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<p>About the Editor viii</p> <p>About the Contributors ix</p> <p>Acknowledgements xvi</p> <p>Introduction 1<br /><i>Bernard Lightman</i></p> <p>1 Historiography of the History of Science 7<br /><i>Lynn K. Nyhart</i></p> <p><b>Part I Roles 23</b></p> <p>2 Learned Man and Woman in Antiquity and the Middle Ages 25<br /><i>Nathan Sidoli</i></p> <p>3 Go-Betweens, Travelers, and Cultural Translators 39<br /><i>Kapil Raj</i></p> <p>4 The Alchemist 58<br /><i>Tara Nummedal</i></p> <p>5 The Natural Philosopher 71<br /><i>Peter Dear</i></p> <p>6 The Natural Historian 84<br /><i>Kristin Johnson</i></p> <p>7 Invisible Technicians, Instrument Makers, and Artisans 97<br /><i>Iwan Rhys Morus</i></p> <p>8 Scientific illustrators 111<br /><i>Val</i><i>érie Chansigaud</i></p> <p>9 The Human Experimental Subject 126<br /><i>Anita Guerrini</i></p> <p>10 Amateurs 139<br /><i>Katherine Pandora</i></p> <p>11 The Man of Science 153<br /><i>Paul White</i></p> <p>12 The Professional Scientist 164<br /><i>Cyrus C. M. Mody</i></p> <p><b>Part II Places and Spaces 179</b></p> <p>13 The Medieval University 181<br /><i>Steven J. Livesey</i></p> <p>14 The Observatory 196<br /><i>Robert W. Smith</i></p> <p>15 The Court 210<br /><i>Bruce T. Moran</i></p> <p>16 Academies and Societies 224<br /><i>Denise Phillips</i></p> <p>17 Museums and Botanical Gardens 238<br /><i>Lukas Rieppel</i></p> <p>18 Domestic Space 252<br /><i>Donald L. Opitz</i></p> <p>19 Commercial Science 268<br /><i>Paul Lucier</i></p> <p>20 The Field 282<br /><i>Robert E. Kohler and Jeremy Vetter</i></p> <p>21 The Laboratory 296<br /><i>Catherine M. Jackson</i></p> <p>22 Modern School and University 310<br /><i>Heike J</i><i>öns</i></p> <p><b>Part III Communication 329</b></p> <p>23 Manuscripts 331<br /><i>Joyce van Leeuwen</i></p> <p>24 The Printing Press 344<br /><i>Nick Wilding</i></p> <p>25 Correspondence Networks 358<br /><i>Brian Ogilvie</i></p> <p>26 Translations 372<br /><i>Marwa Elshakry and Carla Nappi</i></p> <p>27 Journals and Periodicals 387<br /><i>Aileen Fyfe</i></p> <p>28 Textbooks 400<br /><i>Josep Simon</i></p> <p>29 Lectures 414<br /><i>Diarmid A. Finnegan</i></p> <p>30 Film, Radio, and Television 428<br /><i>David A. Kirby</i></p> <p><b>Part IV Tools of Science 443</b></p> <p>31 Timing Devices 445<br /><i>Rory McEvoy</i></p> <p>32 Weights and Measures 459<br /><i>Hector Vera</i></p> <p>33 Calculating Devices and Computers 472<br /><i>Matthew L. Jones</i></p> <p>34 Specimens and Collections 488<br /><i>Mary E. Sunderland</i></p> <p>35 Recording Devices 500<br /><i>Jimena Canales</i></p> <p>36 Microscopes 515<br /><i>Boris Jardine</i></p> <p>37 Telescopes 530<br /><i>Jim Bennett</i></p> <p>38 Prisms, Spectroscopes, Spectrographs, and Gratings 543<br /><i>Klaus Hentschel</i></p> <p>39 Diagrams 557<br /><i>Charlotte Bigg</i></p> <p>40 Three Dimensional Models 572<br /><i>Joshua Nall and Liba Taub</i></p> <p>Index 587</p>

<p><b>Bernard Lightman</b> is Professor of Humanities at York University, Toronto, Canada. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, former Editor of the journal <i>Isis</i>, and Vice-President and President Elect of the History of Science Society. Professor Lightman has published over 50 articles and is author of <i>The Origins of Agnosticism</i> (1987) and <i>Victorian Popularizers of Science</i> (2007). He is also editor or co-editor of several collections, <i>Victorian Science in Context</i> (1997), <i>Science in the Marketplace</i> (2007), and <i>Victorian Scientific Naturalism</i> (2014). In addition, he is the series editor of "Science and Culture in the Nineteenth Century."

<p>A COMPANION TO THE</br> <b>HISTORY OF SCIENCE</b> <p>"A triumph of organization, this remarkable work is the best place to start for anyone who wants to understand current debates in this rapidly changing field." <b>James A. Secord,</b> <i>University of Cambridge</i> <p>"Scholarship in the history of science is flourishing, covering more ground, with a richer variety of sources and questions, than ever before. This engaging, timely volume highlights some of the big themes that animate many studies today. Leading historians trace changing roles, places, partnerships, and techniques with which people have endeavored to make sense of the natural world. An impressive and important volume." <b>David Kaiser,</b> <i>Massachusetts Institute of Technology</i> <p>"From alchemists and academies to translations and three-dimensional models, the topics that matter most to today's historians of science are here introduced accessibly and authoritatively. An indispensable volume for newcomers and not-so-newcomers alike." <b>Gregory Radick,</b><i> University of Leeds</i> <p>Over the last 35 years, the study of the history of science has undergone a shift in historiographical approach. While scholars previously focused on the history of abstract scientific discoveries by key figures like Galileo and Newton, contemporary science historians are turning to focus on richer, more descriptive studies within specific and local contexts. <p><i>A Companion to the History of Science</i> captures this move away from abstract theories and into more intimate analysis of science in its cultural, political, and social contexts. It aims to survey recent developments that have resulted from the effort to re-envision the field. The volume includes 40 original essays written by experts in the field, structured around four analytical categories: roles, places and spaces, communication, and tools of science. Contributors cut across traditional chronological and geographical boundaries to provide thematic analysis of these topics, including discussion of both Western and non-Western themes throughout the volume. These critical essays synthesize the major debates and issues that dominate current scholarly discussion, and point the way for future inquiry.

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