Details

Power Electronics-Enabled Autonomous Power Systems

Next Generation Smart Grids
IEEE Press 1. Aufl.

von: Qing-Chang Zhong
89,99 €
Verlag:	Wiley
Format:	EPUB
Veröffentl.:	05.03.2020
ISBN/EAN:	9781118803509
Sprache:	englisch
Anzahl Seiten:	496

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Titelbeschreibung

Power systems worldwide are going through a paradigm shift from centralized generation to distributed generation. This book presents the SYNDEM (i.e., synchronized and democratized) grid architecture and its technical routes to harmonize the integration of renewable energy sources, electric vehicles, storage systems, and flexible loads, with the synchronization mechanism of synchronous machines, to enable autonomous operation of power systems, and to promote energy freedom. This is a game changer for the grid. It is the sort of breakthrough — like the touch screen in smart phones — that helps to push an industry from one era to the next, as reported by Keith Schneider, a New York Times correspondent since 1982. This book contains an introductory chapter and additional 24 chapters in five parts: Theoretical Framework, First-Generation VSM (virtual synchronous machines), Second-Generation VSM, Third-Generation VSM, and Case Studies. Most of the chapters include experimental results. As the first book of its kind for power electronics-enabled autonomous power systems, it • introduces a holistic architecture applicable to both large and small power systems, including aircraft power systems, ship power systems, microgrids, and supergrids • provides latest research to address the unprecedented challenges faced by power systems and to enhance grid stability, reliability, security, resiliency, and sustainability • demonstrates how future power systems achieve harmonious interaction, prevent local faults from cascading into wide-area blackouts, and operate autonomously with minimized cyber-attacks • highlights the significance of the SYNDEM concept for power systems and beyond Power Electronics-Enabled Autonomous Power Systems is an excellent book for researchers, engineers, and students involved in energy and power systems, electrical and control engineering, and power electronics. The SYNDEM theoretical framework chapter is also suitable for policy makers, legislators, entrepreneurs, commissioners of utility commissions, energy and environmental agency staff, utility personnel, investors, consultants, and attorneys.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

List of Figures xix List of Tables xxxiii Foreword xxxv Preface xxxvii Acknowledgments xxxix About the Author xli List of Abbreviations xliii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation and Purpose 1 1.2 Outline of the Book 3 1.3 Evolution of Power Systems 7 1.3.1 Today’s Grids 8 1.3.2 Smart Grids 8 1.3.3 Next-Generation Smart Grids 8 1.4 Summary 10 Part I Theoretical Framework 11 2 Synchronized and Democratized (SYNDEM) Smart Grid 13 2.1 The SYNDEM Concept 13 2.2 SYNDEM Rule of Law – Synchronization Mechanism of Synchronous Machines 15 2.3 SYNDEM Legal Equality – Homogenizing Heterogeneous Players as Virtual Synchronous Machines (VSM) 18 2.4 SYNDEM Grid Architecture 19 2.4.1 Architecture of Electrical Systems 19 2.4.2 Overall Architecture 22 2.4.3 Typical Scenarios 23 2.5 Potential Benefits 24 2.6 Brief Description of Technical Routes 28 2.6.1 The First-Generation (1G) VSM 28 2.6.2 The Second-Generation (2G) VSM 29 2.6.3 The Third-Generation (3G) VSM 29 2.7 Primary Frequency Response (PFR) in a SYNDEM Smart Grid 30 2.7.1 PFR from both Generators and Loads 31 2.7.2 Droop 31 2.7.3 Fast Action Without Delay 31 2.7.4 Reconfigurable Virtual Inertia 31 2.7.5 Continuous PFR 32 2.8 SYNDEM Roots 32 2.8.1 SYNDEM and Taoism 32 2.8.2 SYNDEM and Chinese History 33 2.9 Summary 34 3 Ghost Power Theory 35 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Ghost Operator, Ghost Signal, and Ghost System 36 3.2.1 The Ghost Operator 36 3.2.2 The Ghost Signal 37 3.2.3 The Ghost System 39 3.3 Physical Meaning of Reactive Power in Electrical Systems 41 3.4 Extension to Complete the Electrical-Mechanical Analogy 43 3.5 Generalization to Other Energy Systems 46 3.6 Summary and Discussions 47 Part II 1G VSM: Synchronverters 49 4 Synchronverter Based Generation 51 4.1 Mathematical Model of Synchronous Generatorss 51 4.1.1 The Electrical Part 51 4.1.2 The Mechanical Part 53 4.1.3 Presence of a Neutral Line 54 4.2 Implementation of a Synchronverter 55 4.2.1 The Power Part 56 4.2.2 The Electronic Part 56 4.3 Operation of a Synchronverter 57 4.3.1 Regulation of Real Power and Frequency Droop Control 57 4.3.2 Regulation of Reactive Power and Voltage Droop Control 58 4.4 Simulation Results 59 4.4.1 Under Different Grid Frequencies 60 4.4.2 Under Different Load Conditions 62 4.5 Experimental Results 62 4.5.1 Grid-connected Set Mode 63 4.5.2 Grid-connected Droop Mode 63 4.5.3 Grid-connected Parallel Operation 63 4.5.4 Seamless Transfer of the Operation Mode 64 4.6 Summary 67 5 Synchronverter Based Loads 69 5.1 Introduction 69 5.2 Modeling of a Synchronous Motor 70 5.3 Operation of a PWM Rectifier as a VSM 71 5.3.1 Controlling the Power 72 5.3.2 Controlling the DC-bus Voltage 73 5.4 Simulation Results 74 5.4.1 Controlling the Power 74 5.4.2 Controlling the DC-bus Voltage 76 5.5 Experimental Results 77 5.5.1 Controlling the Power 77 5.5.2 Controlling the DC-bus Voltage 77 5.6 Summary 79 6 Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) Based Wind Turbines 81 6.1 Introduction 81 6.2 PMSG Based Wind Turbines 83 6.3 Control of the Rotor-Side Converter 83 6.4 Control of the Grid-Side Converter 85 6.5 Real-time Simulation Results 86 6.5.1 Under Normal Grid Conditions 87 6.5.2 Under Grid Faults 89 6.6 Summary 90 7 Synchronverter Based AC Ward Leonard Drive Systems 91 7.1 Introduction 91 7.2 Ward Leonard Drive Systems 93 7.3 Model of a Synchronous Generator 95 7.4 Control Scheme with a Speed Sensor 96 7.4.1 Control Structure 96 7.4.2 System Analysis and Parameter Selection 97 7.5 Control Scheme without a Speed Sensor 98 7.5.1 Control Structure 98 7.5.2 System Analysis and Parameter Selection 99 7.6 Experimental Results 100 7.6.1 Case 1: With a Speed Sensor for Feedback 101 7.6.2 Case 2: Without a Speed Sensor for Feedback 104 7.7 Summary 106 8 Synchronverter without a Dedicated Synchronization Unit 107 8.1 Introduction 107 8.2 Interaction of a Synchronous Generator (SG) with an Infinite Bus 109 8.3 Controller for a Self-synchronized Synchronverter 110 8.3.1 Operation after Connection to the Grid 112 8.3.2 Synchronization before Connection to the Grid 113 8.4 Simulation Results 114 8.4.1 Normal Operation 114 8.4.2 Operation under Grid Faults 118 8.5 Experimental Results 119 8.5.1 Case 1: With the Grid Frequency Below 50 Hz 119 8.5.2 Case 2: With the Grid Frequency Above 50 Hz 123 8.6 Benefits of Removing the Synchronization Unit 123 8.7 Summary 124 9 Synchronverter Based Loads without a Dedicated Synchronisation Unit 125 9.1 Controlling the DC-bus Voltage 125 9.1.1 Self-synchronization 125 9.1.2 Normal Operation 126 9.2 Controlling the Power 127 9.3 Simulation Results 127 9.3.1 Controlling the DC-bus Voltage 128 9.3.2 Controlling the Power 130 9.4 Experimental Results 131 9.4.1 Controlling the DC-bus Voltage 132 9.4.2 Controlling the Power 132 9.5 Summary 134 10 Control of a DFIG Based Wind Turbine as a VSG (DFIG-VSG) 135 10.1 Introduction 135 10.2 DFIG Based Wind Turbines 137 10.3 Differential Gears and Ancient Chinese South-pointing Chariots 138 10.4 Analogy between a DFIG and Differential Gears 139 10.5 Control of a Grid-side Converter 140 10.5.1 DC-bus Voltage Control 141 10.5.2 Unity Power Factor Control 141 10.5.3 Self-synchronization 142 10.6 Control of the Rotor-Side Converter 142 10.6.1 Frequency Control 143 10.6.2 Voltage Control 143 10.6.3 Self-synchronization 144 10.7 Regulation of System Frequency and Voltage 145 10.8 Simulation Results 146 10.9 Experimental Results 150 10.10 Summary 153 11 Synchronverter Based Transformerless Photovoltaic Systems 155 11.1 Introduction 155 11.2 Leakage Currents and Grounding of Grid-tied Converters 156 11.2.1 Ground, Grounding, and Grounded Systems 156 11.2.2 Leakage Currents in a Grid-tied Converter 158 11.2.3 Benefits of Providing a Common AC and DC Ground 159 11.3 Operation of a Conventional Half-bridge Inverter 160 11.3.1 Reduction of Leakage Currents 161 11.3.2 Output Voltage Range 161 11.4 A Transformerless PV Inverter 161 11.4.1 Topology 161 11.4.2 Control of the Neutral Leg 161 11.4.3 Control of the Inversion Leg as a VSM 164 11.5 Real-time Simulation Results 165 11.6 Summary 167 12 Synchronverter Based STATCOM without an Dedicated Synchronization Unit 169 12.1 Introduction 169 12.2 Conventional Control of STATCOM 170 12.2.1 Operational Principles 171 12.2.2 Typical Control Strategy 172 12.3 Synchronverter Based Control 173 12.3.1 Regulation of the DC-bus Voltage and Synchronization with the Grid 173 12.3.2 Operation in the Q-mode to Regulate the Reactive Power 175 12.3.3 Operation in the V-mode to Regulate the PCC Voltage 176 12.3.4 Operation in the VD-mode to Droop the Voltage 176 12.4 Simulation Results 177 12.4.1 System Description 177 12.4.2 Connection to the Grid 179 12.4.3 Normal Operation in Different Modes 180 12.4.4 Operation under Extreme Conditions 181 12.5 Summary 185 13 Synchronverters with Bounded Frequency and Voltage 187 13.1 Introduction 187 13.2 Model of the Original Synchronverter 188 13.3 Achieving Bounded Frequency and Voltage 189 13.3.1 Control Design 190 13.3.2 Existence of a Unique Equilibrium 193 13.3.3 Convergence to the Equilibrium 197 13.4 Real-time Simulation Results 199 13.5 Summary 202 14 Virtual Inertia, Virtual Damping, and Fault Ride-through 203 14.1 Introduction 203 14.2 Inertia, the Inertia Time Constant, and the Inertia Constant 204 14.3 Limitation of the Inertia of a Synchronverter 206 14.4 Reconfiguration of the Inertia Time Constant 210 14.4.1 Design and Outcome 210 14.4.2 What is the Catch? 211 14.5 Reconfiguration of the Virtual Damping 212 14.5.1 Through Impedance Scaling with an Inner-loop Voltage Controller 213 14.5.2 Through Impedance Insertion with an Inner-loop Current Controller 214 14.6 Fault Ride-through 214 14.6.1 Analysis 214 14.6.2 Recommended Design 215 14.7 Simulation Results 215 14.7.1 A Single VSM 216 14.7.2 Two VSMs in Parallel Operation 217 14.8 Experimental Results 221 14.8.1 A Single VSM 221 14.8.2 Two VSMs in Parallel Operation 222 14.9 Summary 225 Part III 2G VSM: Robust Droop Controller 227 15 Synchronization Mechanism of Droop Control 229 15.1 Brief Review of Phase-Locked Loops (PLLs) 229 15.1.1 Basic PLL 229 15.1.2 Enhanced PLL (EPLL) 230 15.2 Brief Review of Droop Control 232 15.3 Structural Resemblance between Droop Control and PLL 234 15.3.1 When the Impedance is Inductive 234 15.3.2 When the Impedance is Resistive 236 15.4 Operation of a Droop Controller as a Synchronization Unit 238 15.5 Experimental Results 239 15.5.1 Synchronization with the Grid 239 15.5.2 Connection to the Grid 240 15.5.3 Operation in the Droop Mode 241 15.5.4 Robustness of Synchronization 241 15.5.5 Change in the Operation Mode 242 15.6 Summary 243 16 Robust Droop Control 245 16.1 Control of Inverter Output Impedance 245 16.1.1 Inverters with Inductive Output Impedances (L-inverters) 245 16.1.2 Inverters with Resistive Output Impedances (R-inverters) 246 16.1.3 Inverters with Capacitive Output Impedances (C-inverters) 247 16.2 Inherent Limitations of Conventional Droop Control 248 16.2.1 Basic Principle 248 16.2.2 Experimental Phenomena 250 16.2.3 Real Power Sharing 251 16.2.4 Reactive Power Sharing 252 16.3 Robust Droop Control of R-inverters 252 16.3.1 Control Strategy 252 16.3.2 Error due to Inaccurate Voltage Measurements 253 16.3.3 Voltage Regulation 254 16.3.4 Error due to the Global Settings for E∗ and 𝜔∗ 254 16.3.5 Experimental Results 255 16.4 Robust Droop Control of C-inverters 261 16.4.1 Control Strategy 261 16.4.2 Experimental Results 262 16.5 Robust Droop Control of L-inverters 262 16.5.1 Control Strategy 262 16.5.2 Experimental Results 265 16.6 Summary 268 17 Universal Droop Control 269 17.1 Introduction 269 17.2 Further Insights into Droop Control 270 17.2.1 Parallel Operation of Inverters with the Same Type of Impedance 271 17.2.2 Parallel Operation of L-, R-, and RL-inverters 272 17.2.3 Parallel Operation of RC-, R-, and C-inverters 273 17.3 Universal Droop Controller 275 17.3.1 Basic Principle 275 17.3.2 Implementation 276 17.4 Real-time Simulation Results 277 17.5 Experimental Results 277 17.5.1 Case I: Parallel Operation of L- and C-inverters 277 17.5.2 Case II: Parallel Operation of L-, C-, and R-inverters 279 17.6 Summary 281 18 Self-synchronized Universal Droop Controller 283 18.1 Description of the Controller 283 18.2 Operation of the Controller 285 18.2.1 Self-synchronization Mode 285 18.2.2 Set Mode (P-mode and Q-mode) 286 18.2.3 Droop Mode (PD-mode and QD-mode) 286 18.3 Experimental Results 287 18.3.1 R-inverter with Self-synchronized Universal Droop Control 288 18.3.2 L-inverter with Self-synchronized Universal Droop Control 290 18.3.3 L-inverter with Self-synchronized Robust Droop Control 294 18.4 Real-time Simulation Results from a Microgrid 297 18.5 Summary 300 19 Droop-Controlled Loads for Continuous Demand Response 301 19.1 Introduction 301 19.2 Control Framework with a Three-port Converter 302 19.2.1 Generation of the Real Power Reference 302 19.2.2 Regulation of the Power Drawn from the Grid 304 19.2.3 Analysis of the Operation Modes 305 19.2.4 Determination of the Capacitance for Grid Support 306 19.3 An Illustrative Implementation with the 𝜃-converter 308 19.3.1 Brief Description about the 𝜃-converter 309 19.3.2 Control of the Neutral Leg 310 19.3.3 Control of the Conversion Leg 311 19.4 Experimental Results 311 19.4.1 Design of the Experimental System 311 19.4.2 Steady-state Performance 312 19.4.3 Transient Performance 315 19.4.4 Capacity Potential 317 19.4.5 Comparative Study 318 19.5 Summary 319 20 Current-limiting Universal Droop Controller 321 20.1 Introduction 321 20.2 System Modeling 322 20.3 Control Design 323 20.3.1 Structure 323 20.3.2 Implementation 323 20.4 System Analysis 326 20.4.1 Current-limiting Property 326 20.4.2 Closed-loop Stability 327 20.4.3 Selection of Control Parameters 328 20.5 Practical Implementation 329 20.6 Operation under Grid Variations and Faults 330 20.7 Experimental Results 331 20.7.1 Operation under Normal Conditions 332 20.7.2 Operation under Grid Faults 334 20.8 Summary 338 Part IV 3G VSM: Cybersync Machines 339 21 Cybersync Machines 341 21.1 Introduction 341 21.2 Passivity and Port-Hamiltonian Systems 343 21.2.1 Passive Systems 343 21.2.2 Port-Hamiltonian Systems 343 21.2.3 Passivity of Interconnected Passive Systems 345 21.3 System Modeling 346 21.4 Control Framework 348 21.4.1 The Engendering Block Σe 349 21.4.2 Generation of the Desired Frequency 𝜔d and Flux 𝜑d 350 21.4.3 Design of Σ𝜔 and Σ𝜑 to Obtain a Passive ΣC 351 21.5 Passivity of the Controller 352 21.5.1 Losslessness of the Interconnection Block ΣI 352 21.5.2 Passivity of the Cascade of ΣC and ΣI 354 21.6 Passivity of the Closed-loop System 355 21.7 Sample Implementations for Blocks Σ𝜔 and Σ𝜑 355 21.7.1 Using the Standard Integral Controller (IC) 355 21.7.2 Using a Static Controller 356 21.8 Self-Synchronization and Power Regulation 357 21.9 Simulation Results 358 21.9.1 Self-synchronization 360 21.9.2 Operation after Connection to the Grid 360 21.10 Experimental Results 362 21.10.1 Self-synchronization 362 21.10.2 Operation after Connection to the Grid 363 21.11 Summary 364 Part V Case Studies 365 22 A Single-node System 367 22.1 SYNDEM Smart Grid Research and Educational Kit 367 22.1.1 Overview 367 22.1.2 Hardware Structure 368 22.1.3 Sample Conversion Topologies Attainable 369 22.2 Details of the Single-Node SYNDEM System 375 22.2.1 Description of the System 375 22.2.2 Experimental Results 377 22.3 Summary 378 23 A 100% Power Electronics Based SYNDEM Smart Grid Testbed 379 23.1 Description of the Testbed 379 23.1.1 Overall Structure 379 23.1.2 VSM Topologies Adopted 379 23.1.3 Individual Nodes 382 23.2 Experimental Results 384 23.2.1 Operation of Energy Bridges 384 23.2.2 Operation of Solar Power Nodes 384 23.2.3 Operation of Wind Power Nodes 386 23.2.4 Operation of the DC-Load Node 388 23.2.5 Operation of the AC-Load Node 389 23.2.6 Operation of the Whole Testbed 391 23.3 Summary 393 24 A Home Grid 395 24.1 Description of the Home Grid 395 24.2 Results from Field Operations 396 24.2.1 Black start and Grid forming 396 24.2.2 From Islanded to Grid-tied Operation 399 24.2.3 Seamless Mode Change when the Public Grid is Lost and Recovered 400 24.2.4 Voltage/Frequency Regulation and Power Sharing 400 24.3 Unexpected Problems Emerged During the Field Trial 402 24.4 Summary 404 25 Texas Panhandle Wind Power System 405 25.1 Geographical Description 405 25.2 System Structure 406 25.3 Main Challenges 407 25.4 Overview of Control Strategies Compared 407 25.4.1 VSM Control 408 25.4.2 DQ Control 410 25.5 Simulation Results 411 25.5.1 VSM Control 412 25.5.2 DQ Control 415 25.6 Summary and Conclusions 416 Bibliography 417 Index 441

Autorenportrait

QING-CHANG ZHONG, PhD, FELLOW of IEEE and IET, is the Max McGraw Endowed Chair Professor in Energy and Power Engineering and Management at Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, USA, and the Founder and CEO of Syndem LLC, Chicago, USA. He served(s) as a Distinguished Lecturer of IEEE Power and Energy Society, IEEE Control Systems Society, and IEEE Power Electronics Society, an Associate Editor of several leading journals in control and power engineering including IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, and IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, a Senior Research Fellow of Royal Academy of Engineering, U.K., the U.K. Representative to European Control Association, a Steering Committee Member of IEEE Smart Grid, and a Vice-Chair of IFAC Technical Committee on Power and Energy Systems. He delivered over 200 plenary/invited talks in over 20 countries.

Back cover copy

Provides a holistic grid architecture and enabling technologies for next-generation smart grids Power systems worldwide are going through a paradigm shift from centralized generation to distributed generation. This book presents the SYNDEM (meaning synchronized and democratized) grid architecture and its technical routes to harmonize the integration of renewable energy sources, electric vehicles, storage systems, flexible loads, etc. with the synchronization mechanism of synchronous machines, to enable autonomous operation of power systems without relying on communication networks, and to advance global energy freedom for billions of people. "This is a game changer for the grid. It is the sort of breakthrough — like the touch screen in smart phones — that helps to push an industry from one era to the next," as reported by Keith Schneider, a New York Times correspondent since 1982. This book contains an introductory chapter and additional 24 chapters in five parts: Theoretical Framework, First-Generation VSM (virtual synchronous machines), Second-Generation VSM, Third-Generation VSM, and Case Studies. Most of the chapters include experimental results. As the first book of its kind for power electronics-enabled autonomous power systems, it <ul> <li>introduces a holistic grid architecture applicable to both large and small power systems, including aircraft power systems, ship power systems, microgrids, and supergrids</li> <li>provides latest research to address the unprecedented challenges faced by power systems and to enhance grid stability, reliability, security, resiliency, and sustainability</li> <li>demonstrates how future power systems achieve harmonious interaction, prevent local faults from cascading into wide-area blackouts, and operate autonomously with minimized cyber-attacks</li> <li>highlights the significance of the SYNDEM concept for power systems and beyond</li> </ul> Power Electronics-Enabled Autonomous Power Systems: Next Generation Smart Grids is an excellent book for researchers, engineers, and students involved in energy and power systems, electrical engineering, and control engineering, and power electronics. The SYNDEM theoretical framework chapter is also suitable for policy makers, legislators, entrepreneurs, commissioners of utility commissions, energy and environmental agency staff, utility personnel, investors, consultants, and attorneys.