaging). <i>Biochips and Medical Imaging</i> explores the roles of in-vitro and in-vivo diagnostic technologies in biomedical research and healthcare. It enables an instructor to share in-depth examples of the use of biochips and imaging modalities in diagnosing cancer and cardiovascular diseases. <ul><li>Provides real-life knowledge on biochips and medical imaging, written by leading researchers</li> <li>Serves as a resource for professionals working in the biochip or imaging fields</li> <li>Features an accessible approach for anyone interested in biochips and their applications</li></ul> <p>Readers of <i>Biochips and Medical Imaging</i> can expand their knowledge of medical technology, even if they have no biological knowledge and a limited math background. With its focus on important developments, this book is sure to also capture the interest of bioengineering and biomaterials scientists, structural biologists, engineers, and nanotechnologists.

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