Details

Equine Science


Equine Science


3. Aufl.

von: Zoe Davies

37,99 €

Verlag: Wiley-Blackwell
Format: PDF
Veröffentl.: 14.09.2017
ISBN/EAN: 9781118741177
Sprache: englisch
Anzahl Seiten: 480

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Beschreibungen

<p>From genetics to functional anatomy, cell biology to the equine digestive system, <i>Equine Science, Third Edition</i> covers all the essential scientific knowledge you need for your equine programme. Thoroughly updated, this new edition features a clear, systematic presentation, stunning full-colour photographs and illustrations, chapter summary points and self-assessment questions throughout.</p> <ul> <li>Describes the structure and function of the various body systems of the horse</li> <li>Explains the scientific rationale behind modern equine training practices</li> <li>Features new chapters on exercise physiology and the evolution of the horse</li> <li>Reflects the latest scientific advances and changes in the student curriculum</li> <li>Includes new information on circadian rhythms and sleep patterns, the immune system, and hindgut microbiology.</li> </ul> <p>A powerful teaching and learning aid,<i> Equine Science, Third Edition</i> is an essential text for students on higher education equine studies and equine science programmes, as well as those studying for BHS qualifications up to BHSII Stage 4 Horse Knowledge and Care.</p>
<p>Preface xxiii</p> <p>Acknowledgement xxv</p> <p><b>1 The Biochemical Nature of Cells 1</b></p> <p>Metabolism 1</p> <p>Water 1</p> <p>Important Properties ofWater 4</p> <p>Proteins 4</p> <p>Basic Structure of Amino Acids 4</p> <p>Polypeptides 5</p> <p>Levels of Protein Structure 5</p> <p>Primary Structure of Proteins (Amino Acid Sequence) 6</p> <p>Secondary Structure of Proteins (Alpha Helix or Beta Pleated Sheet) 6</p> <p>Tertiary Structure of Proteins (3D Shape/Folding) 7</p> <p>Quaternary Structure of Proteins (Aggregations of Polypeptide Chains) 7</p> <p>Classification of Proteins 7</p> <p>Structure of Collagen 8</p> <p>Modification of Proteins 8</p> <p>Denaturation of Proteins 8</p> <p>Carbohydrates 8</p> <p>Fructans 9</p> <p>Starch 10</p> <p>Cellulose 11</p> <p>Glycogen 11</p> <p>Lipids/Fats 11</p> <p>Triglycerides 12</p> <p>Essential Fatty Acids 12</p> <p>Phospholipids 13</p> <p>Cholesterol 15</p> <p>Nucleic Acids 15</p> <p>Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) 15</p> <p>Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) 16</p> <p>Messenger RNA (mRNA) 17</p> <p>Transfer RNA (tRNA) 18</p> <p>Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 18</p> <p>Protein Synthesis 18</p> <p>Transcription 18</p> <p>Translation 20</p> <p>The Genetic Code 21</p> <p>Reading the Genetic Code 23</p> <p>Enzymes 23</p> <p>Factors that Affect the Activity of Enzymes 25</p> <p>Temperature 25</p> <p>pH 25</p> <p>Enzyme Concentration 25</p> <p>Substrate Concentration 25</p> <p>Cofactors and Coenzymes 25</p> <p>Enzyme Inhibitors 25</p> <p>Metabolic Poisons 26</p> <p>Drugs 26</p> <p>Summary Points 26</p> <p>Q + A 27</p> <p><b>2 Cells, Tissues and Organs 29</b></p> <p>Cells – Building Blocks of Life 29</p> <p>Prokaryotic Cells 29</p> <p>Eukaryotic Cells 31</p> <p>Cell Function 31</p> <p>Cytoplasm 32</p> <p>Cytosol 32</p> <p>Movement of Substances in and around Cells 32</p> <p>Cell Organelles 32</p> <p>Cytoskeleton 32</p> <p>Cell or Plasma Membrane 33</p> <p>The Fluid Mosaic Model of Cell Membrane Structure 34</p> <p>The Role of Membranes in Cell Organelles 34</p> <p>Nucleus 37</p> <p>Endoplasmic Reticulum and Ribosomes 38</p> <p>Golgi Body (Dictyosome) 38</p> <p>Mitochondria 38</p> <p>Lysosomes 38</p> <p>Peroxisomes (Microbodies) 39</p> <p>Centrosomes 39</p> <p>Apoptosis (Programmed Cell Death) 39</p> <p>Cell Turnover 40</p> <p>Cell Division (Mitosis and Meiosis) 40</p> <p>The Cell Cycle 40</p> <p>Mitosis 41</p> <p>Key Events 41</p> <p>Cytokinesis or Cytoplasmic Division 43</p> <p>Meiosis 44</p> <p>Key Events 45</p> <p>First Meiotic Division 46</p> <p>Second Meiotic Division 46</p> <p>Cell Signalling 46</p> <p>Cell Differentiation and Stem Cells 46</p> <p>Blood Cell Production from Stem Cells 47</p> <p>Tissues and Organs 47</p> <p>Epithelium/Epithelial Tissue 48</p> <p>Epithelial Cell Shapes 50</p> <p>Epithelial Arrangement of Cells 50</p> <p>Connective Tissue 51</p> <p>Connective Tissue Cells 52</p> <p>Connective Tissue Fibres 52</p> <p>Tissue Repair 53</p> <p>The Four Stages ofWound Healing 54</p> <p>Stage 1 – Traumatic Inflammatory Phase 54</p> <p>Stage 2 – Destructive Phase (0–3 Days) 54</p> <p>Stage 3 – Proliferative Phase (3–24 Days) 55</p> <p>Stage 4 – Maturation Phase (24 Days to 2 Years) 56</p> <p>Ageing Tissue 56</p> <p>Stem Cell Therapy 56</p> <p>Summary Points 57</p> <p>Q + A 58</p> <p><b>3 Equine Support and Movement 59</b></p> <p>Points of the Horse 59</p> <p>The Skeletal System 59</p> <p>Bone 59</p> <p>Classification of Bone Tissue 60</p> <p>Dense or Compact Bone 60</p> <p>Spongy or Cancellous Bone 61</p> <p>Types of Bones 61</p> <p>Microscopic Bone Structure 64</p> <p>Bone Formation and Growth 64</p> <p>Developmental Orthopaedic Disease 67</p> <p>Bone Remodelling 68</p> <p>Hormones and their Effect on Bone Growth 68</p> <p>Effect of Exercise on Bone Tissue 69</p> <p>Calcium Homeostasis 69</p> <p>Bone Fracture and Repair 69</p> <p>The Skeleton 70</p> <p>The Axial Skeleton 70</p> <p>The Skull 70</p> <p>The Vertebral Column or Spine 71</p> <p>The Appendicular Skeleton 75</p> <p>Forelimb 76</p> <p>Hindlimb 79</p> <p>Stay Apparatus 80</p> <p>The Mechanics of Movement 80</p> <p>Joints 80</p> <p>Types of Joints 81</p> <p>Movement of Joints 83</p> <p>Ageing of Joints 83</p> <p>Muscles 83</p> <p>CardiacMuscle 84</p> <p>Smooth Muscle 84</p> <p>Skeletal Muscle (Voluntary or Striated Muscle) 85</p> <p>The Sliding FilamentModel 87</p> <p>Muscle Anatomy 87</p> <p>Muscles of the Neck and Shoulder 91</p> <p>Brachiocephalic 91</p> <p>Sternocephalic 91</p> <p>Splenius 91</p> <p>Trapezius 91</p> <p>Rhomboideus 95</p> <p>Deltoideus 95</p> <p>Triceps 95</p> <p>Muscles of the Trunk 95</p> <p>Latissimus Dorsi 95</p> <p>Pectorals 95</p> <p>Muscles of the Forearm 95</p> <p>Digital Extensor 95</p> <p>Digital Flexor 95</p> <p>Muscles of the Abdomen 97</p> <p>Intercostal Muscles 97</p> <p>Longissimus Dorsi 97</p> <p>Muscles of the Hindlimb 97</p> <p>Gluteal 97</p> <p>Biceps Femoris 97</p> <p>Semitendinosus 97</p> <p>Digital Extensor 97</p> <p>Gastrocnemius 99</p> <p>The Importance of Muscle Fibres in Equine Performance 99</p> <p>Muscle Fibre Types 99</p> <p>Muscle Fibre Recruitment 100</p> <p>Fatigue 101</p> <p>Causes of Fatigue 101</p> <p>Lactic Acid Accumulation 101</p> <p>Summary Points 101</p> <p>Q + A 101</p> <p><b>4 TheLowerLimb 103</b></p> <p>Tendons and Ligaments of the Lower Limb 103</p> <p>Tendons 103</p> <p>Tendon Repair 104</p> <p>Extensor Tendons 106</p> <p>Flexor Tendons 106</p> <p>Ligaments and Suspensory Apparatus 106</p> <p>Check Ligament 106</p> <p>Suspensory Ligament 106</p> <p>Blood Supply to the Lower Leg 107</p> <p>The Hoof 107</p> <p>The Hoof as a Plastic Structure 107</p> <p>Effect of Movement on Hoof Structure 111</p> <p>Functions of the Hoof 112</p> <p>Shock Absorption 112</p> <p>Grip 112</p> <p>Circulation 113</p> <p>The External Hoof 113</p> <p>Wall 113</p> <p>Sole 116</p> <p>Frog 116</p> <p>Hoof Horn 118</p> <p>Internal Structures 118</p> <p>Digital or Plantar Cushion 118</p> <p>Lateral (Ungual) Cartilages 119</p> <p>Pedal and Navicular Bones 119</p> <p>The Balanced Foot 119</p> <p>Assessment of Foot Balance 119</p> <p>Static Foot Balance 119</p> <p>Dynamic Foot Balance 120</p> <p>Adaptations of Hoof Tissue 121</p> <p>Summary Points 121</p> <p>Q + A 122</p> <p><b>5 The Digestive System 123</b></p> <p>Foregut 124</p> <p>Mouth 124</p> <p>Oesophagus 127</p> <p>Stomach 127</p> <p>Gastric Juice 128</p> <p>Small Intestine 130</p> <p>Pancreas 132</p> <p>Endocrine Functions of the Pancreas 132</p> <p>Exocrine Functions of the Pancreas 133</p> <p>Liver 134</p> <p>Functions of the Liver 135</p> <p>Hindgut 137</p> <p>Large Intestine 137</p> <p>Caecum 137</p> <p>Large Colon 137</p> <p>Small Colon 140</p> <p>Rectum 140</p> <p>Digestion in the Large Intestine 140</p> <p>Equine Microbiota 140</p> <p>The Gut and the Immune System 142</p> <p>Summary Points 142</p> <p>Q + A 143</p> <p><b>6 The Respiratory System 145</b></p> <p>Anatomy 146</p> <p>Within the Head and Neck 146</p> <p>Within the Chest 148</p> <p>Blood Supply 149</p> <p>Pleurae 149</p> <p>Diaphragm 150</p> <p>Physiology of Respiration 150</p> <p>Pulmonary Ventilation 150</p> <p>Pressure Changes during Breathing 151</p> <p>Airway Resistance 151</p> <p>Lung Air Volumes and Capacities 151</p> <p>Dead Space 153</p> <p>Regulation of Breathing 153</p> <p>Respiratory–Locomotor Coupling 154</p> <p>External Respiration or Pulmonary Gas Exchange 155</p> <p>Internal Respiration or Systemic Gas Exchange 156</p> <p>Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Around the Body 157</p> <p>Oxygen Transport 157</p> <p>Carbon Dioxide Transport 157</p> <p>The Oxygen Dissociation Curve 158</p> <p>The Bohr Effect 158</p> <p>Cellular Respiration 159</p> <p>Aerobic Cellular Respiration 159</p> <p>Aerobic Respiration of Glucose 161</p> <p>Glycolysis 161</p> <p>Link Reaction 161</p> <p>Krebs Cycle 163</p> <p>Electron Transport Chain 163</p> <p>Aerobic Respiration of Other Fuels 166</p> <p>Glycogen 166</p> <p>LipidMetabolism 166</p> <p>Protein Metabolism 167</p> <p>Anaerobic Respiration 167</p> <p>Summary Points 167</p> <p>Q + A 168</p> <p><b>7 The Circulatory System 169</b></p> <p>Foetal Circulation 170</p> <p>The Heart 171</p> <p>Cardiac Output 172</p> <p>Anatomy of the Heart 173</p> <p>The Cardiac Cycle 175</p> <p>Regulation of the Heart Beat 175</p> <p>The Heart and Fittening/Training Horses 176</p> <p>The Heart and VO2 Max 178</p> <p>Heart Murmurs 178</p> <p>Heart or Cardiac Arrhythmia 178</p> <p>Second-Degree AV Block 179</p> <p>Atrial Fibrillation (AF) 179</p> <p>Sudden Cardiac Death 179</p> <p>Blood Vessels 179</p> <p>Arteries 179</p> <p>Veins 180</p> <p>Capillaries 182</p> <p>Heart Evaluation and Examination 182</p> <p>Electrocardiogram 182</p> <p>Exercise Testing of Horses 183</p> <p>Blood 184</p> <p>Plasma 184</p> <p>Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) 185</p> <p>White Blood Cells (Leucocytes) 186</p> <p>Granulocytes 188</p> <p>Agranulocytes 189</p> <p>Platelets (Thrombocytes) 190</p> <p>Haemostasis or Blood Clotting 190</p> <p>Blood Tests 191</p> <p>Blood Typing 191</p> <p>The Lymphatic or Lymph System 192</p> <p>The Spleen 193</p> <p>Summary Points 194</p> <p>Q + A 194</p> <p><b>8 The Nervous System 197</b></p> <p>Nerves and Neurons 198</p> <p>Neuroglia or Glial Cells 200</p> <p>Organisation of the Nervous System 202</p> <p>CNS 202</p> <p>PNS 203</p> <p>Action Potential 203</p> <p>Resting Membrane Potential 204</p> <p>Synapses 206</p> <p>Transmission at the Synapse 207</p> <p>Neurotransmitters 208</p> <p>Endorphins and Enkephalins 208</p> <p>Neuromuscular Junctions 209</p> <p>The Brain 209</p> <p>Forebrain 210</p> <p>Hypothalamus 210</p> <p>Thalamus 210</p> <p>Cerebrum 210</p> <p>Midbrain 210</p> <p>Hindbrain 210</p> <p>Spinal Cord 212</p> <p>Reflex Actions or Arcs 212</p> <p>Summary Points 212</p> <p>Q + A 213</p> <p><b>9 The Endocrine System 215</b></p> <p>Hypothalamus 216</p> <p>Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) 217</p> <p>Anterior Pituitary – Adenophysis 217</p> <p>Pars Intermedia 218</p> <p>Posterior Pituitary (Neurophysis) 218</p> <p>Thyroid Gland 219</p> <p>Thyroid Hormones 219</p> <p>Parathyroid Glands 219</p> <p>Adrenal Glands 220</p> <p>Adrenal Cortex 221</p> <p>Mineralocorticoids 221</p> <p>Glucocorticoids 222</p> <p>Adrenal Medulla 222</p> <p>Pancreas 222</p> <p>Secretion of Glucagon and Insulin 224</p> <p>Thymus 225</p> <p>Ovaries 225</p> <p>Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin 226</p> <p>Testes 226</p> <p>Pineal Gland 227</p> <p>The Neuroendocrine System 228</p> <p>Circadian Rhythms in Horses 230</p> <p>Sleep Patterns in Horses 231</p> <p>Summary Points 232</p> <p>Q + A 233</p> <p><b>10 The Skin 235</b></p> <p>Structure of the Skin 235</p> <p>Epidermis 237</p> <p>Stratum Basale 238</p> <p>Stratum Spinosum 238</p> <p>Stratum Granulosum 238</p> <p>Stratum Lucidum 238</p> <p>Stratum Corneum 238</p> <p>Dermis 238</p> <p>Sensation 239</p> <p>Melanin 239</p> <p>Sudoriferous Glands (Sweat Glands) 239</p> <p>Sebaceous Glands 239</p> <p>Hair 239</p> <p>Hair Follicles 240</p> <p>The Coat 241</p> <p>Thermoregulation 241</p> <p>Heat Conservation 243</p> <p>Heat Loss 243</p> <p>Sweating 245</p> <p>Breaking Out 246</p> <p>Dry Coat or Anhydrosis 246</p> <p>Skin and Coat Colour 246</p> <p>Summary Points 247</p> <p>Q + A 247</p> <p><b>11 The Senses 249</b></p> <p>Transduction 249</p> <p>Adaptation 249</p> <p>Somatic Receptors 250</p> <p>Thermal Sensations 250</p> <p>Pain Sensations 251</p> <p>Tactile Sensations 251</p> <p>Itch Sensation 252</p> <p>Proprioceptor Sensation 252</p> <p>Special Senses 253</p> <p>Sight 253</p> <p>Visual Streak of the Eye 253</p> <p>Colour Vision 254</p> <p>Night Vision 254</p> <p>Anatomy of the Eye 254</p> <p>Chambers of the Eye 255</p> <p>Photoreceptors 256</p> <p>Transmission of Nerve Impulses to the Brain 258</p> <p>Accommodation (Focusing) 258</p> <p>Adaptation of the Horse’s Eyes to Light 258</p> <p>Eyelids 259</p> <p>Conjunctiva 259</p> <p>Lacrimal Apparatus 260</p> <p>Hearing and Balance 260</p> <p>Anatomy of the Ear 261</p> <p>Taste and Smell 264</p> <p>The Olfactory System 265</p> <p>Jacobson’s Organ 265</p> <p>Summary Points 266</p> <p>Q + A 266</p> <p><b>12 Reproduction 267</b></p> <p>Reproductive Anatomy of the Mare 267</p> <p>Vulva 267</p> <p>Vagina 269</p> <p>Cervix 269</p> <p>Uterus 269</p> <p>Utero-tubular Junction 270</p> <p>Fallopian Tubes 270</p> <p>Ovaries 271</p> <p>The Oestrus Cycle 272</p> <p>Follicular Development or Oogenesis 275</p> <p>Ovarian Changes during the Oestrus Cycle 275</p> <p>Behavioural Signs of Oestrus in the Mare 276</p> <p>Summary of Mare Behaviour through the Cycle 276</p> <p>Endocrine Changes during the Oestrus Cycle 277</p> <p>Artificial Control of the Oestrus Cycle 278</p> <p>Light 279</p> <p>Hormonal Methods 280</p> <p>Postponing Ovulation 280</p> <p>Reproductive Anatomy of the Stallion 280</p> <p>Scrotum 280</p> <p>Testes (Testicles) 281</p> <p>Epididymis 282</p> <p>Vas Deferens 284</p> <p>Accessory Sex Glands 284</p> <p>Vesicular Gland (Seminal Vesicles) 284</p> <p>Prostate Gland 284</p> <p>Bulbo-Urethral Gland (Cowper’s Gland) 284</p> <p>Penis 284</p> <p>Spermatogenesis 285</p> <p>Acrosome Reaction 286</p> <p>Endocrine Pathways in the Male 287</p> <p>Fertilisation 287</p> <p>Pregnancy Diagnosis 287</p> <p>Foetal Sexing 288</p> <p>Twins 289</p> <p>Endocrine Maintenance of Gestation 289</p> <p>Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin 290</p> <p>Progesterone 290</p> <p>Oestrogens 290</p> <p>Relaxin 290</p> <p>Gestation 291</p> <p>Implantation and Placentation 291</p> <p>Embryology 292</p> <p>Phases of Equine Embryo Development and Migration 293</p> <p>Phase 1 294</p> <p>Phase 2 294</p> <p>Phase 3 294</p> <p>Phase 4 294</p> <p>Phase 5 294</p> <p>Phase 6 294</p> <p>Timeline of Embryonic Development 294</p> <p>The Foetal Endocrine System 295</p> <p>Preparation for Parturition (Birth) 295</p> <p>The Three Stages of Parturition 296</p> <p>Stage 1 296</p> <p>Stage 2 296</p> <p>Stage 3 296</p> <p>Induction 296</p> <p>Lactation 297</p> <p>Lactogenesis 297</p> <p>Lactation Curve 298</p> <p>Applied Reproductive Technologies 298</p> <p>Artificial Insemination 298</p> <p>Advantages 299</p> <p>Disadvantages 299</p> <p>Collection of Semen 299</p> <p>Semen Preservation 300</p> <p>Embryo Transfer 301</p> <p>Advantages 302</p> <p>Disadvantages 302</p> <p>Donor and Recipient Mares 302</p> <p>The Synchronisation Process 302</p> <p>Collection of the Embryo 302</p> <p>Transfer of the Embryo 303</p> <p>Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer 303</p> <p>Oocyte Transfer 303</p> <p>Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) 303</p> <p>Summary Points 303</p> <p>Q + A 304</p> <p><b>13 Genetics 305</b></p> <p>The Genetic Code or Genome 305</p> <p>Chromosomes 305</p> <p>Gene Expression 306</p> <p>Mitochondrial DNA 307</p> <p>The Y Chromosome 308</p> <p>Alleles 308</p> <p>Dominance 308</p> <p>Sex Cells 309</p> <p>Hybrids 309</p> <p>Heredity 309</p> <p>Sex Determination 310</p> <p>Genotype and Phenotype 311</p> <p>Polygenic or Multiple Gene Traits 311</p> <p>Multiple Alleles 311</p> <p>Sex Linkage 311</p> <p>Lethal Genes 311</p> <p>Lethal White Foal Syndrome (LWFS) 311</p> <p>Foal Immunodeficiency Syndrome (FIS) 311</p> <p>Lavender Foal Syndrome (LFS) 312</p> <p>Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) 312</p> <p>Congenital Curly Coat Syndrome 312</p> <p>Epigenetics 312</p> <p>Muscle Disorders 314</p> <p>Nuclear Transfer (Cloning) 314</p> <p>Parental Similarity of Clones 314</p> <p>Mutation 315</p> <p>Gene Mutation 315</p> <p>Chromosome Mutation 316</p> <p>Non-Disjunction 316</p> <p>Polyploidy 316</p> <p>Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms 317</p> <p>The Myostatin Gene and Performance 317</p> <p>Coat Colour and Genetics 317</p> <p>Bay/Black 318</p> <p>White (Albino) (WWorWw) 318</p> <p>Grey (GG or Gg) 318</p> <p>Roan 320</p> <p>Spotting Patterns 320</p> <p>Sabino (SB1) 320</p> <p>Tobiano (TO or to) 320</p> <p>Overo (O) 320</p> <p>Appaloosa (LP) 320</p> <p>Cream (C or Ccr) 321</p> <p>Silver (Z) 323</p> <p>Champagne 323</p> <p>Pearl 323</p> <p>Dun (D or d) 323</p> <p>White Markings 323</p> <p>Melanomas in Grey Horses 323</p> <p>Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Haemorrhage (EIPH) or Epistaxis 323</p> <p>Summary Points 324</p> <p>Q + A 324</p> <p><b>14 The Urinary System 325</b></p> <p>Kidneys 325</p> <p>Nephrons 327</p> <p>Role of Tubules in Formation of Urine and in Homeostasis 331</p> <p>Proximal Convoluted Tubule 331</p> <p>Loop of Henle 332</p> <p>Distal Convoluted Tubule 333</p> <p>Regulation ofWater 334</p> <p>Regulation of Permeability of the Collecting Ducts by ADH 334</p> <p>Aldosterone 335</p> <p>Acid–Base Balance 335</p> <p>Extracellular and Intracellular Chemical Buffers 336</p> <p>Protein Buffer System 336</p> <p>Carbonic Acid–Bicarbonate Buffer System 336</p> <p>Phosphate Buffer System 336</p> <p>Carbon Dioxide Exhalation 337</p> <p>Excretion of Hydrogen Ions 337</p> <p>Acid–Base Imbalances 337</p> <p>Micturition or Urination 337</p> <p>Summary Points 338</p> <p>Q + A 338</p> <p><b>15 The Immune System 339</b></p> <p>Health Versus Disease 339</p> <p>Microbes 339</p> <p>Disease Transmission Routes 340</p> <p>Infection 340</p> <p>Biofilms 341</p> <p>Symptoms of Disease 341</p> <p>Diagnosis 342</p> <p>Pathogenic Organisms 342</p> <p>Bacteria (Prokaryotes) 342</p> <p>Invasive Properties 343</p> <p>Spread of Bacteria 344</p> <p>Mycoplasma Species 345</p> <p>Antibiotics and Resistance 345</p> <p>Viruses 346</p> <p>Structure 347</p> <p>Replication 348</p> <p>Eukaryotic Pathogens 348</p> <p>Fungi 348</p> <p>Protozoa 350</p> <p>Internal Parasites 351</p> <p>Protection from Disease 351</p> <p>External Barriers 351</p> <p>Innate Immunity 353</p> <p>Inflammation 353</p> <p>Interferons 355</p> <p>Complement System 356</p> <p>Natural Killer Cells 356</p> <p>Adaptive/Acquired Immunity 357</p> <p>Types of Adaptive/Acquired Immunity 357</p> <p>Antigens and Antibodies 361</p> <p>Antigen Presentation 362</p> <p>Ingestion of an Antigen – Mode of Action 362</p> <p>T Cells and Cell-Mediated Immunity 363</p> <p>Helper T Cell Activation 363</p> <p>Cytotoxic T Cells 363</p> <p>Summary Points 364</p> <p>Q + A 364</p> <p><b>16 Exercise Physiology, Functional Anatomy and Conformation 365</b></p> <p>Exercise Physiology 365</p> <p>Fitness 365</p> <p>Horses at Rest 365</p> <p>Exercise 365</p> <p>Exercise and Energy 366</p> <p>Fuels Available for Exercise 367</p> <p>Immediate Response of the Horse’s Body to Exercise 368</p> <p>Changes Occurring during Exercise 368</p> <p>Homeostatic Mechanisms Involved during Exercise 369</p> <p>LactateThreshold 370</p> <p>Over-training 370</p> <p>Recovery 370</p> <p>Long-Term Responses of the Horse’s Body to Exercise 371</p> <p>Fitness Training 373</p> <p>PreliminaryWork 373</p> <p>DevelopmentWork 374</p> <p>FastWork 374</p> <p>Interval Training 374</p> <p>Aims of Interval Training 374</p> <p>Monitoring Interval Training 375</p> <p>Beginning Interval Training 375</p> <p>How to Use Interval Training 375</p> <p>Points Regarding Interval Training 375</p> <p>Functional Anatomy 376</p> <p>Centre of Gravity 376</p> <p>Stay Apparatus 377</p> <p>Moving the Front Legs 380</p> <p>Moving the Hind Legs 380</p> <p>Equine Biomechanics 381</p> <p>Kinematics 381</p> <p>Kinetics 381</p> <p>Conformation 382</p> <p>Ideal Conformation 382</p> <p>Head 382</p> <p>Topline 382</p> <p>Neck 382</p> <p>Withers 384</p> <p>Chest 384</p> <p>Shoulder 384</p> <p>Elbow 384</p> <p>Forelimb 385</p> <p>Feet 386</p> <p>Back 386</p> <p>Hindquarters 387</p> <p>Summary Points 390</p> <p>Q + A 390</p> <p><b>17 Teeth and Ageing 391</b></p> <p>Equine Teeth 391</p> <p>Wear and Tear 394</p> <p>Ageing 396</p> <p>Care of Equine Teeth 399</p> <p>Summary Points 401</p> <p>Q + A 401</p> <p><b>18 Evolution, Classification and Behaviour of the Horse 403</b></p> <p>Evolutionary Time Period 403</p> <p>Classification 403</p> <p>Species 404</p> <p>Evolutionary Development 407</p> <p>The Evolutionary Family Tree 409</p> <p>Domestic Breeds and Types of Horses 412</p> <p>Donkeys 412</p> <p>Przewalski’s Horse 412</p> <p>Mustangs 414</p> <p>Behaviour of the Modern Horse 414</p> <p>Innate Behaviour 414</p> <p>Learned Behaviour 415</p> <p>Habituation 415</p> <p>Classical Conditioning 416</p> <p>Operant Conditioning 416</p> <p>Latent Learning 416</p> <p>Insight Learning 416</p> <p>Stereotypies 416</p> <p>Imprinting 417</p> <p>The Dopamine Receptor D4 417</p> <p>Emotion 417</p> <p>Summary Points 417</p> <p>Q + A 418</p> <p>A Anatomical Terms Based on theMedian Plane 419</p> <p>B Haematology and Plasma Biochemistry Tests 421</p> <p>C Functions, Sources and Deficiencies of Vitamins andMinerals in Horses 423</p> <p>Index 429</p>
<p> <strong>Zoe Davies</strong> is one of only a handful of qualified and Registered Equine Nutritionists in the UK. A former lecturer and external examiner in Equine Science, Zoe is a referral nutritionist, specialising in bloodstock and performance horses.
<p>From genetics to functional anatomy, cell biology to the equine digestive system, <i>Equine Science, Third Edition</i> covers all the essential scientific knowledge you need for your equine programme. Thoroughly updated, this new edition features a clear, systematic presentation, stunning full-colour photographs and illustrations, chapter summary points and self-assessment questions throughout.</p> <ul> <li>Describes the structure and function of the various body systems of the horse</li> <li>Explains the scientific rationale behind modern equine training practices</li> <li>Features new chapters on exercise physiology and the evolution of the horse</li> <li>Reflects the latest scientific advances and changes in the student curriculum</li> <li>Includes new information on circadian rhythms and sleep patterns, the immune system and hindgut microbiology.</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p>A powerful teaching and learning aid, <i>Equine Science, Third Edition</i> is an essential text for students on higher education equine studies and equine science programmes, as well as those studying for BHS qualifications up to BHSII Stage 4 Horse Knowledge and Care.</p>

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