Details

Cover Crops and Soil Ecosystem Services


Cover Crops and Soil Ecosystem Services


ASA, CSSA, and SSSA Books, Band 196 1. Aufl.

von: Humberto Blanco

115,99 €

Verlag: Acsess
Format: EPUB
Veröffentl.: 25.05.2023
ISBN/EAN: 9780891186410
Sprache: englisch
Anzahl Seiten: 256

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Beschreibungen

<b>Cover Crops and Soil Ecosystem Services</b> <p><b>A comprehensive resource on cover crops and their role in soil ecosystems</b> <p>Cover crops are a reemerging strategy to improve and maintain the services that soils provide. They can have an enormous affect on agricultural outcomes, preventing soil erosion, restoring vital soil nutrients, sequestering C from the atmosphere, and more. The successful management and use of cover crops is therefore critical to ensure soil ecosystem services are maintained or improved not only to meet our demands for food, fuel, fiber, and feed but also to reduce pollution and improve the soil. <p><i>Cover Crops and Soil Ecosystem Services</i> provides a heavily researched and highly readable introduction to cover crops and their role in soil ecosystems. It ranges from a detailed discussion of cover crop biomass production to a thorough treatment of soil ecosystems and their vulnerabilities. The result is an essential guide to a critical area of agricultural science. <p><i>Cover Crops and Soil Ecosystem Services</i> readers will also find: <ul><li> Detailed treatment of cover crop biomass production, soil erosion, greenhouse gas fluxes, nitrate leaching, soil C sequestration, and more</li> <li> Discussion of emerging issues, including extreme weather events and the economics of cover crop farming</li> <li> Wide-ranging summaries of interdisciplinary soil and cover crop research</li></ul> <p><i>Cover Crops and Soil Ecosystem Services</i> is a useful reference for students and researchers at all levels of study relating to cover crop agriculture.
<p>Preface xii</p> <p><b>1 Cover Crops and Soil Ecosystem Services 1</b></p> <p>1.1 Cover Crops 1</p> <p>1.2 Soil Ecosystem Services 4</p> <p>1.3 Cover Crops and Soil Ecosystem Services 6</p> <p>1.4 Summary 8</p> <p>References 9</p> <p><b>2 Cover Crop Biomass Production 12</b></p> <p>2.1 Cover Crops and Biomass 12</p> <p>2.2 Aboveground Biomass Production 13</p> <p>2.2.1 Temperate Regions 13</p> <p>2.2.2 Semiarid Temperate Regions 14</p> <p>2.2.3 Tropical and Subtropical Regions 15</p> <p>2.3 Belowground Biomass Production 17</p> <p>2.4 Threshold Level of Biomass Production 18</p> <p>2.5 Management Practices that Affect Biomass Production 18</p> <p>2.5.1 Planting Early 19</p> <p>2.5.1.1 Interseeding 19</p> <p>2.5.1.2 Planting after Summer Crop Harvest 21</p> <p>2.5.1.3 Planting after Corn Silage or Short- Growing Season Crop Harvest 23</p> <p>2.5.2 Terminating Late 23</p> <p>2.5.3 Cover Crop Mixes 25</p> <p>2.5.4 Seeding Rate 26</p> <p>2.5.5 Planting Method 26</p> <p>2.5.6 Tillage and Cropping Systems 27</p> <p>2.5.7 Soil Texture and Number of Years in Cover Crops 28</p> <p>2.5.8 Irrigation and Fertilization 28</p> <p>2.6 Summary 29</p> <p>References 30</p> <p><b>3 Soil Health 35</b></p> <p>3.1 Soil Health 35</p> <p>3.2 Cover Crops and Soil Health 37</p> <p>3.2.1 Soil Physical Properties 37</p> <p>3.2.1.1 Soil Compaction 37</p> <p>3.2.1.2 Soil Structure 39</p> <p>3.2.1.3 Water Infiltration 40</p> <p>3.2.1.4 Temperature 42</p> <p>3.2.2 Soil Chemical Properties 42</p> <p>3.2.3 Soil Biological Properties 43</p> <p>3.2.3.1 Microorganisms 44</p> <p>3.2.3.2 Macroorganisms 45</p> <p>3.3 Interconnectedness of Soil Health Parameters 47</p> <p>3.4 Managing Soil Health 47</p> <p>3.4.1 Biomass Production 48</p> <p>3.4.2 Time after Cover Crop Introduction 48</p> <p>3.4.3 Cover Crop Species and Mixes 49</p> <p>3.4.4 Tillage System 50</p> <p>3.4.5 Initial Soil Condition 51</p> <p>3.5 Summary 51</p> <p>References 52</p> <p><b>4 Water Erosion 58</b></p> <p>4.1 Overview 58</p> <p>4.2 Runoff 59</p> <p>4.3 Sediment Loss 62</p> <p>4.4 Nutrient Loss 63</p> <p>4.5 Soil Carbon Loss 63</p> <p>4.6 A Leading Factor of Water Erosion: Biomass Production 64</p> <p>4.7 Cover Crops and Erosion- Prone Systems 65</p> <p>4.7.1 Low- Biomass Producing Cropping Systems 66</p> <p>4.7.2 Corn Silage and Seed Corn 66</p> <p>4.7.3 Crop Residue Removal 68</p> <p>4.7.4 Orchard Crops 68</p> <p>4.8 Summary 69</p> <p>References 69</p> <p><b>5 Wind Erosion 73</b></p> <p>5.1 Extent of Wind Erosion 73</p> <p>5.2 Soil Loss 74</p> <p>5.3 Soil Erodibility 76</p> <p>5.4 Managing Wind Erosion 78</p> <p>5.4.1 Biomass Production 78</p> <p>5.4.2 Cover Crop Species 79</p> <p>5.4.3 Growth Stage and Seeding Rate 80</p> <p>5.4.4 Crop and Tillage Systems 81</p> <p>5.4.5 Climate 82</p> <p>5.5 Summary 82</p> <p>References 83</p> <p><b>6 Nutrient Losses 85</b></p> <p>6.1 Implications of Nutrient Losses 85</p> <p>6.2 Nutrient Leaching 86</p> <p>6.3 Dissolved Nutrients in Runoff 89</p> <p>6.4 Nutrient Release from Cover Crops 90</p> <p>6.5 Management Implications 92</p> <p>6.6 Nutrient Stratification 93</p> <p>6.7 Summary 94</p> <p>References 94</p> <p><b>7 Soil Gas Emissions 97</b></p> <p>7.1 Carbon and Nitrogen Emissions 97</p> <p>7.2 Carbon Dioxide 98</p> <p>7.3 Nitrous Oxide 99</p> <p>7.4 Methane 100</p> <p>7.5 Factors Affecting Soil Gas Emissions 100</p> <p>7.5.1 Cover Crop Species 101</p> <p>7.5.2 Biomass Production 102</p> <p>7.5.3 Nitrogen Fertilization 103</p> <p>7.5.4 Tillage and Cropping System 104</p> <p>7.5.5 Measurement Time 105</p> <p>7.5.6 Soil Texture and Climate 106</p> <p>7.6 Summary 106</p> <p>References 107</p> <p><b>8 Carbon Sequestration 109</b></p> <p>8.1 The Need for Carbon Sequestration 109</p> <p>8.2 Rates of Carbon Sequestration 110</p> <p>8.3 Topsoil Versus Subsoil Carbon Sequestration 112</p> <p>8.4 Managing Carbon Sequestration 114</p> <p>8.4.1 Biomass Production 114</p> <p>8.4.2 Cover Crop Species and Mixes 116</p> <p>8.4.3 Years after Cover Crop Adoption 117</p> <p>8.4.4 Initial Soil Carbon Level 118</p> <p>8.4.5 Tillage Systems 119</p> <p>8.4.6 Soil Texture 120</p> <p>8.4.7 Topographic Characteristics 120</p> <p>8.4.8 Climate 121</p> <p>8.5 Cropping System Carbon Footprint 122</p> <p>8.6 Strategies to Enhance Cover Crop Potential to Sequester Carbon 122</p> <p>8.7 Summary 124</p> <p>References 125</p> <p><b>9 Soil Water 128</b></p> <p>9.1 Soil Water Management 128</p> <p>9.2 High Precipitation Regions 129</p> <p>9.3 Low Precipitation Regions 129</p> <p>9.4 Mechanisms of Soil Water Storage with Cover Crops 132</p> <p>9.5 Water Management 134</p> <p>9.5.1 Biomass Production 135</p> <p>9.5.2 Timing of Cover Crop Termination 136</p> <p>9.5.3 Tillage System 136</p> <p>9.5.4 Soil Texture 137</p> <p>9.6 Summary 138</p> <p>References 138</p> <p><b>10 Weed Management 141</b></p> <p>10.1 Cover Crops and Weeds 141</p> <p>10.2 Weed Suppression 142</p> <p>10.3 Managing Weeds 144</p> <p>10.3.1 Biomass Production and Surface Cover 145</p> <p>10.3.2 Cover Crop Species and Mixes 146</p> <p>10.3.3 Tillage System 148</p> <p>10.3.4 Climate 148</p> <p>10.4 Summary 149</p> <p>References 150</p> <p><b>11 Soil Fertility 151</b></p> <p>11.1 Soil Fertility Management 151</p> <p>11.2 Organic Matter 152</p> <p>11.2.1 Nitrogen 154</p> <p>11.2.2 Nitrogen Scavenging 154</p> <p>11.2.3 Reduction of Nitrogen Losses 154</p> <p>11.2.4 Nitrogen Fixation 155</p> <p>11.3 Phosphorus 156</p> <p>11.4 Other Nutrients 158</p> <p>11.5 Soil pH 158</p> <p>11.6 Cation Exchange Capacity 160</p> <p>11.7 Carbon to Nitrogen Ratio 161</p> <p>11.8 Summary 163</p> <p>References 163</p> <p><b>12 Crop Yields 167</b></p> <p>12.1 Multi- functionality of Cover Crops 167</p> <p>12.2 Crop Yields 168</p> <p>12.3 Climate 169</p> <p>12.3.1 Cool and Warm Climates 169</p> <p>12.3.2 Water- Limited Regions 169</p> <p>12.4 Factors Affecting Crop Production 170</p> <p>12.4.1 Cover Crop Species 170</p> <p>12.4.2 Nitrogen Fertilization 171</p> <p>12.4.3 Biomass Production 171</p> <p>12.4.4 Planting Time and Method 172</p> <p>12.4.5 Termination Timing 174</p> <p>12.4.6 Cover Crop Mixes 174</p> <p>12.4.7 Years after Cover Crop Adoption 175</p> <p>12.4.8 Tillage Systems 176</p> <p>12.4.9 Soil Texture 176</p> <p>12.5 Summary 177</p> <p>References 177</p> <p><b>13 Grazing and Harvesting 180</b></p> <p>13.1 Cover Crop Biomass Removal 180</p> <p>13.2 Grazing 181</p> <p>13.2.1 Soil Compaction 181</p> <p>13.2.2 Water Infiltration 184</p> <p>13.2.3 Soil Carbon Dynamics and Sequestration 185</p> <p>13.2.4 Crop Yields 186</p> <p>13.3 Minimizing Potential Grazing Impacts 187</p> <p>13.3.1 Amount of Biomass Removal 188</p> <p>13.3.2 Stocking Rate 189</p> <p>13.3.3 Years under Grazing 189</p> <p>13.3.4 Tillage 190</p> <p>13.3.5 Soil Water Content 190</p> <p>13.4 Harvesting 191</p> <p>13.5 Grazing and Harvesting: An Added Benefit from Cover Crops? 193</p> <p>13.6 Summary 194</p> <p>References 194</p> <p><b>14 Economics 197</b></p> <p>14.1 Cover Crops and Farm Profits 197</p> <p>14.2 Economic Analysis 198</p> <p>14.2.1 Grazing and Harvesting 199</p> <p>14.2.2 Weed Suppression 201</p> <p>14.2.3 Nitrogen Credit 202</p> <p>14.2.4 Soil Carbon Credit 203</p> <p>14.2.5 Crop Residue Harvesting 204</p> <p>14.2.6 Valuation of Other Ecosystem Services 204</p> <p>14.3 Site- Specificity of Economic Benefits 205</p> <p>14.4 Summary 206</p> <p>References 206</p> <p><b>15 Adaptation to Extreme Weather 210</b></p> <p>15.1 Extreme Weather Events 210</p> <p>15.2 Droughts 211</p> <p>15.3 Floods 212</p> <p>15.4 Precipitation Extremes 214</p> <p>15.5 Dust Storms 217</p> <p>15.6 Temperature Extremes 217</p> <p>15.7 Soil Resilience 218</p> <p>15.8 Summary 220</p> <p>References 221</p> <p><b>16 Opportunities, Challenges, and Future of Cover Crops 224</b></p> <p>16.1 Opportunities 224</p> <p>16.1.1 Ecosystem Services 224</p> <p>16.1.2 Biomass Production 227</p> <p>16.1.3 Economics 228</p> <p>16.1.4 Fluctuating Climates 229</p> <p>16.2 Challenges 229</p> <p>16.2.1 Ecosystem Services 230</p> <p>16.2.1.1 Biomass Production 230</p> <p>16.2.1.2 Soil Properties 231</p> <p>16.2.1.3 Carbon Sequestration 232</p> <p>16.2.1.4 Dissolved Nutrients 232</p> <p>16.2.1.5 Crop Yields 233</p> <p>16.2.1.6 Economics 233</p> <p>16.2.1.7 Fluctuating Climates 234</p> <p>16.3 Remaining Questions 234</p> <p>16.4 The Future of Cover Crops 236</p> <p>16.5 Summary 237</p> <p>References 238</p> <p>Appendix I: Common and Scientific Names Used in the Book 241</p>
<p><b>Humberto Blanco </b>is Professor of Soil Management and Applied Soil Physics in the Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA.
<p><b>A comprehensive resource on cover crops and their role in soil ecosystems</b></p> <p>Cover crops are a reemerging strategy to improve and maintain the services that soils provide. They can have an enormous effect on agricultural outcomes, preventing soil erosion, restoring vital soil nutrients, sequestering C from the atmosphere, and more. The successful management and use of cover crops is therefore critical to ensure soil ecosystem services are maintained or improved not only to meet our demands for food, fuel, fiber, and feed but also to reduce pollution and improve the soil.</p> <p><i>Cover Crops and Soil Ecosystem Services</i> provides a heavily researched and highly readable introduction to cover crops and their role in soil ecosystems. It ranges from a detailed discussion of cover crop biomass production to a thorough treatment of soil ecosystems and their vulnerabilities. The result is an essential guide to a critical area of agricultural science.</p> <p><i>Cover Crops and Soil Ecosystem Services</i> readers will also find:</p> <ul> <li>Detailed treatment of cover crop biomass production, soil erosion, greenhouse gas fluxes, nitrate leaching, soil C sequestration, and more</li> <li>Discussion of emerging issues, including extreme weather events and the economics of cover crop farming</li> <li>Wide-ranging summaries of interdisciplinary soil and cover crop research</li> </ul> <p><i>Cover Crops and Soil Ecosystem Services</i> is a useful reference for students and researchers at all levels of study relating to cover crop agriculture.</p>

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